Clinical Presentation and Outcomes of Kawasaki Disease in Children from Latin America: A Multicenter Observational Study from the REKAMLATINA Network.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical presentation, management, and outcomes of Kawasaki disease (KD) in Latin America and to evaluate early prognostic indicators of coronary artery aneurysm (CAA). STUDY DESIGN: An observational KD registry-based study was conducted in 64 participating pediatric centers across 19 Latin American countries retrospectively between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2013, and prospectively from June 1, 2014, to May 31, 2017. Demographic and initial clinical and laboratory data were collected. Logistic regression incorporating clinical factors and maximum coronary artery z-score at initial presentation (between 10 days before and 5 days after intravenous immunoglobulin [IVIG]) was used to develop a prognostic model for CAA during follow-up (>5 days after IVIG). RESULTS: Of 1853 patients with KD, delayed admission (>10 days after fever onset) occurred in 16%, 25% had incomplete KD, and 11% were resistant to IVIG. Among 671 subjects with reported coronary artery z-score during follow-up (median: 79 days; IQR: 36, 186), 21% had CAA, including 4% with giant aneurysms. A simple prognostic model utilizing only a maximum coronary artery z-score ≥2.5 at initial presentation was optimal to predict CAA during follow-up (area under the curve: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.80, 0.88). CONCLUSION: From our Latin American population, coronary artery z-score ≥2.5 at initial presentation was the most important prognostic factor preceding CAA during follow-up. These results highlight the importance of early echocardiography during the initial presentation of KD.

Prospective cohort study of incidence and risk factors for catheter-associated urinary tract infections in 145 intensive care units of 9 Latin American countries: INICC findings.

PURPOSE: Identify urinary catheter (UC)-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) incidence and risk factors (RF) in Latin American Countries. METHODS: From 01/01/2014 to 02/10/2022, we conducted a prospective cohort study in 145 ICUs of 67 hospitals in 35 cities in nine Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, and Peru. To estimate CAUTI incidence, we used the number of UC-days as the denominator, and the number of CAUTIs as numerator. To estimate CAUTI RFs, we analyzed the following 10 variables using multiple logistic regression: gender, age, length of stay (LOS) before CAUTI acquisition, UC-days before CAUTI acquisition, UC-device utilization (DU) ratio, UC-type, hospitalizationtype, ICU type, facility ownership, and time period. RESULTS: 31,631 patients, hospitalized for 214,669 patient-days, acquired 305 CAUTIs. The pooled CAUTI rate per 1000 UC-days was 2.58, for those using suprapubic catheters, it was 2.99, and for those with indwelling catheters, it was 2.21. The following variables were independently associated with CAUTI: age, rising risk 1% yearly (aOR = 1.01; 95% CI 1.01-1.02; p < 0.0001 female gender (aOR = 1.28; 95% CI 1.01-1.61; p = 0.04), LOS before CAUTI acquisition, rising risk 7% daily (aOR = 1.07; 95% CI 1.06-1.08; p < 0.0001, UC/DU ratio (aOR = 1.14; 95% CI 1.08-1.21; p < 0.0001, public facilities (aOR = 2.89; 95% CI 1.75-4.49; p < 0.0001. The periods 2014-2016 and 2017-2019 had significantly higher risks than the period 2020-2022. Suprapubic catheters showed similar risks as indwelling catheters. CONCLUSION: The following CAUTI RFs are unlikely to change: age, gender, hospitalization type, and facility ownership. Based on these findings, it is suggested to focus on reducing LOS, UC/DU ratio, and implementing evidence-based CAUTI prevention recommendations.

Viral reactivations and co-infections in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Viral reactivations and co-infections have been reported among COVID-19 patients. However, studies on the clinical outcomes of different viral reactivations and co-infections are currently in limit. Thus, the primary purpose of this review is to perform an overarching investigation on the cases of latent virus reactivation and co-infection in COVID-19 patients to build collective evidence contributing to improving patient health. The aim of the study was to conduct a literature review to compare the patient characteristics and outcomes of reactivations and co-infections of different viruses. METHODS: Our population of interest included confirmed COVID-19 patients who were diagnosed with a viral infection either concurrently or following their COVID-19 diagnosis. We extracted the relevant literature through a systematic search using the key terms in the online databases including the EMBASE, MEDLINE, Latin American Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), from inception onwards up to June 2022. The authors independently extracted data from eligible studies and assessed the risk of bias using the Consensus-based Clinical Case Reporting (CARE) guidelines and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Main patient characteristics, frequency of each manifestation, and diagnostic criteria used in studies were summarized in tables. RESULTS: In total, 53 articles were included in this review. We identified 40 reactivation studies, 8 coinfection studies, and 5 studies where concomitant infection in COVID-19 patients was not distinguished as either reactivation or coinfection. Data were extracted for 12 viruses including IAV, IBV, EBV, CMV, VZV, HHV-1, HHV-2, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8, HBV, and Parvovirus B19. EBV, HHV-1, and CMV were most frequently observed within the reactivation cohort, whereas IAV and EBV within the coinfection cohort. In both reactivation and coinfection groups, patients reported cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and immunosuppression as comorbidities, acute kidney injury as complication, and lymphopenia and elevated D-dimer and CRP levels from blood tests. Common pharmaceutical interventions in two groups included steroids and antivirals. CONCLUSION: Overall, these findings expand our knowledge on the characteristics of COVID-19 patients with viral reactivations and co-infections. Our experience with current review indicates a need for further investigations on virus reactivation and coinfection among COVID-19 patients.

Understanding the Potential Impact of Different Drug Properties on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Transmission and Disease Burden: A Modelling Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The public health impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has motivated a rapid search for potential therapeutics, with some key successes. However, the potential impact of different treatments, and consequently research and procurement priorities, have not been clear. METHODS: Using a mathematical model of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission, COVID-19 disease and clinical care, we explore the public-health impact of different potential therapeutics, under a range of scenarios varying healthcare capacity, epidemic trajectories; and drug efficacy in the absence of supportive care. RESULTS: The impact of drugs like dexamethasone (delivered to the most critically-ill in hospital and whose therapeutic benefit is expected to depend on the availability of supportive care such as oxygen and mechanical ventilation) is likely to be limited in settings where healthcare capacity is lowest or where uncontrolled epidemics result in hospitals being overwhelmed. As such, it may avert 22% of deaths in high-income countries but only 8% in low-income countries (assuming R = 1.35). Therapeutics for different patient populations (those not in hospital, early in the course of infection) and types of benefit (reducing disease severity or infectiousness, preventing hospitalization) could have much greater benefits, particularly in resource-poor settings facing large epidemics. CONCLUSIONS: Advances in the treatment of COVID-19 to date have been focused on hospitalized-patients and predicated on an assumption of adequate access to supportive care. Therapeutics delivered earlier in the course of infection that reduce the need for healthcare or reduce infectiousness could have significant impact, and research into their efficacy and means of delivery should be a priority.

Screening with Anal Cytology in Colombia: Initial Experience and Need for High-Resolution Anoscopy.

BACKGROUND: Men who have sex with men (MSM) living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at increased risk of anal cancer. Anal cytology can be used to screen for dysplasia, with high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) required for diagnostic confirmation. We describe the impact lack of HRA had on management of abnormal screening results in Bogotá, Colombia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study includes MSM with HIV who underwent anal cytology screening between January 2019February 2020, with colorectal surgery (CRS) follow-up through July 2020. Cytology results included atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). Categorical and continuous variables were compared via Fisher's exact test and Wilcoxon rank-sum, respectively. RESULTS: Of 211 MSM screened, 68 had abnormal cytology: ASC-US (n = 23), LSIL (n = 41), HSIL (n = 4). Sixty (88.2%) were referred to CRS, and 51 (75.0%) attended ≥ 1 appointment. At initial assessment, 17 were referred for anal exam under anesthesia (EUA) for tissue resection, and 21 for rectosigmoidoscopy. Having perianal condyloma was associated with recommendation for EUA (P < 0.001), while cytology grade of dysplasia was not (P = 0.308). Eleven (16.2%) underwent EUA for condyloma resection. CONCLUSIONS: Few studies have described anal cancer screening in settings without HRA. We found lack of HRA limited management of abnormal cytology in Colombia. Those with condyloma underwent resection, but HRA remains necessary to localize and treat microscopic disease. Next steps include implementation of HRA in order to further develop the anal cancer screening program for MSM with HIV in Bogotá.

Kawasaki disease presenting with hoarseness: A multinational study of the REKAMLATINA network.

BACKGROUND: Recently, hoarseness affecting the supraglottic structure has been reported in Kawasaki disease (KD). The objective of this study was to characterize the frequency of hoarseness in acute KD patients in Latin America. METHODS: We used prospective data from the multinational Red de Enfermedad de Kawasaki en America Latina (REKAMLATINA) network. A total of 865 patients from 20 countries were enrolled during the 3 year study period. Data on hoarseness were available in 858 (99.2%) patients. The clinical and laboratory characteristics between hoarse and non-hoarse KD were compared. RESULTS: Hoarseness was documented in 100 (11.6%) patients. Hoarse patients were younger than those with KD without hoarseness (median age 18 vs 26 months; P = 0.002) and presented with lower hemoglobin (10.7 g/dL vs 11.3 g/dL; P = 0.040) and hematocrit levels (32% vs 33%, P = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS: Hoarseness was found to be prevalent as a presenting sign of acute KD in younger children. Anemia may indicate the presence of active inflammation.

Synthesis and activity of isoleucine sulfonamide derivatives as novel botulinum neurotoxin serotype A light chain inhibitors.

The botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is the most lethal protein known to man causing the deadly disease botulinum. The neurotoxin, composed of a heavy (HC) and light (LC) chain, work in concert to cause muscle paralysis. A therapeutic strategy to treat individuals infected with the neurotoxin is inhibiting the catalytic activity of the BoNT LC. We report the synthesis, inhibition study and computational docking analysis of novel small molecule BoNT/A LC inhibitors. A structure activity relationship study resulted in the discovery of d-isoleucine functionalized with a hydroxamic acid on the C-terminal and a biphenyl with chlorine at C- 2 connected by a sulfonamide linker at the N-terminus. This compound has a measured IC50 of 0.587 µM for the BoNT/A LC. Computational docking analysis indicates the sulfonamide linker adopts a geometry that is advantageous for binding to the BoNT LC active site. In addition, Arg363 is predicted to be involved in key binding interactions with the scaffold in this study.

Difficult Airway Identification and Management in Patients With Moebius Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Airway management in patients with Moebius syndrome can be difficult due to the presence of orofacial malformations. This paper aims to present our institution's experience in the evaluation and management of the upper airway in patients with Moebius syndrome METHODOLOGY:: The authors performed a retrospective study including every patient with Moebius syndrome submitted to surgery between 2012 and 2017. Difficult airway was defined as one requiring more than 2 attempts to achieve endotracheal tube placement, a Mallampati score equal or above III, a Cormack score equal or above III, or need of a fiberscope during intubation. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients were included, (39.3% males) requiring 172 procedures. Each patient required an average of 3.37 ±â€Š1.94 anesthetic events. Average Body Mass Index (BMI) was 20.07 ±â€Š6.06, 45.1% were overweight or obese. Four patients (7%) were considered as having a potentially difficult airway. Endotracheal intubation was achieved in all patients; 38 patients were intubated in a single attempt, while the rest were successfully intubated on a second try. Fiberscope was not necessary. Univariate analysis showed that overweight/obese patients were more likely to be considered as having a difficult airway (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Intubation can be difficult in patients with Moebius syndrome, but failure is rare. Overweight or obese patients are at risk of presenting a difficult airway. An extensive preoperative evaluation and adequate communication between the members of the multidisciplinary team in charge of these patients is paramount.

The effect of high-volume online haemodiafiltration on nutritional status and body composition: the ProtEin Stores prEservaTion (PESET) study.

Background: Compared with conventional haemodialysis (HD), online haemodiafiltration (OL-HDF) achieves a more efficient removal of uraemic toxins and reduces inflammation, which could favourably affect nutritional status. We evaluate the effect of OL-HDF on body composition and nutritional status in prevalent high-flux HD (HF-HD) patients. Methods: In all, 33 adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) Stage 5 undergoing maintenance HF-HD were assigned to post-dilution OL-HDF (n = 17) or to remain on HF-HD (n = 16, control group) for 12 months. The primary outcome was the change in lean tissue mass (LTM), intracellular water (ICW) and body cell mass (BCM) assessed by multifrequency bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) at baseline and 4, 8 and 12 months. The rate of change in these parameters was estimated with linear mixed-effects models. Results: Compared with OL-HDF, patients assigned to HF-HD experienced a gradual reduction in LTM, ICW and BCM. These differences reached statistical significance at Month 12, with a relative difference of 7.31 kg [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.50-12.11; P = 0.003], 2.32 L (95% CI 0.63-4.01; P = 0.008) and 5.20 kg (95% CI 1.74-8.66; P = 0.004) for LTM, ICW and BCM, respectively. The normalized protein appearance increased in the OL-HDF group compared with the HF-HD group [0.26 g/kg/day (95% CI 0.05-0.47); P = 0.002], with a relative reduction in high-sensitive C-reactive protein [-13.31 mg/dL (95% CI -24.63 to -1.98); P = 0.02] at Month 12. Conclusions: OL-HDF for 1 year compared with HF-HD preserved muscle mass, increased protein intake and reduced the inflammatory state related to uraemia and dialysis, supporting the hypothesis that high convection volume can benefit nutritional status and prevent protein-energy wasting in HD patients.

Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin.

BACKGROUND: Infantile haemangiomas (previously known as strawberry birthmarks) are soft, raised swellings of the skin that occur in 3% to 10% of infants. These benign vascular tumours are usually uncomplicated and tend to regress spontaneously. However, when haemangiomas occur in high-risk areas, such as near the eyes, throat, or nose, impairing their function, or when complications develop, intervention may be necessary. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2011. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of interventions for the management of infantile haemangiomas in children. SEARCH METHODS: We updated our searches of the following databases to February 2017: the Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, AMED, LILACS, and CINAHL. We also searched five trials registries and checked the reference lists of included studies for further references to relevant trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of all types of interventions, versus placebo, active monitoring, or other interventions, in any child with single or multiple infantile haemangiomas (IHs) located on the skin. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. The primary outcome measures were clearance, a subjective measure of improvement, and adverse events. Secondary outcomes were other measures of resolution; proportion of parents or children who consider there is still a problem; aesthetic appearance; and requirement for surgical correction. We used GRADE to assess the quality of the evidence for each outcome; this is indicated in italics. MAIN RESULTS: We included 28 RCTs, with a total of 1728 participants, assessing 12 different interventions, including lasers, beta blockers (e.g. propranolol, timolol maleate), radiation therapy, and steroids. Comparators included placebo, an active monitoring approach, sham radiation, and interventions given alone or in combination.Studies were conducted in a number of countries, including China, Egypt, France, and Australia. Participant age ranged from 12 weeks to 13.4 years. Most studies (23/28) included a majority of females and different types of IHs. Duration of follow-up ranged from 7 days to 72 months.We considered most of the trials as at low risk of random sequence generation, attrition bias, and selective reporting bias. Domains such as allocation concealment and blinding were not clearly reported in general. We downgraded evidence for issues related to risk of bias and imprecision.We report results for the three most important comparisons, which we chose on the basis of current use. Outcome measurement of these comparisons was at 24 weeks' follow-up.Oral propranolol versus placeboCompared with placebo, oral propranolol 3 mg/kg/day probably improves clinician-assessed clearance (risk ratio (RR) 16.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.22 to 65.34; 1 study; 156 children; moderate-quality evidence) and probably leads to a clinician-assessed reduction in mean haemangioma volume of 45.9% (95% CI 11.60 to 80.20; 1 study; 40 children; moderate-quality evidence). We found no evidence of a difference in terms of short- or long-term serious adverse events (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.33 to 3.39; 3 studies; 509 children; low-quality evidence), nor in terms of bronchospasm, hypoglycaemia, or serious cardiovascular adverse events. The results relating to clearance and resolution for this comparison were based on one industry-sponsored study.Topical timolol maleate versus placeboThe chance of reduction of redness, as a measure of clinician-assessed resolution, may be improved with topical timolol maleate 0.5% gel applied twice daily when compared with placebo (RR 8.11, 95% CI 1.09 to 60.09; 1 study; 41 children;low-quality evidence). Regarding short- or long-term serious cardiovascular events, we found no instances of bradycardia (slower than normal heart rate) or hypotension in either group (1 study; 41 children; low-quality evidence). No other safety data were assessed, and clearance was not measured.Oral propranolol versus topical timolol maleateWhen topical timolol maleate (0.5% eye drops applied twice daily) was compared with oral propranolol (via a tablet taken once per day, at a 1.0 mg/kg dose), there was no evidence of a difference in haemangioma size (as a measure of resolution) when measured by the proportion of patients with a clinician-assessed reduction of 50% or greater (RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.97; 1 study; 26 participants; low-quality evidence). Although there were more short- or long-term general adverse effects (such as severe diarrhoea, lethargy, and loss of appetite) in the oral propranolol group, there was no evidence of a difference between groups (RR 7.00, 95% CI 0.40 to 123.35; 1 study; 26 participants; very low-quality evidence). This comparison did not measure clearance.None of our key comparisons evaluated, at any follow-up, a subjective measure of improvement assessed by the parent or child; proportion of parents or children who consider there is still a problem; or physician-, child-, or parent-assessed aesthetic appearance. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We found there to be a limited evidence base for the treatment of infantile haemangiomas: a large number of interventions and outcomes have not been assessed in RCTs.Our key results indicate that in the management of IH in children, oral propranolol and topical timolol maleate are more beneficial than placebo in terms of clearance or other measures of resolution, or both, without an increase in harms. We found no evidence of a difference between oral propranolol and topical timolol maleate with regard to reducing haemangioma size, but we are uncertain if there is a difference in safety. Oral propranolol is currently the standard treatment for this condition, and our review has not found evidence to challenge this. However, these results are based on moderate- to very low-quality evidence.The included studies were limited by small sample sizes and risk of bias in some domains. Future trials should blind personnel and participants; describe trials thoroughly in publications; and recruit a sufficient number of children to deduce meaningful results. Future trials should assess patient-reported outcomes, as well as objective outcomes of benefit, and should report adverse events comprehensively. Propranolol and timolol maleate require further assessment in RCTs of all types of IH, including those considered problematic, as do other lesser-used interventions and new interventions. All treatments should be compared against propranolol and timolol maleate, as beta blockers are approved as standard care.

Regression of vascular calcification in a parathyroidectomized patient on dialysis with untreated hypocalcemia over 12-year follow-up
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Although some experimental targets involved in calcium deposition are emerging, no intervention has been described to reliably reverse vascular calcification (VC). We report a case of severe VC regression in a parathyroidectomized patient on hemodialysis over 12-year follow-up, highlighting the use of calcium-free phosphate binders and a 2.5 mEq/L calcium dialysate for reducing calcium loading, despite persistent asymptomatic hypocalcemia occurrences. This case suggests that phosphate-binder choice and calcium dialysate concentration could be influenced by other components of CKD-MBD besides biochemical parameters, such as the presence of VC, so concluding that asymptomatic hypocalcemia may not be as harmful as once supposed, and conferring greater prognostic weight to the presence of VC than to calcium levels.
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[Characterization of patients who died of invasive pneumococcal disease in the child population of Bogota, Colombia]. / Caracterización de pacientes fallecidos por enfermedad neumocóccica invasiva en la poblacion infantil de Bogotá, Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), also known as pneumococcus, is one of the main bacteria associated with mortality in children under 2 years of age, with a morbidity and mortality incidence that varies according to demographics and exposure to risk, or protective factors. OBJECTIVE: To describe the child mortality due to invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) between 2008 -2014 (6 years), in 8 Medical Centres in Bogotá, Colombia. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Descriptive observational case series of patients who died of IPD, aged 28 days to 18 years, in 8 tertiary care institutions in Bogota, Colombia. The study period was from 1 January 2008 to 15 January 2014. SAMPLE SIZE: 239 patients. RESULTS: A total of 239 registered cases of IPD were reviewed, showing a mortality of 8% (n 18). The mean age of patients that died was 43.7 months, with an age range from 2 to 176 months (14 years), with 66% of the cases being male. Serotypes were identified in 8 patients, finding: 6A, 6B, 10A, 14, 18C, 23B, 23F, and 35B. The most common clinical presentation of the cases was meningitis with mortality of 33% (6 cases), followed by bacteraemia without focus in 28% (5 cases), and pneumonia with 27% (5 cases). Combined clinical situations were presented, such as pneumonia and meningitis in 11% (2 cases). Two of the patients had clearly documented risk factors for IPD (asplenia and chronic respiratory disease). CONCLUSIONS: IPD mortality is particularly high in children under 2 years in male patients, especially when presented with a meningeal focus (44%). Serotyping was not possible in all patients who died, since no strain isolated was sent to the National Institute of Health. Continuous and systematic vigilance is required to evaluate the impact of vaccination and possible changes in the pattern of presentation of disease.

The effect of cholecalciferol for lowering albuminuria in chronic kidney disease: a prospective controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Growing evidence indicates that vitamin D receptor activation may have antiproteinuric effects. We aimed to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation with daily cholecalciferol could reduce albuminuria in proteinuric chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. METHODS: This 6-month prospective, controlled, intervention study enrolled 101 non-dialysis CKD patients with albuminuria. Patients with low 25(OH) vitamin D [25(OH)D] and high parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels (n = 50; 49%) received oral cholecalciferol (666 IU/day), whereas those without hyperparathyroidism (n = 51; 51%), independent of their vitamin D status, did not receive any cholecalciferol, and were considered as the control group. RESULTS: Cholecalciferol administration led to a rise in mean 25(OH)D levels by 53.0 ± 41.6% (P < 0.001). Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) decreased from (geometric mean with 95% confidence interval) 284 (189-425) to 167 mg/g (105-266) at 6 months (P < 0.001) in the cholecalciferol group, and there was no change in the control group. Reduction in a uACR was observed in the absence of significant changes in other factors, which could affect proteinuria, like weight, blood pressure (BP) levels or antihypertensive treatment. Six-month changes in 25(OH)D levels were significantly and inversely associated with that in the uACR (Pearson's R = -0.519; P = 0.036), after adjustment by age, sex, body mass index, BP, glomerular filtration rate and antiproteinuric treatment. The mean PTH decreased by -13.8 ± 20.3% (P = 0.039) only in treated patients, with a mild rise in phosphate and calcium-phosphate product [7.0 ± 14.7% (P = 0.002) and 7.2 ± 15.2% (P = 0.003), respectively]. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to improving hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D supplementation with daily cholecalciferol had a beneficial effect in decreasing albuminuria with potential effects on delaying the progression of CKD.

Serotype distribution, clinical characteristics, and antimicrobial resistance of pediatric invasive pneumococcal disease in Colombia during PCV10 mass vaccination (2017-2022).

Introduction: Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD) causes significant morbidity and mortality in children under 5 y. Colombia introduced PCV10 vaccination in 2012, and the Neumocolombia network has been monitoring IPD in pediatric patients since 2008. Materials and methods: This study is a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort involving pediatric patients with IPD admitted to 17 hospitals in Colombia, from January 1st, 2017, to December 31st, 2022. We present data on serotypes (Spn), clinical characteristics, and resistance patterns. Results: We report 530 patients, 215 (40.5%) were younger than 24 months. Among these, 344 cases (64.7%) presented with pneumonia, 95 (17.9%) with primary bacteremia, 53 (10%) with meningitis, 6 (1.1%) had pneumonia and meningitis, and 32 (6%) had other IPD diagnosis. The median hospital stay was 12 days (RIQ 8-14 days), and 268 (50.6%) were admitted to the ICU, of whom 60 (11.3%) died. Serotyping was performed in 298 (56.1%). The most frequent serotypes were Spn19A (51.3%), Spn6C (7.7%), Spn3 (6.7%), Spn6A (3.6%), and Spn14 (3.6%). Of 495 (93%) isolates with known susceptibility, 46 (9.2%) were meningeal (M) and 449 (90.7%) non-meningeal (NM). Among M isolates, 41.3% showed resistance to penicillin, and 21.7% decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone. For NM isolates, 28.2% had decreased susceptibility to penicilin, and 24.2% decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone. Spn19A showed the highest resistant to penicillin at 47% and was linked to multiresistance. Conclusion: The prevalence of PCV10-included serotypes decreased, while serotypes 19A and 6C increased, with Spn19A being associated with multiresistance. These findings had played a crucial role in the decision made by Colombia to modify its immunization schedule by switching to PCV13 in July 2022.

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales in a university hospital of Colombia: Enzyme coproductions in rise.

The distribution of carbapenemases in Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) has recently undergone a change in our region. According to the Colombian National Institute of Health, there is an increasing prevalence of NDM and NDM-KPC co-producing strains. We carried-out an ambispective cohort study of adult inpatients from Hospital Universitario San Ignacio (2021-2023), infected or colonized with CRE, in which carbapenemases immunochromatographic assay was performed. Out of the 150 patients included in the study, 71.3 % presented with an infection, and carbapenemases were detected in 92.7 % of these cases. Among them, KPC predominated (54 %), while 16.7 % demonstrated enzyme coproductions, mainly KPC-NDM. CRE infected patients had an 18.7 % 30-days mortality, but we could not demonstrate an association between type of carbapenemase and mortality rate (p = 0.82). Logistic regression analysis suggested that ICU admission was independently correlated to fatality (OR 5.08; CI 1.68-16.01). NDM and KPC-NDM presence in CRE poses a public health threat and a therapeutic challenge, with unknown mortality differences according to the carbapenemases pattern. Nevertheless, there was not an association between enzyme type and mortality.

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report of health care associated infections, data summary of 45 countries for 2015 to 2020, adult and pediatric units, device-associated module.

BACKGROUND: Reporting on the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium study results from 2015 to 2020, conducted in 630 intensive care units across 123 cities in 45 countries spanning Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East. METHODS: Prospective intensive care unit patient data collected via International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium Surveillance Online System. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Health Care Safety Network definitions applied for device-associated health care-associated infections (DA-HAI). RESULTS: We gathered data from 204,770 patients, 1,480,620 patient days, 936,976 central line (CL)-days, 637,850 mechanical ventilators (MV)-days, and 1,005,589 urinary catheter (UC)-days. Our results showed 4,270 CL-associated bloodstream infections, 7,635 ventilator-associated pneumonia, and 3,005 UC-associated urinary tract infections. The combined rates of DA-HAIs were 7.28%, and 10.07 DA-HAIs per 1,000 patient days. CL-associated bloodstream infections occurred at 4.55 per 1,000 CL-days, ventilator-associated pneumonias at 11.96 per 1,000 MV-days, and UC-associated urinary tract infections at 2.91 per 1,000 UC days. In terms of resistance, Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed 50.73% resistance to imipenem, 44.99% to ceftazidime, 37.95% to ciprofloxacin, and 34.05% to amikacin. Meanwhile, Klebsiella spp had resistance rates of 48.29% to imipenem, 72.03% to ceftazidime, 61.78% to ciprofloxacin, and 40.32% to amikacin. Coagulase-negative Staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus displayed oxacillin resistance in 81.33% and 53.83% of cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The high rates of DA-HAI and bacterial resistance emphasize the ongoing need for continued efforts to control them.

Assessing the impact of a multidimensional approach and an 8-component bundle in reducing incidences of ventilator-associated pneumonia across 35 countries in Latin America, Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe.

BACKGROUND: Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) occurring in the intensive care unit (ICU) are common, costly, and potentially lethal. METHODS: We implemented a multidimensional approach and an 8-component bundle in 374 ICUs across 35 low and middle-income countries (LMICs) from Latin-America, Asia, Eastern-Europe, and the Middle-East, to reduce VAP rates in ICUs. The VAP rate per 1000 mechanical ventilator (MV)-days was measured at baseline and during intervention at the 2nd month, 3rd month, 4-15 month, 16-27 month, and 28-39 month periods. RESULTS: 174,987 patients, during 1,201,592 patient-days, used 463,592 MV-days. VAP per 1000 MV-days rates decreased from 28.46 at baseline to 17.58 at the 2nd month (RR = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.58-0.65; P < 0.001); 13.97 at the 3rd month (RR = 0.49; 95% CI = 0.46-0.52; P < 0.001); 14.44 at the 4-15 month (RR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.48-0.53; P < 0.001); 11.40 at the 16-27 month (RR = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.38-0.42; P < 0.001), and to 9.68 at the 28-39 month (RR = 0.34; 95% CI = 0.32-0.36; P < 0.001). The multilevel Poisson regression model showed a continuous significant decrease in incidence rate ratios, reaching 0.39 (p < 0.0001) during the 28th to 39th months after implementation of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: This intervention resulted in a significant VAP rate reduction by 66% that was maintained throughout the 39-month period.

Examining the impact of a 9-component bundle and the INICC multidimensional approach on catheter-associated urinary tract infection rates in 32 countries across Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East.

BACKGROUND: Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTIs) frequently occur in the intensive care unit (ICU) and are correlated with a significant burden. METHODS: We implemented a strategy involving a 9-element bundle, education, surveillance of CAUTI rates and clinical outcomes, monitoring compliance with bundle components, feedback of CAUTI rates and performance feedback. This was executed in 299 ICUs across 32 low- and middle-income countries. The dependent variable was CAUTI per 1,000 UC days, assessed at baseline and throughout the intervention, in the second month, third month, 4 to 15 months, 16 to 27 months, and 28 to 39 months. Comparisons were made using a 2-sample t test, and the exposure-outcome relationship was explored using a generalized linear mixed model with a Poisson distribution. RESULTS: Over the course of 978,364 patient days, 150,258 patients utilized 652,053 UC-days. The rates of CAUTI per 1,000 UC days were measured. The rates decreased from 14.89 during the baseline period to 5.51 in the second month (risk ratio [RR] = 0.37; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.34-0.39; P < .001), 3.79 in the third month (RR = 0.25; 95% CI = 0.23-0.28; P < .001), 2.98 in the 4 to 15 months (RR = 0.21; 95% CI = 0.18-0.22; P < .001), 1.86 in the 16 to 27 months (RR = 0.12; 95% CI = 0.11-0.14; P < .001), and 1.71 in the 28 to 39 months (RR = 0.11; 95% CI = 0.09-0.13; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Our intervention, without substantial costs or additional staffing, achieved an 89% reduction in CAUTI incidence in ICUs across 32 countries, demonstrating feasibility in ICUs of low- and middle-income countries.

Decreasing central line-associated bloodstream infections rates in intensive care units in 30 low- and middle-income countries: An INICC approach.

BACKGROUND: Central line (CL)-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) occurring in the intensive care unit (ICU) are common and associated with a high burden. METHODS: We implemented a multidimensional approach, incorporating an 11-element bundle, education, surveillance of CLABSI rates and clinical outcomes, monitoring compliance with bundle components, feedback of CLABSI rates and clinical outcomes, and performance feedback in 316 ICUs across 30 low- and middle-income countries. Our dependent variables were CLABSI per 1,000-CL-days and in-ICU all-cause mortality rates. These variables were measured at baseline and during the intervention, specifically during the second month, third month, 4 to 16 months, and 17 to 29 months. Comparisons were conducted using a two-sample t test. To explore the exposure-outcome relationship, we used a generalized linear mixed model with a Poisson distribution to model the number of CLABSIs. RESULTS: During 1,837,750 patient-days, 283,087 patients, used 1,218,882 CL-days. CLABSI per 1,000 CL-days rates decreased from 15.34 at the baseline period to 7.97 in the 2nd month (relative risk (RR) = 0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.48-0.56; P < .001), 5.34 in the 3rd month (RR = 0.35; 95% CI = 0.32-0.38; P < .001), and 2.23 in the 17 to 29 months (RR = 0.15; 95% CI = 0.13-0.17; P < .001). In-ICU all-cause mortality rate decreased from 16.17% at baseline to 13.68% (RR = 0.84; P = .0013) at 17 to 29 months. CONCLUSIONS: The implemented approach was effective, and a similar intervention could be applied in other ICUs of low- and middle-income countries to reduce CLABSI and in-ICU all-cause mortality rates.

Incidence and risk factors for catheter-associated urinary tract infection in 623 intensive care units throughout 37 Asian, African, Eastern European, Latin American, and Middle Eastern nations: A multinational prospective research of INICC.

OBJECTIVE: To identify urinary catheter (UC)-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) incidence and risk factors. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. SETTING: The study was conducted across 623 ICUs of 224 hospitals in 114 cities in 37 African, Asian, Eastern European, Latin American, and Middle Eastern countries. PARTICIPANTS: The study included 169,036 patients, hospitalized for 1,166,593 patient days. METHODS: Data collection took place from January 1, 2014, to February 12, 2022. We identified CAUTI rates per 1,000 UC days and UC device utilization (DU) ratios stratified by country, by ICU type, by facility ownership type, by World Bank country classification by income level, and by UC type. To estimate CAUTI risk factors, we analyzed 11 variables using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Participant patients acquired 2,010 CAUTIs. The pooled CAUTI rate was 2.83 per 1,000 UC days. The highest CAUTI rate was associated with the use of suprapubic catheters (3.93 CAUTIs per 1,000 UC days); with patients hospitalized in Eastern Europe (14.03) and in Asia (6.28); with patients hospitalized in trauma (7.97), neurologic (6.28), and neurosurgical ICUs (4.95); with patients hospitalized in lower-middle-income countries (3.05); and with patients in public hospitals (5.89).The following variables were independently associated with CAUTI: Age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.01; P < .0001), female sex (aOR, 1.39; P < .0001), length of stay (LOS) before CAUTI-acquisition (aOR, 1.05; P < .0001), UC DU ratio (aOR, 1.09; P < .0001), public facilities (aOR, 2.24; P < .0001), and neurologic ICUs (aOR, 11.49; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: CAUTI rates are higher in patients with suprapubic catheters, in middle-income countries, in public hospitals, in trauma and neurologic ICUs, and in Eastern European and Asian facilities.Based on findings regarding risk factors for CAUTI, focus on reducing LOS and UC utilization is warranted, as well as implementing evidence-based CAUTI-prevention recommendations.