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Introduction: Directional Leads (dLeads) represent a new technical tool in Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), and a rapidly growing population of patients receive dLeads. Research question: The European Association of Neurosurgical Societies(EANS) functional neurosurgery Task Force on dLeads conducted a survey of DBS specialists in Europe to evaluate their use, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Material and methods: EANS functional neurosurgery and European Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery (ESSFN) members were asked to complete an online survey with 50 multiple-choice and open questions on their use of dLeads in clinical practice. Results: Forty-nine respondents from 16 countries participated in the survey (n = 38 neurosurgeons, n = 8 neurologists, n = 3 DBS nurses). Five had not used dLeads. All users reported that dLeads provided an advantage (n = 23 minor, n = 21 major). Most surgeons (n = 35) stated that trajectory planning does not differ when implanting dLeads or conventional leads. Most respondents selected dLeads for the ability to optimize stimulation parameters (n = 41). However, the majority (n = 24), regarded time-consuming programming as the main disadvantage of this technology. Innovations that were highly valued by most participants included full 3T MRI compatibility, remote programming, and closed loop technology. Discussion and conclusion: Directional leads are widely used by European DBS specialists. Despite challenges with programming time, users report that dLeads have had a positive impact and maintain an optimistic view of future technological advances.
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BACKGROUND: The development of a mobile, growing, pulsatile mass after blunt head trauma to the forehead area, resulting in a superficial temporal artery pseudoaneurysm, is a very rare outcome. Most pseudoaneurysms are diagnosed with ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and/or magnetic resonance imaging and treated via resection or, occasionally, embolization. OBSERVATIONS: The authors describe a case of a young male lacrosse player who presented with a bulging, partially pulsatile mass in the right forehead region 2 months after trauma from a high-velocity ball striking his head while helmeted. The authors reviewed 12 patients in the literature and describe each patient's epidemiological features, nature of the trauma, and onset of the lesion after the trauma, as well as the diagnostic methods and treatments for each case. LESSONS: Overall, CT and ultrasound appear to be the easiest and most used methods of diagnosis, and resection under general anesthesia is the most common treatment method.
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Human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) provides a source of progenitors for cell therapy. We isolated and characterized an HUCB-derived population of progenitors (HUCBNP), differentiated toward neuronal phenotype by human neuroblastoma-conditioning medium (CM) and nerve growth factor (NGF), which have been found to confer neuroprotection toward hypoxia-mediated neuronal injury. This study investigated whether interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) contributes to HUCBNP differentiation. IFN-gamma was detected in the CM used for the induction of differentiation of HUCBNP and a neutralizing antibody of IFN-gamma significantly inhibited either IFN-gamma or CM-induced differentiation. Transcriptome analysis of CM-differentiated HUCBNP, identified 86 genes as highly upregulated, among them 25 were IFN-induced (such as 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 and 2, IFN-induced protein and transmembrane proteins, STAT1 (IFN-gamma-receptor signal transducer and activator of transcription) and chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 5). Treatment of HUCBNP with human recombinant IFN-gamma, inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. IFN-gamma (1-100 ng/ml) enhanced neuronal differentiation, expressed by neurite outgrowths and increased expression of the neuronal markers beta-tubulin III, microtubule-associated protein 2, neuronal nuclei, neurofilament M and neuronal-specific enolase. IFN-gamma additively cooperated with NGF to induce the differentiation of HUCBNP. These data indicate that IFN-gamma promotes neuronal differentiation of HUCB-derived progenitors, proposing its use in future protocols towards cell therapy.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sangue Fetal/efeitos dos fármacos , Interferon gama/farmacologia , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco/efeitos dos fármacos , 2',5'-Oligoadenilato Sintetase/genética , 2',5'-Oligoadenilato Sintetase/metabolismo , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Western Blotting , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Meios de Cultivo Condicionados/farmacologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Sangue Fetal/citologia , Sangue Fetal/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Neuroblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Neuroblastoma/metabolismo , Neuroblastoma/patologia , Neurônios/citologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Fator de Transcrição STAT1/genética , Fator de Transcrição STAT1/metabolismo , Células-Tronco/metabolismoRESUMO
The optical spectra of yeast cells in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) were analyzed with an optical UV-vis sensor based on a shallow p(+)n junction realized in a low doped n-type epitaxial silicon layer grown on a strongly doped n(+) substrate. The presence of the n/n(+) interface allows a significantly enhanced sensitivity, due to an increased collection of carriers photogenerated both by short and large wavelengths in the range 250...800 nm. In our experiments the optical absorption of yeast cells was investigated in the wavelength range 250...500 nm as a function of the cells concentration in PBS in the range of 6 x 10(6)-2 x 10(8) cells/ml. The main absorption peaks were found at 310, 350, 400 and 427 nm, respectively. A significant red shift of the wide absorption band at 427 nm has been observed when increasing cell concentration. This red shift behaviour was nonlinear, with saturation observed for yeast concentrations larger than 5 x 10(7) cells/ml. The half-peak bandwidth of this peak also showed a most significant nonlinear variation. These findings suggest that monitoring the parameters of the absorption band at 427 nm versus cells concentration could be used, e.g. using a dedicated integrated spectrometric microsystem, for fast quantitative measurements of yeast cell concentrations in various bio-samples, with possible applications in the food industry.