Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy in craniopharyngiomas: A systematic review and single arm meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Numerous studies have demonstrated Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy's (FSRT) effectiveness in tumor control post-resection for craniopharyngiomas. Nevertheless, past literature has presented conflicting findings particularly regarding endocrine and visual function outcomes. This study aims to elucidate FSRT's efficacy and safety for this population. METHODS: Adhering to PRISMA, a systematic review and meta-analyses was conducted. Included studies had to report the effects of FSRT for treating craniopharyngiomas in a sample greater than four patients, addressing at least one of the outcomes of interest: improvement in visual acuity or field, new-onset hypopituitarism, effectiveness, and tumor progression. Relative risk with 95% confidence intervals were used to assess the outcomes. RESULTS: After retrieving a total of 1292 studies, 10 articles met the predefined criteria and thus were finally selected, amounting to a total of 256 patients. The improvement in visual acuity was estimated at 45% (95% CI: 6-83%), while the improvement in the visual field was 22% (95% CI: 0-51%). Regarding endocrine function, the new-onset hypopituitarism rate was found to be 5% (95% CI: 0-11%). Relative to FSRT effectiveness, the pooled estimate of the complete tumor response rate was 17% (95% CI: 4-30%), and the tumor progression rate was 7% (95% CI: 1-13%). Also, a 3-year progression-free survival rate of 98% (95% CI: 95-100%) was obtained. CONCLUSION: Despite limitations and risks, FSRT shows promise as a viable therapeutic option for craniopharyngiomas, offering notable benefits for visual functions and tumor control. Further research is required to better understand the associated risks, benefits, and clinical utility.

Optimizing radiotherapy strategies for skull base chordoma: a comprehensive meta-analysis and systematic review of treatment modalities and outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: In the treatment of skull base chordoma (SBC) surgery is considered the mainstay approach, and gross-total resection has an established relationship with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). However, the tumor's location often interferes with attempts at complete resection. In this case, surgery for maximal resection followed by high-dose radiotherapy has been demonstrated to be the standard treatment. In this context, various modalities are available, yet no consensus exists on the most effective. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of different radiotherapy modalities for SBC. METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, the authors systematically searched for the treatment of SBC with radiation modalities in the PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases. Outcomes assessed for each modality were as follows: OS, PFS, local control (LC), and complications. The random-effects model was adopted. A single-proportion analysis with 95% CI was used to measure the effects in single-arm analysis. For the comparative analysis, the OR with 95% CI was used to compare outcome treatment effects. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics, and statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 32 studies comprising 3663 patients, with 2322 patients who were treated with radiotherapeutic modalities, were included. Regarding 5-year OS findings in each modality study, the findings were as follows: in photon fractionated radiotherapy, an estimated rate of 77% (69%-84%, 568 patients); in conventional fractionated radiotherapy, 76% (65%-87%, 517 cases); in proton-based + carbon ion-based radiotherapy, 85% (82%-88%, 622 cases); and in a comparative analysis of proton-based and carbon ion-based therapy, there was an OR of 1.2 (95% CI 0.59-2.43, 306 cases). Regarding the 5-year PFS estimate, the rates were as follows: 35% (26%-45%, 95 cases) for photon fractionated therapy; 35% (25%-45%, 85 cases) for stereotactic radiotherapy; 77% (50%-100%, 180 cases) for proton-based and carbon ion-based radiotherapy; and 74% (45%-100%, 102 cases) for proton-based radiotherapy. Regarding LC in periods of 3 and 5 years after proton- and carbon ion-based therapy, the overall estimated rates were 84% (78%-90%, 326 cases) and 75% (65%-85%, 448 cases), respectively. For proton-based radiotherapy and carbon ion-based therapy, the 5-year LC rates were 76% (67%-86%, 259 cases) and 75% (59%-91%, 189 cases), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis highlights the finding that particle-based modalities like proton beam radiotherapy and carbon ion radiotherapy are the most effective radiation therapies available for the treatment of SBC. Furthermore, it reinforces the idea that surgery followed by radiotherapy constitutes the standard treatment.

Tranexamic acid in bleeding reduction and operative time of nasal surgeries: systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Our study goal is to review the efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss and operative time in nasal surgeries. METHODS: We included randomized clinical trials using oral or intravenous tranexamic acid, excluded non-randomized studies, topic administration, coagulopathy, and using other drugs interfering in the coagulation cascade. Online databases, National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE-PubMED), Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (Lilacs), Cochrane Library, Embase and Google Scholar were used to perform the search. The review was registered in PROSPERO by no CRD42022310977. Two authors, independently, selected the articles meeting the inclusion criteria. They extracted the data and used RevMan 5 software to perform the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Our search resulted in 16 RCTs that were included in the meta-analysis totalizing 1108 patients. Studies were evaluated resulting in a low risk of bias for the five domains. The use of tranexamic acid resulted in significant reduction in duration of surgery (DOS) and intraoperative blood loss (IBL) had significant reduction. The level of evidence according to GRADE System was high in all studies and variables. CONCLUSION: Tranexamic acid has an important role in reducing intraoperative blood loss and duration of surgery. Our study has some limitations due to the low number of RCTs available in the literature.

Development of a "Geo-Tagged" tumor sample registry: intra-operative linkage of sample location to imaging.

PURPOSE: There is a growing body of literature documenting glioma heterogeneity in terms of radiographic, histologic, molecular, and genetic characteristics. Incomplete spatial specification of intraoperative tumor samples may contribute to variability in the results of pathological and biological investigations. We have developed a system, termed geo-tagging, for routine intraoperative linkage of each tumor sample to its location via neuronavigation. METHODS: This is a single-institution, IRB approved, prospective database of undergoing clinically indicated surgery. We evaluated relevant factors affecting data collection by this registry, including tumor and surgical factors (e.g. tumor volume, location, grade and surgeon). RESULTS: Over a 2-year period, 487 patients underwent craniotomy for an intra-axial tumor. Of those, 214 underwent surgery for a newly diagnosed or recurrent glioma. There was significant variation in the average number of samples collected per registered case, with a range of samples from 2.53 to 4.75 per tumor type. Histology and grade impacted on sampling with a range of 2.0 samples per tumor in Grade four, IDH-WT gliomas to 4.5 samples in grade four, IDH-mutant gliomas. The range of cases with sampling per surgeon was 6 to 99 with a mean of 47.6 cases and there was a statistically significant differences between surgeons. Tumor grade did not have a statistically significant impact on number of samples per case. No significant correlation was found between the number of samples collected and enhancing tumor volume, EOR, or volume of tumor resected. CONCLUSION: We are using the results of this analysis to develop a prospective sample collection protocol.

Measuring pituitary tumor volume: a comparison of the simplified and non-simplified ellipsoid equation with the 3D planimetric volume assessment.

PURPOSE: The ellipsoid equation came in an attempt to facilitate the estimation of tumor volume, by measuring the height, width, and anteroposterior length of the lesion. The estimated tumor volume can sometimes be different between methods, thus, it is of extreme interest to evaluate if the methods are significantly different, as well as to discuss the main limitations of each one. METHODS: This is an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study. A systematic review of the literature was also performed in order to discuss the results observed in the present study. RESULTS: A total of 82 patients (43 males and 39 females) ranging in age from 15 to 78 years (mean 47.95 ± 14.76) were included in the study. Seven patients were classified as Knosp grade 0 (8.5%), 36 Knosp grade 1 (44%), 14 Knosp grade 2 (17%), 20 Knosp grade 3 (24.4%), 5 Knosp grade 4 (6.1%). The tumor volume estimated by 3D planimetric assessment, non-simplified ellipsoid equation, and simplified ellipsoid formula averaged 10.68 cm³, 10.36 cm³, and 9.9 cm³ respectively. CONCLUSION: A simplified form of the ellipsoid equation increases the divergence between the measurement obtained in planimetry, and should be discouraged, in view of the new automated methods of performing quick calculations using periodic digits. The non-simplified form underestimated the tumor volume by 2.9% on average but did so regularly. In clinical practice, measurement should be accompanied by an evaluation of tumor morphology.

Clinical and descriptive characteristics associated with high-grade meningioma in a large clinical series.

PURPOSE: We studied 571 patients with intracranial meningioma for clinical characteristics and tumor location associated with high grade meningioma (WHO II/III). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were participants in a multicentre epidemiologic study of risk factors for primary brain tumors including meningioma recruited from September 2005 to November 2019. We included patients 18 or older with a recent diagnosis of a primary intracranial meningioma of any subtype (ICD9/10: 9530-0, 9531-0, 9532-0, 9537-0, 9533-0, 9534-0, 9530-0, 9538-1, 9538-3) who were enrolled at neuro-oncology and neuro-surgery clinics in the southeastern U.S. RESULTS: The median patient age was 58 years (IQR: 48-68) and the majority of patients were female (n = 415; 72.7%) and Caucasian (n = 516; 90.4%). Most patients were symptomatic (n = 460; 80.6%) and their tumours more commonly occurred in a non-skull base location (n = 298; 52.2%). A total of 86 patients (15.0%) had a WHO grade II/III meningioma. Compared to patients with WHO grade I tumours, patients with WHO II/III meningiomas were over 3-times more likely to be male (odds ratio (OR): 3.25; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.98, 5.35) adjusting for age, race, symptomatic presentation, and skull-based location. Moreover, a WHO grade II/III meningioma was substantially less likely to be observed in asymptomatic patients (OR: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.42), and in patients with a skull-based tumour (OR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.66), adjusting for other factors. Male gender, symptomatic tumour, and a non-skull base location were independently associated with WHO grade II/III meningioma. CONCLUSION: These findings may shed additional light on the underlying pathogenesis of meningioma.

Patient satisfaction and cost savings analysis of the telemedicine program within a neuro-oncology department.

PURPOSE: Unique challenges exist in the utilization of telemedicine for neurological and surgical specialties. We examined the differences in patient satisfaction for telemedicine versus in-person visits within a Neuro-Oncology Program to assess whether there was a difference between surgical and medical specialties. We also examined the potential cost savings benefits of utilizing telemedicine. METHODS: 1189 Press Ganey surveys in the Department of Neuro-Oncology (982 in-person and 207 telemedicine) by surgical and medical neuro-oncology patients between 04/01/2020 and 06/30/2021 were reviewed. Survey results were divided into 4 categories (Access, Provider, Technology (telemedicine only), and Overall Satisfaction). Results were analyzed for the impact of telemedicine versus in-person visits, and gender, age, insurance, and specialty. Cost savings were calculated based on potential travel distance and lost productivity. RESULTS: Survey results from telemedicine visits demonstrated that patients with private insurance returned higher scores in the Provider (p = 0.0089), Technology (p = 0.00187), and Overall (p = 0.00382) categories. Surgical patients returned higher scores for Access (p = 0.0015), Technology (p = 0.0002), and Overall (p = 0.0019). When comparing telemedicine to in-person scores, in-person scored higher in Provider (p = 0.0092) for all patients, while in-person scored higher in Access (p = 0.0252) amongst surgical patients. Cost analysis revealed that telemedicine allowed patients to save an average of 4.1 to 5.6 h per visit time and a potential cost savings of up to $223.3 ± 171.4. CONCLUSION: Telemedicine yields equivalent patient satisfaction when employed in surgical as compared to medical Neuro-Oncology patients with the potential to lessen the financial and time burden on neuro-oncology patients.

The transsylvian corridor through minimally invasive transcranial approaches: a comparative anatomical study.

Minimally invasive transcranial approaches (MITAs) continue to expand in popularity in neurosurgery. Only few MITAs allow sufficient sylvian exposure to enable wide use of the transsylvian corridor. In this study, we aim to compare the transsylvian corridor in two MITAs: the minipterional (MPTa) and the extended supraorbital eyebrow approaches (XSEa). Eight cadaver heads were used to quantify the surgical exposure and maneuverability along the sylvian fissure and the insular lobe provided by the MPTa and the XSEa. Surgical exposure was calculated by means of the exposed length of the sylvian fissure and by the area framed within three extreme points in the insular lobe. Maneuverability was assessed by means of the surgical freedom along the sylvian cistern. XSEa provides twice the frontal exposure and half of the temporal exposure in comparison to the MPTa (p < 0.001 and p = 0.02, respectively). No significant differences were found between the two craniotomies in the length of the exposure of the sylvian fissure, area of insular exposure, or surgical freedom. Both the MPTa and the XSEa afford sufficient grades of exposure along the sylvian fissure and the insular lobe, although the viewing angle is significantly different between the two approaches. Such properties allow either to be used for microsurgery deep within the sylvian cistern. The use of additional corridors, such as the subfrontal route (XSEa) and pretemporal route (MPTa), may influence selection of either the minipterional or the extended supraorbital approaches according to the origin of the surgical pathology addressed.

Management of large intraventricular meningiomas with minimally invasive port technique: a three-case series.

The use of minimally invasive transcranial ports for the resection of deep-seated lesions has been shown to be safe and effective. To date, most of the literature regarding the tubular retractors used in brain surgery is comprised of individual case reports that describe the successful resection of deep-seated lesions such as thalamic pilocytic astrocytomas, colloid cysts in the third ventricle, hematomas, and cavernous angiomas. The authors describe their experience using a tubular retractor system with three different cases involving large intraventricular meningiomas and examine radiographic and patient outcomes. A single-institution, retrospective case series was performed from a skull base database. Patients who underwent resection of intraventricular > 4-cm meningiomas with port technology were identified. The authors reviewed three cases to illustrate the feasibility of minimal access port surgery for the resection of these lesions. Complete resection was achieved in all cases. None of the patients developed permanent neurological deficits. There were no major complications related to surgery and no mortalities. Good clinical and surgical outcomes for atrium meningiomas can be achieved through the minimally invasive port technique and tumor size does not appear to be a limitation.

Brain Atrophy and Leukoaraiosis Correlate with Futile Stroke Thrombectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Although mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is a proven therapy for acute large vessel occlusion strokes, futile recanalization in the elderly is common and costly. Strategies to minimize futile recanalization may reduce unnecessary thrombectomy transfers and procedures. We evaluated whether a simple and rapid visual assessment of brain atrophy and leukoaraiosis on a plain head CT correlates with futile stroke recanalization in the elderly. METHODS: Consecutive stroke patients admitted for thrombectomy, older than 65 years of age, all with TICI 2b/3 recanalization rates were retrospectively studied from multiple comprehensive stroke centers. Brain atrophy and leukoaraiosis were visually analyzed from pre-intervention plain head CTs using a simplified scheme based on validated scales. Baseline demographics were collected and the primary outcome measure was 90-day modified Rankin score (mRS). Cochran-Armitage trend test was applied in analyzing the association of the severity of brain atrophy and leukoaraiosis with 90-day mRS. RESULTS: Between 2017 and 2019, 175 patients > 65 years who underwent thrombectomy with TICI 2b/3 recanalization from two comprehensive stroke centers were evaluated. The median age was 77 years. IV-tPA was given in 59% of patients, average initial NIHSS was 19, average baseline mRS was 0.77 and median time to recanalization was 300 minutes. Age and severity of atrophy/leukoaraiosis was categorized into three groups of increasing severity and associated with 90 day mRS 0-3 rates of 62%, 49% and 41% (p=0.037) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A simplified, visual assessment of the degree of brain atrophy and leukoaraiosis measured on plain head CT correlates with futile recanalization in patients age >65 years. Although additional validation is needed, these findings suggest that brain atrophy and leukoaraiosis may have value as a surrogate marker of prestroke functional status. In doing so, simplified visual plain head CT grading scales may minimize elderly futile recanalization.

Prior smoking and nasoseptal flap usage adversely impact quality of life and healing after endoscopic pituitary surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Endoscopic pituitary surgery (EPS) via the endonasal transsphenoidal approach is well established as an effective treatment modality for sellar masses. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between key patient and operative variables and rhinological outcomes as determined by the 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) and endoscopic scores following EPS. METHODS: Prospectively collected SNOT-22 scores and objective endoscopic data were analyzed from a cohort of 109 patients who underwent EPS and had at least 90 days of postoperative follow-up. Trends in postoperative SNOT-22 scores were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. Time to return to baseline endoscopic score was analyzed using Cox regression. RESULTS: After adjusting for age and sex, the authors found that prior smokers had higher total and rhinological subdomain SNOT-22 scores (p < 0.01, 95% CI 5.82-16.39; p = 0.01, 95% CI 1.38-5.09, respectively) following EPS. Nasoseptal flap use also showed higher total and rhinological subdomain SNOT-22 scores (p = 0.01, 95% CI 1.62-12.60; p = 0.02, 95% CI 0.42-4.30, respectively). Prior sinonasal surgery and concurrent septoplasty did not affect the change in SNOT-22 total scores over time (p = 0.08, 95% CI -0.40 to 0.02; p = 0.33, 95% CI -0.09 to 0.29). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the evolution of healing and patient-reported quality of life (QOL) measures are multifaceted with contributions from two key variables. Nasoseptal flap usage and prior smoking status may adversely impact postoperative QOL. No variables were found to be associated with objective postoperative endoscopic findings.

Pituitary carcinomas: review of the current literature and report of atypical case.

Introduction: Pituitary carcinomas are poorly understood, rare entities. They are distinguished from adenomas not by histopathological features but rather by the presence of metastases.Objective: We discuss the diagnosis, mechanism of dissemination and pathogenesis based on a review of the literature and illustrated by a singular case.Case Report: A 59-year-old male presented with a dural-based posterior fossa lesion. He had been diagnosed with a pituitary chromophobe adenoma 43 years earlier that was treated at the time with surgery and radiation therapy. A presumptive diagnosis of a radiation-induced meningioma was made and surgery was recommended. At surgery the tumour resembled a pituitary adenoma. Histopathology, laboratory findings, and the patient's medical history confirmed the final diagnosis of a prolactin-secreting pituitary carcinoma. To our knowledge, this is the longest reported interval between the pituitary adenoma and metastatic lesion diagnosis (43 years).Conclusion: Management should be tailored to individual patient and may include a combination of treatments (surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and hormone-targeted therapy). Functionally active tumours may be monitored with hormone levels as tumour markers.

Transarterial and transvenous approaches for embolization of tentorial dural arteriovenous fistula.

Tentorial dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) are uncommon, complex fistulas located between the leaves of the tentorium cerebelli with a specific anatomic and clinical presentation characterized by high hemorrhagic risk. They have an extensive arterial supply and complex venous drainages, making them difficult to treat. There is recent literature favoring treatment through an endovascular transarterial route. The authors present an uncommon tentorial/ambient cistern region DAVF with feeders arising from the external and internal carotid arteries. The patient underwent a combined transarterial and transvenous approach with successful obliteration of the DAVF. The authors discuss the management challenges faced in this case.The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/VXDD8zUvsSQ.

Endovascular management of complex superior sagittal sinus dural arteriovenous fistula.

Superior sagittal sinus (SSS) dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) are rare and present unique challenges to treatment. Complex, often bilateral, arterial supply and involvement of large volumes of eloquent cortical venous drainage may necessitate multimodality therapy such as endovascular, microsurgical, and stereotactic radiosurgery techniques. The authors present a complex SSS DAVF associated with an occluded/severely stenotic SSS. The patient underwent a successful endovascular transvenous approach with complete obliteration of the SSS. The authors discuss the management challenges faced on this case.The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/-rztg0_cBXY.

Endovascular management of basilar artery occlusion secondary to fusiform aneurysm with intraluminal thrombus.

Acute basilar artery occlusion is one of the most devastating subtypes of ischemic stroke with an extremely high morbidity and mortality rate. The most common causes include embolism, large-artery atherosclerosis, penetrating small-artery disease, and arterial dissection. The heart and vertebral arteries are the main source of emboli in embolic basilar occlusions. The authors present an uncommon acute basilar occlusion secondary to a fusiform aneurysm with intraluminal thrombus. The patient underwent a mechanical thrombectomy with successful recanalization, but persistent intraluminal thrombus. The authors discuss the management dilemma and describe their choice for placement of flow diverter stents.The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/XzBdgxJPSWQ.

Stent-assisted coil embolization of MCA aneurysm via a trans-posterior communicating artery access.

External carotid artery (ECA) to internal carotid artery (ICA) bypass is a well-established procedure for the treatment of chronic ischemic diseases of the carotid artery. Rarely de novo aneurysms can develop at the site of anastomosis. The treatment of these aneurysms can be very challenging due to various factors, including the presence of graft, previous craniotomy, atherosclerotic vessels, and lack of direct access. In this video the authors report and discuss the management of a right middle cerebral artery (MCA) wide-necked de novo aneurysm by stent-assisted coiling through a retrograde trans-posterior communicating artery access.The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/MBKolPvOErU.

Endoscopic endonasal pituitary gland hemi-transposition for resection of a dorsum sellae meningioma.

A 69-year-old female with incidental diagnosis of a dorsum sellae meningioma had shown significant tumor growth after initial conservative management. The procedure started with a microscopic sublabial transsphenoidal approach to the sella and the suprasellar space. Due to limitations to a safe dissection and removal of the retrosellar component, the surgery was converted to a purely endoscopic endonasal approach with left hemi-transposition of the pituitary gland, followed by drilling of the dorsum sellae and removal of the left posterior clinoid process. A complete tumor resection was achieved, and a multilayer skull base reconstruction was performed without complications. The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/BEolyK-To_A .

Dural sinus and internal jugular vein thrombosis complicating a blunt head injury in a pediatric patient.

INTRODUCTION: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) following a blunt head trauma is a rare condition, described in the literature along with the lack of consensus regarding diagnosis and management. We present a case of a pediatric patient with a blunt head injury and epidural hematoma, who developed dural sinus and internal jugular vein thrombosis with fatal outcome. DISCUSSION: Most of reports show good outcome and recovery, but CVST might be related to poor recovery and even lead to death. The diagnosis and management of this condition are discussed based on a literature review. CONCLUSION: It is important to keep a high degree of suspicion of CVST since early diagnosis may prevent potentially treatable catastrophic outcomes.

Traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula at the anterior ascending segment of the internal carotid artery in a pediatric patient.

INTRODUCTION: Traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) in children is a rare condition. Early diagnosis and treatment is still a challenge, and it is associated with good neurological recovery. CASE SUMMARY: We present a rare case of a 10-year-old boy with mild head trauma, who developed a CCF at the anterior segment of the ascending internal carotid artery. The patient was treated with endovascular coil embolization and evolved with a favorable outcome. DISCUSSION: Most of reports in the literature address the traumatic CCF in adult patients, in which early treatment may prevent poor recovery or fatal outcomes. The diagnosis and management of this condition are discussed based on a literature review. CONCLUSION: It is important to keep a high degree of suspicion for CCF, especially in traumatic head injury associated with skull base fracture, since the early diagnosis and treatment may prevent potentially permanent neurological deficits.

Femoral access site complications following neurointerventional procedures: economic implications at a single center.

OBJECTIVE: Transfemoral access (TFA) has been the traditional route of arterial access for neurointerventional procedures. Femoral access site complications may occur in 2%-6% of patients. Management of these complications often requires additional diagnostic tests or interventions, each of which may increase the cost of care. The economic impact of a femoral access site complication has not yet been described. The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic consequences of femoral access site complications. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective review of patients undergoing neuroendovascular procedures at their institute and identified those who experienced femoral access site complications. The subset of patients experiencing these complications during elective procedures was matched in a 1:2 fashion to a control group undergoing similar procedures and not experiencing an access site complication. RESULTS: Femoral access site complications were identified in 77 patients (4.3%) over a 3-year period. Thirty-four of these complications were considered major, requiring blood transfusion or additional invasive treatment. There was a statistically significant difference in total cost ($39,234.84 vs $23,535.32, p = 0.001), total reimbursement ($35,500.24 vs $24,861.71, p = 0.020) and reimbursement minus cost (-$3734.60 vs $1326.39, p = 0.011) between the complication and control cohorts in elective procedures, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although occurring relatively infrequently, femoral artery access site complications increase the cost of care for patients undergoing neurointerventional procedures; how this influences the cost effectiveness of neurointerventional procedures warrants further investigation.