Stimbiotic and wheat bran inclusion in maize or wheat-based diets for broiler chickens; effects on jejunal histomorphology, digesta oligosaccharides and caecal short-chain fatty-acids profiles.

1. A stimbiotic (STB) is any feed additive that stimulates caeca fibre fermentation, although the additive itself contributes little to the caeca short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. A 42 d experiment investigated the interactive effects of STB and wheat bran (WB) in broiler chickens receiving maize or wheat-based diets.2. The treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial (eight replicates each), the dietary factors being diet (maize-SBM or wheat-SBM), STB (with or without) and WB (0 or 50 g/kg). Jejunal tissue, gizzard, jejunal and ileal digesta and caecal contents were collected on d 18 and 42.3. Gizzard pH tended to decrease with STB (p = 0.06) supplementation and was lower in birds fed wheat- compared to maize-based diets on d 18 (p < 0.05). Birds receiving diets with WB had higher jejunum pH on d 18 (p < 0.05).4. Total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the caeca on d 18 and isobutyrate on d 42 were higher (p < 0.05) for maize compared with wheat-based diets. However, on d 42, acetate, butyrate and total SCFA were higher (p < 0.05) for wheat-based compared with maize-based diets.5. On d 18, STB and WB inclusion increased villi height (VH; p < 0.05) and VH to crypt depth ratio (VH/CD), respectively (p < 0.05). On d 42, VH (p < 0.05) and VH/CD were higher in wheat-based diets (p < 0.05). The VH/CD ratio was lower with STB supplementation (p < 0.05). Marker-corrected pentose oligosaccharides (Pent)4 and (Pent)5 concentrations in the ileal digesta were reduced (p < 0.05) with STB supplementation. In addition, STB decreased (Pent)3 concentration in maize-, but not wheat-based diets (p < 0.05).6. In conclusion, both WB and STB influenced gastrointestinal pH and jejunum histomorphology of broilers without increasing oligosaccharide concentration in the ileum and SCFA in the caeca.

Influence of two levels of phytic acid and particle size of oyster shell on the performance, calcium digestibility, gastrointestinal pH, and bone traits in broilers.

1. Phytic acid (PA) is an antinutritional factor in poultry diets. The effect of high dietary PA in chicken diets might be exacerbated when the particle size of oyster shell (OS) is too fine. Thus, this study investigated the hypothesis that high PA with fine OS particle size would impair growth in broilers.2. Two hundred and eighty Cobb 500 broilers were assigned to four diets in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in a CRD. The factors were PA (low or high) and OS particle size (fine or coarse) in starter, grower and finisher diets. Data collected were performance, Ca digestibility, gastrointestinal pH and bone traits.3. On d 21, high PA increased intake (P < 0.05), gain (P = 0.099) and body weight (BW; P = 0.093) compared to low PA. On d 42, high PA increased BW (P = 0.086) and gain (P = 0.089) compared to low PA. High PA increased intake (P = 0.063), BW (P = 0.054) and gain (P = 0.056) compared to low PA on d 56. High PA improved liveability on d 56 (P < 0.05) compared to low PA. In birds fed coarse OS, crop and ileal pH were reduced (P < 0.05) by high PA on d 28. The OS × PA interaction was observed for ileal pH (P < 0.05) on d 56, where in birds fed coarse OS, low PA increased ileal pH. Fine OS increased crop (P = 0.056) and proventriculus pH (P < 0.05) on d 56. There were no treatment effects on calcium digestibility. In birds fed fine OS, high PA decreased the BS (P < 0.05).4. Overall, the study showed that a combination of high PA and coarse OS particle size improves the production performance of broilers, while low PA and coarse OS improve their bone health.

The influence of nutrition on intestinal disease with emphasis on coccidiosis.

Ever since the poultry industry began to intensify early last century, coccidiosis has been a significant problem with which it has had to contend. Losses due to mortality and morbidity can be significant, and before the advent of control agents there were several practices, some of which were nutritional, which were implemented to limit these losses. The development of coccidiostats reduced these problems considerably and, as a result, some of the more extreme intervention measures were no longer necessary. Modern-day interpretations of what may have been happening with some of these early interventions provide interesting insights into what may be possible today should cocciodiostats be removed. More recent research has also indicated that the diet has a significant influence on the ability of poultry to resist and resolve an infection through direct and indirect effects on the pathogen, the immune system and on the litter. This paper reviews the role of dietary ingredients and nutrients on the pathogen to establish and the host to resist such an infection. There is clearly no panacea, but the combination of a few practices may reduce the overall challenge experienced by the poultry producer.

Dietary soluble non-starch polysaccharide level and xylanase influence the gastrointestinal environment and nutrient utilisation in laying hens.

1. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of dietary soluble non-starch polysaccharide (sNSP) level and xylanase supplementation on productive performance, viscosity and pH along the gastrointestinal tract in laying hens. Excreta moisture content, ileal and caecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) composition and apparent total tract nutrient utilisation were measured.2. Hyline Brown laying hens (n = 144) were housed individually at 25 weeks of age and allocated to one of the four wheat-based dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, consisting of two levels of sNSP (High 13.40 g/kg or Low 11.22 g/kg), with or without xylanase (0 or 12,000 BXU/kg). Birds were fed the dietary treatments for 56 d.3. Increasing dietary sNSP increased jejunum viscosity, degradability of total NSP, total tract flow of insoluble arabinose, and succinic acid concentration in the caeca (P < 0.05). Feeding high sNSP decreased excreta moisture content, total tract energy retention and free oligosaccharide, total tract flow of soluble and insoluble galactose and insoluble rhamnose and fucose, and ileal acetic and lactic acid concentrations (P < 0.05), and tended to reduce egg production (P = 0.058).4. Supplementation with xylanase resulted in reduced jejunum and ileum viscosity, caecal pH, excreta moisture, flow of soluble arabinose and glucose and insoluble arabinose and xylose, caecal concentration of Lactobacillus sp. and isobutyric and succinic acid, and ileal concentration of Bacillus sp. and total anaerobic bacteria (P < 0.05). Xylanase application also increased energy retention and insoluble and total NSP degradation, and caecal abundance of Bifidobacteria sp. and valeric acid (P < 0.05).5. These results reiterated the ability of xylanase to improve nutrient digestibility and reduce excreta moisture content in laying hens, and highlighted the importance of considering dietary sNSP level in laying hen diets.

Growth performance, real-time gizzard pH and calcium solubility in the gut of broiler chickens is dependent on the interaction between dietary calcium concentration and limestone particle size.

1.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of limestone particle size and dietary Ca concentration on performance, real-time gizzard pH, and Ca and P solubility in the gastrointestinal tract of 21d broiler chickens.2. A total of 576, one-day-old Ross 308 male broilers were randomly allocated among 4 treatments, with 8 replicate pens, and 18 birds per pen. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial consisting of two particle sizes of limestone (coarse, CL, 1200 µm; fine, FL, 44 µm) and two Ca concentrations (9.6 or 6.0 g/kg). On d 19 and 20, four birds per treatment were administered Heidelberg pH capsules and readings monitored for 3 h.3. Reducing Ca concentration from 9.6 to 6.0 g/kg had no effect on d 21 weight gain or FCR of birds fed CL; however, feeding FL at 9.6 g/kg Ca increased weight gain by 10% and reduced FCR by 5% compared to FL at 6.0 g/kg Ca (P < 0.001).4. Average gizzard pH readings ranged from pH 0.67 to 3.01 across all treatments. Birds fed CL at 6.0 g/kg Ca had lower average gizzard pH compared to birds fed 9.6 g/kg Ca, while birds fed FL at 6.0 g/kg Ca had higher gizzard pH than birds fed CL at both Ca concentrations, but was comparable to birds fed FL at 9.6 g/kg Ca (P < 0.001).5. For birds fed CL at 6.0 g/kg Ca, soluble Ca in the gizzard was approximately 40% lower (P < 0.05) than all other treatments, and reduced by 44% (P < 0.05) in the small intestine compared with birds fed FL at 6.0 g/kg Ca.6. These findings demonstrated that the effect of Ca concentration on gizzard pH, Ca solubility and broiler performance was dependent on limestone particle size and suggested that solubility per se had little relevance to performance.

Comparison of the apparent ileal calcium digestibility of limestone in broilers and layers.

1. The apparent ileal calcium (Ca) digestibility coefficients of two limestone sources in growing broilers and layers were determined in two separate experiments.2. In each experiment, two maize-based diets were developed with two limestone sources (A, experiment 1 and B, experiment 2) to contain either 8.0 g/kg Ca for broilers or 40 g/kg Ca for layers. The two sources differed in particle size, with limestone A being finer and limestone B being coarser. Each experimental diet was randomly allotted to six replicate cages and offered for 3 days from 19 to 21-day post-hatch to broilers and during 40 weeks of age to layers. The total tract Ca retention was also measured using the indicator ratios in the diet and excreta.3. In both experiments, the apparent ileal Ca digestibility, gizzard pH and gizzard Ca concentration were higher (P < 0.05) in layers than in broilers. The apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of limestone A for broilers and layers was 0.50 and 0.62, respectively. The corresponding values for limestone B were 0.43 and 0.70, respectively. The apparent total tract retention of Ca was similar (P > 0.05) between broilers and layers in both experiments, and between the two sources.4. The data show that the layers are more efficient in absorbing Ca from limestone than broilers.

True ileal calcium digestibility in soybean meal and canola meal, and true ileal phosphorous digestibility in maize-soybean meal and maize-canola meal diets, without and with microbial phytase, for broiler growers and finishers.

1. Published data on the ileal Ca digestibility in soybean meal (SBM) and canola meal (CM), and the effect of microbial phytase on the Ca digestibility of these ingredients are limited. Therefore, two experiments were conducted, with the primary objective of determining the true ileal digestibility of calcium (Ca) in SBM and CM, without and with microbial phytase, during broiler grower (Experiment 1) and finisher (Experiment 2) periods. A secondary objective was to investigate the influence of microbial phytase on the true ileal digestibility of phosphorus (P), apparent digestibility of nitrogen (N) and minerals, and phytate disappearance in maize-SBM and maize-CM diets. Six experimental diets based on SBM and CM, with three phytase doses (0, 500 and 2000 FTU/kg), were fed to broilers from day 18 to 21 (Experiment 1) or 39 to 42 (Experiment 2) post-hatch. A Ca- and P-free diet, with no added phytase, was also developed to determine the endogenous Ca and P losses. Titanium dioxide was incorporated in all diets as an indigestible indicator. Each experimental diet was randomly allocated to six replicate cages (eight birds per cage). Apparent ileal digestibility was calculated using the indicator method and the true ileal digestibility was calculated by correcting for endogenous losses. Apparent total tract retention (ATTR) of Ca and P was also measured.2. Ileal endogenous losses of Ca and P were determined to be 236 and 310 mg/kg of dry matter intake (DMI), respectively, in broiler growers and 29 and 130 mg/kg of DMI, respectively, in broiler finishers. True ileal Ca digestibility coefficients of SBM and CM, without added phytase, were determined to be 0.51 and 0.53, respectively, in broiler growers and 0.33 and 0.22, respectively, in broiler finishers. Increasing phytase doses increased (P < 0.05) the true ileal Ca digestibility of CM in both broiler growers and finishers, but Ca digestibility of SBM increased (P < 0.05) only at the superdose (2000 FTU/kg) in broiler finishers. The ATTR of Ca (P < 0.001) in growers was higher in CM than in SBM and was increased in both ingredients by increasing phytase doses. In finishers, the ATTR of Ca was increased (P < 0.001) by both phytase doses in CM, but only by the superdose in SBM, resulting in an ingredient × phytase interaction (P < 0.001).3. True ileal P digestibility coefficients of maize-SBM and maize-CM diets, without added phytase, were determined to be 0.89 and 0.66, respectively, in broiler growers and 0.82 and 0.57, respectively, in broiler finishers. Supplemental phytase increased (P < 0.05) the true ileal P digestibility of the maize-CM diet in both broiler growers and finishers. However, the P digestibility of the maize-SBM diet was increased (P < 0.05) in broiler finishers only at the superdose (2000 FTU/kg). The ATTR of P was higher (P < 0.001) in the maize-SBM diet during both periods.4. The apparent ileal digestibility of N, Mg, K and Mn was higher (P < 0.001) in the maize-SBM diet for broiler growers and finishers. Phytase addition had no effect (P > 0.05) on the apparent digestibility of N and minerals in growers and finishers.5. Increasing phytase doses increased IP6 disappearance in the maize-CM diet, but not in the maize-SBM diet, resulting in an ingredient × phytase interaction (P < 0.001) for growers and finishers.6. In conclusion, true ileal Ca digestibility coefficients of SBM and CM for broilers were determined in this study. The findings confirmed the influence of broiler age of Ca digestibility. Superdosing of phytase increased the digestibility and ATTR of Ca in CM and SBM by two-fold compared to the normal phytase dose.

Xylanase and xylo- oligosaccharide prebiotic improve the growth performance and concentration of potentially prebiotic oligosaccharides in the ileum of broiler chickens.

1. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementing broiler diets with xylanase or xylo- oligosaccharide (XOS) on growth performance, the concentration of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) hydrolysis products in the ileum and concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the caeca of broiler chickens.2. In total, 500 male Ross 308 broilers were used in this 29-day (d) study. The treatments were organised into a 2 × 2 plus 1 factorial arrangement consisting of two additives (xylanase or XOS) at two levels (low or high) plus a control treatment with no additives. This gave five treatments with 100 birds in each treatment group. The diets were slightly deficient in protein by 20 g/kg and energy by 1 MJ/kg.3. On d 14 and 28, two birds per pen were euthanised, the caeca content collected and analysed for short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration. On d 29, six birds per pen were euthanised and ileal digesta were collected and analysed for the concentration of NSP fractions.4. On d 14, caecal acetic acid, iso-butyric acid, iso-valeric acid, n-valeric acid and total SCFA concentrations were significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) when diets were supplemented with XOS compared with xylanase.5. Ileal concentration of arabinose, galactose and glucuronic acid (GlucA2) were significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the insoluble NSP fraction when diets were supplemented with a high level of xylanase, compared with the control treatment. Ileal concentration of fructose was significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the water soluble NSP when a high level of xylanase or low level of XOS were included in the diet compared with the control.6. It was concluded that xylanase and XOS had similar effects on NSP concentration and SCFA in the caeca, although there was little effect on performance. This observation demonstrated further benefits of xylanase supplementation in wheat-based broiler diets beyond digesta viscosity reduction and the release of extra nutrients.

The effects of exogenous xylanase supplementation on the in vivo generation of xylooligosaccharides and monosaccharides in broilers fed a wheat-based diet.

1. This study quantified xylanase-induced changes in soluble monosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) contents of the different sections of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and whether these were related to altered bird performance. 2. An in vitro digestion of the wheat-based diet was carried out with the xylanase (Econase XT at 16,000BXU/kg diet) to compare the in vitro and in vivo generation of these XOS and monosaccharides. For the in vivo study, 80 male Ross 508 b roiler chicks were split into two groups fed a wheat-based diet with or without Econase XT (16,000BXU/kg diet) for 21 days. 3. There were no effects of Econase XT inclusion on growth performance characteristics, likely a result of the high-quality wheat diet, the corresponding high performance of the control group (FCR average of 1.45 in controls) and the relatively young age of the birds (from four to 26 days of age). 4. Econase XT supplementation increased the xylotetraose (X4) content in the colon (P = 0.046, enzyme x GIT section interaction) and the xylose contents in the colon and caeca (P < 0.001, enzyme x GIT section interaction). 5. The trend for increased acetate production in the caeca of Econase XT treated birds (P = 0.062) suggested that the XOS generated were subsequently fermented in the caeca, potentially impacting upon the types of microbiota present. 6. The present study suggested that wheat arabinoxylan degradation was enhanced by xylanase supplementation, which may have increased the production of beneficial volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the caeca, and thereby potentially modulated the caecal microbiome, but without affecting bird performance at this early age.

Efficacy and stability of a novel silica supplement for improving bone development in broilers.

1. The essentiality of silicon for skeletal development has been established, but the adequacy of bioavailable silicon supply in broiler diets has not been considered for 30 years, despite average daily weight gain of birds increasing by almost a third over that time. Therefore, two studies were undertaken to investigate whether modern strains of broiler chicken benefit from diet supplementation with bioavailable silica. 2. Trial 1 was a 2x2x2 factorial study where six replicate pens of seven chicks were fed one of the eight freshly prepared diets from hatch to 21 days of age, with bodyweight gain and feed intake recorded weekly. Diets combined the following factors: silicon supplement fed at 0 ppm or 1000 ppm, phytase levels of either 0 FTU/kg or 1500 FTU/kg and either 0.6% or 0.7% Ca. Tibia were analysed for bone breaking strength, extent of tibial dyschondroplasia and feet measured for bone ash and pododermatitis score. 3. Trial 2 used a 0.7% Ca with 1500 FTU phytase diet as the control and compared this with the same diet containing either 1000 ppm silicon (MONO-Si) freshly added each week or 1000 ppm silicon added in a single, advance-prepared batch per feeding phase. Each diet was fed to nine pens of seven birds from 0 to 35 d with feed consumption and weight recorded weekly. Two birds per pen were euthanised on d 14, 21 and 35 and tibias collected for measurement of bone breaking strength, ash and mineral content. Serum was collected for Si content. 4. Univariate analysis of means from each trial showed that silica supplementation improved bird weight gain over the starter phase, though there was no effect on feed conversion. 5. Bone strength improved with added silica in both studies, without affecting bone mineral content; indicating that modern strains of broiler may require dietary supplementation with bioavailable silicon.

Wheat sample affects growth performance and the apparent metabolisable energy value for broiler chickens.

1. The aim of this study was to examine chemical composition, quality characteristics, apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and nutrient utilisation of wheat samples currently available to the UK poultry industry and their effect on broiler growth performance. 2. Seventeen current UK wheat samples were used to formulate 17 diets, all of which included 670 g/kg of each wheat sample and 330 g/kg of a balancer feed. Eight hundred 1-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were allocated randomly to 160 raised floor pens. Each diet was replicated eight times, fed ad libitum from 0 to 21d age in a randomised complete block design. Excreta were quantitatively collected during the last 3 days for AME determination. 3. The content of protein, ash and gross energy (GE) ranged from 97 to 143 g/kg DM, 12.8 to 19.6 g/kg DM and 17.81 to 18.24 MJ/kg DM, respectively. The amount of starch and total non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) ranged from 671 to 728 and 80.1 to 98.2 g/kg DM, respectively. The quality characteristics of wheat samples were in the expected range. 4. There were differences (P < 0.05) in AME and N-corrected AME (AMEn) of wheat samples. The AME of the wheat had a maximum range of 1.13 MJ/kg DM between samples. Dry matter retention (DMR) and fat digestibility (FD) were significantly different (P < 0.05) between wheat samples. 5. The daily feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG) of broilers fed two wheat samples were significantly (P < 0.05) lower as compared to other samples and their low FI and WG were not related to their chemical composition and quality characteristics. 6. The ash content of wheat samples was negatively associated with AMEn (r = - 0.489, P < 0.05). The coefficient of FD was positively related to AMEn (r = 0.552, P < 0.05). 7. Chemical composition and quality characteristics of the wheat did not relate (P > 0.05) to FI and WG of broilers. There was no relationship between growth performance of broilers and AMEn of the wheat samples.

The effects of phytase and xylanase supplementation on performance and egg quality in laying hens.

1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of phytase and xylanase and their interaction on laying hen performance, egg quality, phosphorus (P) digestibility, phytate breakdown, volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and peptide YY concentration. 2. Two hundred and forty hens were allocated to cages at 22 weeks of age based on a 3 × 2 arrangement with phytase (0, 300 or 1500 FTU/kg) and xylanase (0 or 12 000 BXU/kg) as factors. 3. Phytase increased hen-day production (P < 0.05), daily egg mass (P < 0.05) and P digestibility with increasing levels of phytase (P < 0.001). Phytase fed at 1500 FTU/kg reduced IP6 and IP5 and increased myo-inositol concentration in gizzard digesta (P < 0.05). Phytase fed at 300 FTU/kg reduced IP6 in ileal digesta (P < 0.05); however, IP6 and IP5 were further reduced and myo-inositol increased when phytase was added at 1500 FTU/kg (P < 0.05). 4. Xylanase improved feed efficiency when phytase was fed at 300 FTU/kg (P < 0.05). In the absence of phytase, xylanase reduced dry matter and Ca digestibilities (P < 0.05). 5. Neither phytase nor xylanase had an effect on peptide YY or caecal VFA concentrations.

Superdosing phytase reduces real-time gastric pH in broilers and weaned piglets.

1. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of high phytase doses on growth performance and real-time gastric pH measurements in broiler chickens and pigs. 2. In the first experiment, 576 male Ross 308 broilers were fed in two phases (0-21 and 21-42 d) with 4 treatment groups, with diets meeting nutrient requirements containing 0, 500, 1500 or 2500 FTU/kg phytase. In the second, 64 Landrace weaners were fed on diets meeting nutrient requirements with or without phytase (0 or 2500 FTU/kg) in two phases (0-21 and 21-42 d). Heidelberg pH capsules were administered to 7 broilers and approximately 13 pigs per treatment group, pre- and post-phase change, with readings monitored over several hours. 3. Addition of phytase into an adequate Ca and P diet had no significant effect on broiler performance although phytase tended (P < 0.07) to improve feed conversion in pigs over the entire experimental period. Real-time pH capsule readings in broilers demonstrated an increase (P < 0.05) in gizzard pH when phytase was dosed at 500 or 1500 FTU/kg, while higher doses of 2500 FTU/kg phytase lowered pH to a level comparable to control birds. Gastric pH increased (P < 0.01) when animals were exposed to dietary phase change, signifying a potential challenge period for nutrient digestibility. However, pigs fed 2500 FTU/kg were able to maintain gastric pH levels through diet phase change. In contrast, spear-tip probe measurements showed no treatment effect on gastric pH. 4. These findings demonstrate dietary manipulation of gastric pH and the value of real-time pH capsule technology as a means of determining phytase dose response.

Exogenous phytase and xylanase exhibit opposing effects on real-time gizzard pH in broiler chickens.

1. The current study was conducted to evaluate the influence of high phytase doses and xylanase, individually and in combination, on performance, blood inositol and real-time gastric pH in broilers fed wheat-based diets. 2. In a 42-d experiment, a total of 576 male Ross 308 broiler chicks were allocated to 4 dietary treatments. Treatments consisted of a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with 500 or 2500 FTU/kg phytase and 0 or 16 000 BXU/kg xylanase, fed in two phases (starter 0-21; grower 21-42 d). Heidelberg pH capsules were administered to 8 birds from each treatment group, pre- and post-diet phase change, with readings captured over a 5.5-h period. 3. At 21 and 42 d, birds fed 500 FTU/kg phytase without xylanase had on average 127 and 223 g lower weight gain than all other treatments, respectively (P < 0.05). At 21 d, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was reduced (P < 0.01) by 2500 FTU/kg phytase or xylanase; however, 42-d FCR was unaffected by enzyme treatment. Inositol content of plasma was twice that of the erythrocyte (P < 0.001), with 2500 FTU/kg phytase tending to increase (P = 0.07) inositol content in both blood fractions. 4. Across all treatments, capsule readings ranged from pH 0.54 to 4.84 in the gizzard of broilers. Addition of 2500 FTU/kg phytase to the grower diet reduced (P < 0.05) average gizzard pH from 2.89 to 1.69, whilst feeding xylanase increased (P < 0.001) gizzard pH from 2.04 to 2.40. In contrast, digital probe measurements showed no effect of xylanase on gizzard pH, while addition of 2500 FTU/kg phytase increased (P = 0.05) pH compared to 500 FTU/kg phytase with or without xylanase. 5. These findings suggested that xylanase and high phytase doses have opposite effects on real-time gastric pH, while similarly improving performance of broilers.

Effect of diet phase change, dietary Ca and P level and phytase on bird performance and real-time gizzard pH measurements.

In this study, a novel capsule technique was used to capture real-time pH readings from the gizzard over several hours, in response to different dietary treatments. 1. The first experiment was a preliminary study into capsule administration and pH recordings using 9 male Ross 308 broilers from 20 d. In the second experiment, broilers (576) were fed in two phases (0-21 and 21-42 d) with 4 treatment groups; low and adequate Ca and AvP diets with and without Quantum Blue phytase (1500 FTU/kg). Capsules were administered to 8 birds from each treatment group, pre and post diet phase change, with readings captured over a 2.5 h period. 2. Phytase addition improved body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of birds fed low dietary Ca, while having no significant effect on birds fed adequate Ca diets. Unexpectantly, diets with higher Ca levels gave a lower average gizzard pH compared to the low Ca diet. Phytase addition, irrespective of Ca level, increased average gizzard pH. Fluctuations in gizzard pH (0.6-3.8) were observed across all treatment groups. Higher frequencies of pH readings below pH 1.0 were seen in birds fed an adequate Ca diet and with phytase supplementation of a low Ca diet. 3. These results signify the potential use of capsule techniques to monitor real-time pH changes. The implication on gastric protein and fibre hydrolysis as a result of large fluctuations in pH should be considered.

Effects of calcium feeding strategy on true ileal phosphorus digestibility and true phosphorus retention determined with growing broilers.

An experiment utilizing 960 Ross × Ross 708 male broilers was conducted to determine the effects of Ca feeding strategy on true ileal (prececal) P digestibility (TIPD) and true P retention (TPR) of corn. Experimental diets were formulated with 1 of 3 dietary Ca feeding strategies (0.95%, 0.13%, or variable Ca concentrations to maintain a 2.1:1 Ca:P ratio) and contain 0, 25, 50, or 75% corn. A practical corn-soybean meal diet (1.4:1 Ca:P ratio) was fed as a control. After receiving a common starter diet, experimental diets were fed from 19 to 26 d of age. After a 48-h dietary adaptation period, a 48-h retention assay was conducted. At 25 and 26 d of age, ileal digesta were collected from 8 birds per cage. Broilers consuming the control diet had higher (P<0.001) BW gain, feed intake, digesta P, and excreta P than broilers consuming the corn titration diets. Digesta and excreta P increased (linear, P<0.05) with graded increases of corn. True ileal P digestibility and TPR were highest (P<0.05) for diets with 0.13% Ca (57.3 and 69.5%, respectively) compared with diets formulated with a 2.1:1 Ca:P ratio (41.2 and 37.8%, respectively) or 0.95% Ca (25.4 and 39.0%, respectively). Values for TPR were higher (P<0.05) than those for TIPD except when the dietary Ca:P ratio was fixed. Additionally, negative endogenous P losses were predicted by regression equations when TPR was estimated for birds fed titration diets with the fixed Ca:P ratio. Changing the Ca concentration of the diets to maintain a fixed Ca:P ratio influenced (P<0.001) apparent P retention, which affected the estimate for TPR due to the prediction of negative endogenous P losses. These data demonstrated that regression analysis may have limitations when estimating the TIPD or TPR of corn when formulating diets with different Ca feeding strategies. More research is necessary to elucidate the factors that contributed to regression equations predicting negative endogenous P losses.

Contribution of intestinal- and cereal-derived phytase activity on phytate degradation in young broilers.

There is little consensus as to the capability of poultry to utilize dietary phytate without supplemental phytase. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to examine the extent to which endogenous phytase of intestinal and cereal origin contributes to phytate degradation in birds aged 0 to 14 d posthatch. Ross 308 broilers (n = 720) were fed one of 4 experimental diets with differing dietary ingredient combinations and approximate total phytate levels of 10 g/kg, dietary phytase activity analyzed at 460 U/kg, dietary calcium (Ca) levels of 11 g/kg, and nonphytate-phosphorus (P) levels of 4 g/kg. Broiler performance, gizzard, duodenum, jejunum and ileum pH, Ca and P digestibility and solubility, amount of dietary phytate hydrolyzed in the gizzard, jejunum, and ileal digesta phytase activity were analyzed at d 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 posthatch. Intestinal endogenous phytase activity increased significantly (P < 0.001) between d 4 and 6, resulting in increased phytate hydrolysis in the gizzard (P = 0.003), jejunum (P < 0.001), and ileum (P < 0.001). Phytase activity and phytate hydrolysis continued to increase with age, with a greater phytase activity and associated increase in phytate hydrolysis and mineral utilization between d 10 and 12. Gizzard and jejunum Ca and P solubility and ileal Ca and P digestibility increased significantly (P < 0.001), and gastrointestinal pH decreased significantly (P < 0.001) between d 4 and 6. By d 14, phytase activity recovered in the ileum was approximately 45 U/kg. There were strong correlations between phytase activity measured in the ileum and phytate hydrolyzed in the gizzard (r = 0.905, P < 0.001), jejunum (r = 0.901, P = 0.023), and ileum (r = 0.938, P = 0.042). This study shows intestinal- and dietary-derived endogenous phytase activity is responsible for phytate-P hydrolysis in broilers.

Influence of superdoses of a novel microbial phytase on growth performance, tibia ash, and gizzard phytate and inositol in young broilers.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of a novel microbial phytase on performance, tibia ash, and the content of phytate, phytate esters, and inositol in the gizzard of young broilers. Male Cobb 500 broilers (n = 1,680) were fed 1 of 7 experimental diets: positive control (PC) formulated to meet or exceed nutrient recommendations; PC plus dicalcium phosphate (PC+DCP) formulated to provide Ca and P at 0.10% above the PC; PC plus 500 U/kg of microbial phytase (PC+500); negative control (NC) with Ca and P reduced from the PC by 0.16% and 0.15%, respectively; and the NC plus phytase at 500 (NC+500), 1,000 (NC+1,000), or 1,500 (NC+1,500) U/kg. Diets were fed in crumbled form to 20 birds/pen and 12 replicate pens/diet from d 0 to 21. On d 21, 4 birds/pen were euthanized for collection of right tibias and gizzard digesta for determination of tibia ash and gizzard phytate. In general, broilers fed the NC diet had reduced (P ≤ 0.05) feed intake and BW gain compared with broilers fed diets supplemented with phytase, but not different than the PC or PC+DCP. Phytase supplementation in the NC diet improved (P ≤ 0.05) BW gain comparable with or above that of the PC. Feed conversion ratio was improved in broilers fed the NC+1,000 or NC+1,500 compared with broilers fed all other diets. Tibia ash was reduced (P ≤ 0.05) in broilers fed the NC compared with broilers fed all other diets, and phytase supplementation improved tibia ash comparable with the PC. Phytase supplementation reduced (P ≤ 0.05) phytate (inositol hexa-phosphate) concentration in the gizzard. Inositol concentration in the gizzard was higher (P ≤ 0.05) in birds fed NC+1,000 or NC+1,500 compared with all other diets and this was correlated with growth performance (P ≤ 0.05) rather than tibia ash (P > 0.05). Improvements in feed conversion ratio associated with superdoses of phytase may be attributed to phytate destruction and the provision of inositol.

Effect of dietary nonphytate phosphorus and calcium concentration on calcium appetite of broiler chicks.

The effect of dietary nonphytate P (nPP) and Ca concentration on the Ca appetite in broilers was evaluated. A total of 288 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were fed a commercial diet for 7 d then randomly allocated to 1 of 8 dietary treatments for a 28-d study. Diets were corn-soybean meal based and formulated to be nutritionally adequate except for nPP and Ca. Two concentrations of Ca (5.0 and 10.0 g/kg) and 4 of nPP (2.5, 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 g/kg) were used, and all birds had access to a separate Ca source (CaCO3). Bird performance, nutrient digestibility, and tibia ash were determined. Birds fed 5.0 g of Ca/kg diets consumed more (P < 0.01) of the separate Ca source than birds fed diets containing 10.0 g of Ca/kg. Increased consumption (P < 0.01) of the separate Ca source was associated with increasing nPP concentration. Bird performance was not influenced by dietary treatment. Birds fed 5.5 g of nPP/kg diets had lower (P < 0.01) digestibility of DM, CP, and energy than the other groups. Phosphorus digestibility was reduced in birds fed high Ca diets and those fed 2.5 g of nPP/kg diets (P < 0.001). Birds fed 2.5 g of nPP/kg had lower tibia ash values than those fed higher concentrations of nPP while feeding diets containing 10.0 g of Ca/kg led to higher concentrations (P < 0.05) of tibia ash than for birds fed 5.0 g of Ca/kg. This study confirms previous findings that birds are able to meet their Ca requirement when fed Ca separately from the mixed ration. Consumption of the separate Ca source responded to not only Ca concentration but also to the amount of nPP in the diet. These data suggest that dietary nPP concentration influences the Ca specific appetite of broilers, and this may indicate that birds attempt to regulate their intake of Ca relative to nPP. This may be mediated via a physiological mechanism to maintain an appropriate Ca:nPP intake.

The effect of dietary calcium inclusion on broiler gastrointestinal pH: quantification and method optimization.

There is little consensus as to the most appropriate methodology for the measurement of gastrointestinal pH in chickens. An experiment was conducted to establish the optimum sampling method for the determination of broiler digesta pH in birds fed differing levels of dietary calcium. Ross 308 broilers (n = 60) were fed 1 of 2 experimental diets, one containing 0.8% monocalcium phosphate and 2% limestone and one containing 0.4% monocalcium phosphate and 1% limestone. Four factors were investigated to determine the most appropriate method of measuring broiler gastrointestinal digesta pH: removal from the tract, prolonged air exposure, altering the temperature of the assay, and controlling the water content of the digesta. The conditions were assessed at bird ages from 7 to 42 d posthatch. Dietary Ca content had no significant effect on in situ pH, but it contributed toward variance in ex situ pH of both gizzard and duodenum digesta. Digesta pH read higher when the digesta was removed from the tract, but the amount of time the digesta was exposed to air did not affect the reading. Digesta pH read higher when measured at room temperature than when measured at 41°C; temperature made the strongest unique contribution to explaining variance in duodenum pH, and the second strongest contribution to explaining variance in gizzard pH, after diet. When water was added to the digesta, before pH determination, the pH of the digesta read higher (P < 0.001) than when measured in situ. The method that resulted in pH readings that were most representative of bird gastrointestinal environment was insertion of a pH probe directly into the gut lumen posteuthanasia, because measurement ex situ likely encourages dissociation of carbonic acid, the major buffer in the gastrointestinal tract, which causes pH to read to be higher than when measured in situ. This study shows that the method of pH measurement needs careful consideration to ensure the validity of the result.