Longitudinal white matter microstructural changes in pediatric mild traumatic brain injury: An A-CAP study.

In the largest sample studied to date, white matter microstructural trajectories and their relation to persistent symptoms were examined after pediatric mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). This prospective, longitudinal cohort study recruited children aged 8-16.99 years with mTBI or mild orthopedic injury (OI) from five pediatric emergency departments. Children's pre-injury and 1-month post-injury symptom ratings were used to classify mTBI with or without persistent symptoms. Children completed diffusion-weighted imaging at post-acute (2-33 days post-injury) and chronic (3 or 6 months via random assignment) post-injury assessments. Mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) were derived for 18 white matter tracts in 560 children (362 mTBI/198 OI), 407 with longitudinal data. Superior longitudinal fasciculus FA was higher in mTBI without persistent symptoms relative to OI, d (95% confidence interval) = 0.31 to 0.37 (0.02, 0.68), across time. In younger children, MD of the anterior thalamic radiations was higher in mTBI with persistent symptoms relative to both mTBI without persistent symptoms, 1.43 (0.59, 2.27), and OI, 1.94 (1.07, 2.81). MD of the arcuate fasciculus, -0.58 (-1.04, -0.11), and superior longitudinal fasciculus, -0.49 (-0.90, -0.09) was lower in mTBI without persistent symptoms relative to OI at 6 months post-injury. White matter microstructural changes suggesting neuroinflammation and axonal swelling occurred chronically and continued 6 months post injury in children with mTBI, especially in younger children with persistent symptoms, relative to OI. White matter microstructure appears more organized in children without persistent symptoms, consistent with their better clinical outcomes.

Prenatal antidepressant exposure and sex differences in neonatal corpus callosum microstructure.

Prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants may influence white matter (WM) development, as previous studies report widespread microstructural alterations and reduced interhemispheric connectivity in SSRI-exposed infants. In rodents, perinatal SSRIs had sex-specific disruptions in corpus callosum (CC) axon architecture and connectivity; yet it is unknown whether SSRI-related brain outcomes in humans are sex specific. In this study, the neonate CC was selected as a region-of-interest to investigate whether prenatal SSRI exposure has sex-specific effects on early WM microstructure. On postnatal day 7, diffusion tensor imaging was used to assess WM microstructure in SSRI-exposed (n = 24; 12 male) and nonexposed (n = 48; 28 male) term-born neonates. Fractional anisotropy was extracted from CC voxels and a multivariate discriminant analysis was used to identify latent patterns differing between neonates grouped by SSRI-exposure and sex. Analysis revealed localized variations in CC fractional anisotropy that significantly discriminated neonate groups and correctly predicted group membership with an 82% accuracy. Such effects were identified across three dimensions, representing sex differences in SSRI-exposed neonates (genu, splenium), SSRI-related effects independent of sex (genu-to-rostral body), and sex differences in nonexposed neonates (isthmus-splenium, posterior midbody). Our findings suggest that CC microstructure may have a sex-specific, localized, developmental sensitivity to prenatal SSRI exposure.

Hub distribution of the brain functional networks of newborns prenatally exposed to maternal depression and SSRI antidepressants.

BACKGROUND: Prenatal maternal depression (PMD) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are associated with increased developmental risk in infants. Reports suggest that PMD is associated with hyperconnectivity of the insula and the amygdala, while SSRI exposure is associated with hyperconnectivity of the auditory network in the infant brain. However, associations between functional brain organization and PMD and/or SSRI exposure are not well understood. METHODS: We examined the relation between PMD or SSRI exposure and neonatal brain functional organization. Infants of control (n = 17), depressed SSRI-treated (n = 20) and depressed-only (HAM-D ≥ 8) (n = 16) women, underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging at postnatal Day 6. At 6 months, temperament was assessed using Infant Behavioral Questionnaire (IBQ). We applied GTA and partial least square regression (PLSR) to the resting-state time series to assess group differences in modularity, and connector and provincial hubs. RESULTS: Modularity was similar across all groups. The depressed-only group showed higher connector hub values in the left anterior cingulate, insula, and caudate as well as higher provincial hub values in the amygdala compared to the control group. The SSRI group showed higher provincial hub values in Heschl's gyrus relative to the depressed-only group. PLSR showed that newborns' hub values predicted 10% of the variability in infant temperament at 6 months, suggesting different developmental patterns between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal exposures to maternal depression and SSRIs have differential impacts on neonatal functional brain organization. Hub values at 6 days predict variance in temperament between infant groups at 6 months of age.

Brain abnormalities in children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a risk factor for vascular disease and stroke. The spectrum of brain injury and microstructural white matter abnormalities in children with CKD is largely unknown. METHODS: Cross sectional study at two North American pediatric hospitals. A cohort of 49 children, 29 with CKD, including renal transplant (mean age 14.4 ± 2.9 years; range 9-18), and 20 healthy controls (mean age 13.7 ± 3.1 years; range 9-18) had their conventional brain magnetic resonance images (MRIs) reviewed by one neuroradiologist to determine the prevalence of brain injury. Fractional anisotropy (FA) maps calculated from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were generated to compare white matter microstructure in CKD compared to controls, using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). RESULTS: Focal and multifocal white matter injury was seen on brain MRI in 6 children with CKD (21%). Relative to controls, CKD subjects showed reduced white matter fractional anisotropy and increased mean diffusivity and radial diffusivity in the anterior limb of the internal capsule, suggestive of abnormal myelination. CONCLUSION: Cerebral white matter abnormalities, including white matter injury, are under-recognized in pediatric CKD patients. Brain imaging studies through progression of CKD are needed to determine the timing of white matter injury and any potentially modifiable risk factors.

Neonatal Pain and Infection Relate to Smaller Cerebellum in Very Preterm Children at School Age.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether specific neonatal factors differentially influence cerebellar subregional volumes and to investigate relationships between subregional volumes and outcomes in very preterm children at 7 years of age. STUDY DESIGN: Fifty-six children born very preterm (24-32 weeks gestational age) followed longitudinally from birth underwent 3-dimensional T(1)-weighted neuroimaging at median age 7.6 years. Children with severe brain injury were excluded. Cerebellar subregions were automatically segmented using the multiple automatically generated templates algorithm. The relation between cerebellum subregional volumes (adjusted for total brain volume and sex) and neonatal clinical factors were examined using constrained principal component analysis. Cognitive and visual-motor integration functions in relation to cerebellar volumes were also investigated. RESULTS: Higher neonatal procedural pain and infection, as well as other clinical factors, were differentially associated with reduced cerebellar volumes in specific subregions. After adjusting for clinical risk factors, neonatal procedural pain was distinctively associated with smaller volumes bilaterally in the posterior VIIIA and VIIIB lobules. Specific smaller cerebellar subregional volumes were related to poorer cognition and motor/visual integration. CONCLUSIONS: In very preterm children, exposure to painful procedures, as well as additional neonatal risk factors such as infection, were associated with reduced cerebellar volumes in specific subregions and poorer outcomes at school age.

Classification of fMRI patterns--a study of the language network segregation in pediatric localization related epilepsy.

This article describes a pattern classification algorithm for pediatric epilepsy using fMRI language-related activation maps. 122 fMRI datasets from a control group (64) and localization related epilepsy patients (58) provided by five children's hospitals were used. Each subject performed an auditory description decision task. Using the artificial data as training data, incremental Principal Component Analysis was used in order to generate the feature space while overcoming memory requirements of large datasets. The nearest-neighbor classifier (NNC) and the distance-based fuzzy classifier (DFC) were used to perform group separation into left dominant, right dominant, bilateral, and others. The results show no effect of age, age at seizure onset, seizure duration, or seizure etiology on group separation. Two sets of parameters were significant for group separation, the patient vs. control populations and handedness. Of the 122 real datasets, 90 subjects gave the same classification results across all the methods (three raters, LI, bootstrap LI, NNC, and DFC). For the remaining datasets, 18 cases for the IPCA-NNC and 21 cases for the IPCA-DFC agreed with the majority of the five classification results (three visual ratings and two LI results). Kappa values vary from 0.59 to 0.73 for NNC and 0.61 to 0.75 for DFC, which indicate good agreement between NNC or DFC with traditional methods. The proposed method as designed can serve as an alternative method to corroborate existing LI and visual rating classification methods and to resolve some of the cases near the boundaries in between categories.

The effects of pediatric epilepsy on a language connectome.

This study introduces a new approach for assessing the effects of pediatric epilepsy on a language connectome. Two novel data-driven network construction approaches are presented. These methods rely on connecting different brain regions using either extent or intensity of language related activations as identified by independent component analysis of fMRI. An auditory word definition decision task paradigm was used to activate the language network for 29 patients and 30 controls. Evaluations illustrated that pediatric epilepsy is associated with a network efficiency reduction. Patients showed a propensity to inefficiently use the whole brain network to perform the language task; whereas, controls seemed to efficiently use smaller segregated network components to achieve the same task. To explain the causes of the decreased efficiency, graph theoretical analysis was performed. The analysis revealed substantial global network feature differences between the patients and controls for the extent of activation network. It also showed that for both subject groups the language network exhibited small-world characteristics; however, the patient's extent of activation network showed a tendency toward randomness. It was also shown that the intensity of activation network displayed ipsilateral hub reorganization on the local level. We finally showed that a clustering scheme was able to fairly separate the subjects into their respective patient or control groups. The clustering was initiated using local and global nodal measurements. Compared to the intensity of activation network, the extent of activation network clustering demonstrated better precision. This ascertained that the network differences presented by the networks were associated with pediatric epilepsy.

Antithrombotic therapy for secondary stroke prevention in bacterial meningitis in children.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy (ATT) for secondary stroke prevention of childhood bacterial meningitis. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study of cases of stroke associated with bacterial meningitis in 2 pediatric hospitals during a period of 15 years. Patients were included in the study if they were between 28 days and 18 years of age and had at least 2 serial neuroimaging studies during the acute phase of their illness. The safety of ATT was assessed by the presence or absence of intracranial hemorrhage. Efficacy was assessed by the failure in preventing stroke recurrence. Neurologic outcome was determined by the last documented Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure score. RESULTS: Twenty-two cases of childhood bacterial meningitis complicated by stroke were identified. Six cases were treated with heparin after either initial or recurrent infarction. None of the cases receiving heparin had further recurrence. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid [ASA]) was started after the initial or after recurrent infarction in 10 cases. Four (40%) had infarctions on ASA; 3 of these patients subsequently received heparin. In the 14 cases in which no ATT was begun, 8 (57%) had further recurrence of infarction. None of the patients, whether receiving heparin or ASA, had intracranial hemorrhage. CONCLUSION: In this small sample, heparin and ASA appeared to be safe in childhood bacterial meningitis complicated by stroke and may be effective in improving outcome. Heparin may be more effective than aspirin in preventing recurrent infarction.

Longitudinal Functional Connectome in Pediatric Concussion: An Advancing Concussion Assessment in Pediatrics Study.

Advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques indicate that concussion (i.e., mild traumatic brain injury) disrupts brain structure and function in children. However, the functional connectivity of brain regions within global and local networks (i.e., functional connectome) is poorly understood in pediatric concussion. This prospective, longitudinal study addressed this gap using data from the largest neuroimaging study of pediatric concussion to date to study the functional connectome longitudinally after concussion as compared with mild orthopedic injury (OI). Children and adolescents (n = 967) 8-16.99 years with concussion or mild OI were recruited from pediatric emergency departments within 48 h post-injury. Pre-injury and 1-month post-injury symptom ratings were used to classify concussion with or without persistent symptoms based on reliable change. Subjects completed a post-acute (2-33 days) and chronic (3 or 6 months via random assignment) MRI scan. Graph theory metrics were derived from 918 resting-state functional MRI scans in 585 children (386 concussion/199 OI). Linear mixed-effects modeling was performed to assess group differences over time, correcting for multiple comparisons. Relative to OI, the global clustering coefficient was reduced at 3 months post-injury in older children with concussion and in females with concussion and persistent symptoms. Time post-injury and sex moderated group differences in local (regional) network metrics of several brain regions, including degree centrality, efficiency, and clustering coefficient of the angular gyrus, calcarine fissure, cuneus, and inferior occipital, lingual, middle occipital, post-central, and superior occipital gyrus. Relative to OI, degree centrality and nodal efficiency were reduced post-acutely, and nodal efficiency and clustering coefficient were reduced chronically after concussion (i.e., at 3 and 6 months post-injury in females; at 6 months post-injury in males). Functional network alterations were more robust and widespread chronically as opposed to post-acutely after concussion, and varied by sex, age, and symptom recovery at 1-month post-injury. Local network segregation reductions emerged globally (across the whole brain network) in older children and in females with poor recovery chronically after concussion. Reduced functioning between neighboring regions could negatively disrupt specialized information processing. Local network metric alterations were demonstrated in several posterior regions that are involved in vision and attention after concussion relative to OI. This indicates that functioning of superior parietal and occipital regions could be particularly susceptibile to the effects of concussion. Moreover, those regional alterations were especially apparent at later time periods post-injury, emerging after post-concussive symptoms resolved in most and persisted up to 6 months post-injury, and differed by biological sex. This indicates that neurobiological changes continue to occur up to 6 months after pediatric concussion, although changes emerge earlier in females than in males. Changes could reflect neural compensation mechanisms.

A decisional space for fMRI pattern separation using the principal component analysis--a comparative study of language networks in pediatric epilepsy.

Atypical functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) language patterns may be identified by visual inspection or by region of interest (ROI)-based laterality indices (LI) but are constrained by a priori assumptions. We compared a data-driven novel application of principal component analysis (PCA) to conventional methods. We studied 122 fMRI data sets from control and localization-related epilepsy patients provided by five children's hospitals. Each subject performed an auditory description decision task. The data sets, acquired with different scanners but similar acquisition parameters, were processed through fMRIB software library to obtain 3D activation maps in standard space. A PCA analysis was applied to generate the decisional space and the data cluster into three distinct activation patterns. The classified activation maps were interpreted by (1) blinded reader rating based on predefined language patterns and (2) by language area ROI-based LI (i.e., fixed threshold vs. bootstrap approaches). The different classification results were compared through κ inter-rater agreement statistics. The unique decisional space classified activation maps into three clusters (a) lower intensity typical language representation, (b) higher intensity typical, as well as (c) higher intensity atypical representation. Inter-rater agreements among the three raters were excellent (Fleiss κ = 0.85, P = 0.05). There was substantial to excellent agreement between the conventional visual rating and LI methods (κ = 0.69-0.82, P = 0.05). The PCA-based method yielded excellent agreement with conventional methods (κ = 0.82, P = 0.05). The automated and data-driven PCA decisional space segregates language-related activation patterns in excellent agreement with current clinical rating and ROI-based methods.

Serial monitoring of CO2 reactivity following sport concussion using hypocapnia and hypercapnia.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effects of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) on cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR). RESEARCH DESIGN: A repeated measures design was used to examine serial changes in CVR. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Twenty subjects who recently suffered a mTBI were subjected to a respiratory challenge consisting of repeated 20 s breath-holds (BH) and hyperventilations (HV). Testing occurred on days 2 (D2), 4 (D4) and 8 (D8) post-injury as well as a baseline (BASE) assessment (after return-to-play). Transcranial Doppler was used to assess mean cerebral blood velocity (vMCA) and expired gas analysis provided end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2) levels. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in resting vMCA across all testing days for mTBI. No significant differences in PETCO2 were found throughout the testing protocol. A significant effect (p < 0.001) of testing day on vMCA was found during BH and HV challenges for mTBI. Post-hoc analysis revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in vMCA between D2 and the other testing days. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that, following mTBI: (1) CVR is not impaired at rest; (2) CVR is impaired in response to respiratory stress; and (3) the impairment may be resolved as early as 4 days post-injury.

Altered longitudinal structural connectome in paediatric mild traumatic brain injury: an Advancing Concussion Assessment in Paediatrics study.

Advanced diffusion-weighted imaging techniques have increased understanding of the neuropathology of paediatric mild traumatic brain injury (i.e. concussion). Most studies have examined discrete white-matter pathways, which may not capture the characteristically subtle, diffuse and heterogenous effects of paediatric concussion on brain microstructure. This study compared the structural connectome of children with concussion to those with mild orthopaedic injury to determine whether network metrics and their trajectories across time post-injury differentiate paediatric concussion from mild traumatic injury more generally. Data were drawn from of a large study of outcomes in paediatric concussion. Children aged 8-16.99 years were recruited from five paediatric emergency departments within 48 h of sustaining a concussion (n = 360; 56% male) or mild orthopaedic injury (n = 196; 62% male). A reliable change score was used to classify children with concussion into two groups: concussion with or without persistent symptoms. Children completed 3 T MRI at post-acute (2-33 days) and/or chronic (3 or 6 months, via random assignment) post-injury follow-ups. Diffusion-weighted images were used to calculate the diffusion tensor, conduct deterministic whole-brain fibre tractography and compute connectivity matrices in native (diffusion) space for 90 supratentorial regions. Weighted adjacency matrices were constructed using average fractional anisotropy and used to calculate global and local (regional) graph theory metrics. Linear mixed effects modelling was performed to compare groups, correcting for multiple comparisons. Groups did not differ in global network metrics. However, the clustering coefficient, betweenness centrality and efficiency of the insula, cingulate, parietal, occipital and subcortical regions differed among groups, with differences moderated by time (days) post-injury, biological sex and age at time of injury. Post-acute differences were minimal, whereas more robust alterations emerged at 3 and especially 6 months in children with concussion with persistent symptoms, albeit differently by sex and age. In the largest neuroimaging study to date, post-acute regional network metrics distinguished concussion from mild orthopaedic injury and predicted symptom recovery 1-month post-injury. Regional network parameters alterations were more robust and widespread at chronic timepoints than post-acutely after concussion. Results suggest that increased regional and local subnetwork segregation (modularity) and inefficiency occurs across time after concussion, emerging after post-concussive symptom resolve in most children. These differences persist up to 6 months after concussion, especially in children who showed persistent symptoms. While prognostic, the small to modest effect size of group differences and the moderating effects of sex likely would preclude effective clinical application in individual patients.

Longitudinal Gray Matter Trajectories in Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This prospective, longitudinal cohort study examined trajectories of brain gray matter macrostructure after pediatric mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). METHODS: Children aged 8-16.99 years with mTBI or mild orthopedic injury (OI) were recruited from 5 pediatric emergency departments. Reliable change between preinjury and 1 month postinjury symptom ratings was used to classify mTBI with or without persistent symptoms. Children completed postacute (2-33 days) and/or chronic (3 or 6 months) postinjury T1-weighted MRI, from which macrostructural metrics were derived using automated segmentation. Linear mixed-effects models were used, with multiple comparisons correction. RESULTS: Groups (N = 623; 407 mTBI/216 OI; 59% male; age mean = 12.03, SD = 2.38 years) did not differ in total brain, white, or gray matter volumes or regional subcortical gray matter volumes. However, time postinjury, age at injury, and biological sex-moderated differences among symptom groups in cortical thickness of the angular gyrus, basal forebrain, calcarine cortex, gyrus rectus, medial and posterior orbital gyrus, and the subcallosal area all corrected p < 0.05. Gray matter macrostructural metrics did not differ between groups postacutely. However, cortical thinning emerged chronically after mTBI relative to OI in the angular gyrus in older children (d [95% confidence interval] = -0.61 [-1.15 to -0.08]); and in the basal forebrain (-0.47 [-0.94 to -0.01]), subcallosal area (-0.55 [-1.01 to -0.08]), and the posterior orbital gyrus (-0.55 [-1.02 to -0.08]) in females. Cortical thinning was demonstrated for frontal and occipital regions 3 months postinjury in males with mTBI with persistent symptoms vs without persistent symptoms (-0.80 [-1.55 to -0.05] to -0.83 [-1.56 to -0.10]) and 6 months postinjury in females and younger children with mTBI with persistent symptoms relative to mTBI without persistent symptoms and OI (-1.42 [-2.29 to -0.45] to -0.91 [-1.81 to -0.01]). DISCUSSION: These findings signal little diagnostic and prognostic utility of postacute gray matter macrostructure in pediatric mTBI. However, mTBI altered the typical course of cortical gray matter thinning up to 6 months postinjury, even after symptoms typically abate in most children. Collapsing across symptom status obscured the neurobiological heterogeneity of discrete clinical outcomes after pediatric mTBI. The results illustrate the need to examine neurobiology in relation to clinical outcomes and within a neurodevelopmental framework.

IQ After Pediatric Concussion.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated IQ scores in pediatric concussion (ie, mild traumatic brain injury) versus orthopedic injury. METHODS: Children (N = 866; aged 8-16.99 years) were recruited for 2 prospective cohort studies from emergency departments at children's hospitals (2 sites in the United States and 5 in Canada) ≤48 hours after sustaining a concussion or orthopedic injury. They completed IQ and performance validity testing postacutely (3-18 days postinjury; United States) or 3 months postinjury (Canada). Group differences in IQ scores were examined using 3 complementary statistical approaches (linear modeling, Bayesian, and multigroup factor analysis) in children performing above cutoffs on validity testing. RESULTS: Linear models showed small group differences in full-scale IQ (d [95% confidence interval] = 0.13 [0.00-0.26]) and matrix reasoning (0.16 [0.03-0.30]), but not in vocabulary scores. IQ scores were not related to previous concussion, acute clinical features, injury mechanism, a validated clinical risk score, pre- or postinjury symptom ratings, litigation, or symptomatic status at 1 month postinjury. Bayesian models provided moderate to very strong evidence against group differences in IQ scores (Bayes factor 0.02-0.23). Multigroup factor analysis further demonstrated strict measurement invariance, indicating group equivalence in factor structure of the IQ test and latent variable means. CONCLUSIONS: Across multisite, prospective study cohorts, 3 complementary statistical models provided no evidence of clinically meaningful differences in IQ scores after pediatric concussion. Instead, overall results provided strong evidence against reduced intelligence in the first few weeks to months after pediatric concussion.

The development of the pediatric stroke neuroimaging platform (PEDSNIP).

Childhood stroke occurs from birth to 18 years of age, ranks among the top ten childhood causes of death, and leaves lifelong neurological impairments. Arterial ischemic stroke in infancy and childhood occurs due to arterial occlusion in the brain, resulting in a focal lesion. Our understanding of mechanisms of injury and repair associated with focal injury in the developing brain remains rudimentary. Neuroimaging can reveal important insights into these mechanisms. In adult stroke population, multi-center neuroimaging studies are common and have accelerated the translation process leading to improvements in treatment and outcome. These studies are centered on the growing evidence that neuroimaging measures and other biomarkers (e.g., from blood and cerebrospinal fluid) can enhance our understanding of mechanisms of risk and injury and be used as complementary outcome markers. These factors have yet to be studied in pediatric stroke because most neuroimaging studies in this population have been conducted in single-centred, small cohorts. By pooling neuroimaging data across multiple sites, larger cohorts of patients can significantly boost study feasibility and power in elucidating mechanisms of brain injury, repair and outcomes. These aims are particularly relevant in pediatric stroke because of the decreased incidence rates and the lack of mechanism-targeted trials. Toward these aims, we developed the Pediatric Stroke Neuroimaging Platform (PEDSNIP) in 2015, funded by The Brain Canada Platform Support Grant, to focus on three identified neuroimaging priorities. These were: developing and harmonizing multisite clinical protocols, creating the infrastructure and methods to import, store and organize the large clinical neuroimaging dataset from multiple sites through the International Pediatric Stroke Study (IPSS), and enabling central searchability. To do this, developed a two-pronged approach that included building 1) A Clinical-MRI Data Repository (standard of care imaging) linked to clinical data and longitudinal outcomes and 2) A Research-MRI neuroimaging data set acquired through our extensive collaborative, multi-center, multidisciplinary network. This dataset was collected prospectively in eight North American centers to test the feasibility and implementation of harmonized advanced Research-MRI, with the addition of clinical information, genetic and proteomic studies, in a cohort of children presenting with acute ischemic stroke. Here we describe the process that enabled the development of PEDSNIP built to provide the infrastructure to support neuroimaging research priorities in pediatric stroke. Having built this Platform, we are now able to utilize the largest neuroimaging and clinical data pool on pediatric stroke data worldwide to conduct hypothesis-driven research. We are actively working on a bioinformatics approach to develop predictive models of risk, injury and repair and accelerate breakthrough discoveries leading to mechanism-targeted treatments that improve outcomes and minimize the burden following childhood stroke. This unique transformational resource for scientists and researchers has the potential to result in a paradigm shift in the management, outcomes and quality of life in children with stroke and their families, with far-reaching benefits for other brain conditions of people across the lifespan.

Comparison of CPU and GPU bayesian estimates of fibre orientations from diffusion MRI.

BACKGROUND: The correct estimation of fibre orientations is a crucial step for reconstructing human brain tracts. Bayesian Estimation of Diffusion Parameters Obtained using Sampling Techniques (bedpostx) is able to estimate several fibre orientations and their diffusion parameters per voxel using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) in a whole brain diffusion MRI data, and it is capable of running on GPUs, achieving speed-up of over 100 times compared to CPUs. However, few studies have looked at whether the results from the CPU and GPU algorithms differ. In this study, we compared CPU and GPU bedpostx outputs by running multiple trials of both algorithms on the same whole brain diffusion data and compared each distribution of output using Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. RESULTS: We show that distributions of fibre fraction parameters and principal diffusion direction angles from bedpostx and bedpostx_gpu display few statistically significant differences in shape and are localized sparsely throughout the whole brain. Average output differences are small in magnitude compared to underlying uncertainty. CONCLUSIONS: Despite small amount of differences in output between CPU and GPU bedpostx algorithms, results are comparable given the difference in operation order and library usage between CPU and GPU bedpostx.

Sub-patterns of language network reorganization in pediatric localization related epilepsy: a multisite study.

To study the neural networks reorganization in pediatric epilepsy, a consortium of imaging centers was established to collect functional imaging data. Common paradigms and similar acquisition parameters were used. We studied 122 children (64 control and 58 LRE patients) across five sites using EPI BOLD fMRI and an auditory description decision task. After normalization to the MNI atlas, activation maps generated by FSL were separated into three sub-groups using a distance method in the principal component analysis (PCA)-based decisional space. Three activation patterns were identified: (1) the typical distributed network expected for task in left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's) and along left superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke's) (60 controls, 35 patients); (2) a variant left dominant pattern with greater activation in IFG, mesial left frontal lobe, and right cerebellum (three controls, 15 patients); and (3) activation in the right counterparts of the first pattern in Broca's area (one control, eight patients). Patients were over represented in Groups 2 and 3 (P < 0.0004). There were no scanner (P = 0.4) or site effects (P = 0.6). Our data-driven method for fMRI activation pattern separation is independent of a priori notions and bias inherent in region of interest and visual analyses. In addition to the anticipated atypical right dominant activation pattern, a sub-pattern was identified that involved intensity and extent differences of activation within the distributed left hemisphere language processing network. These findings suggest a different, perhaps less efficient, cognitive strategy for LRE group to perform the task.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Children and Adolescents With Chronic Kidney Disease: Preliminary Findings.

This cross-sectional study provides preliminary findings from one of the first functional brain imaging studies in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The sample included 21 children with CKD (ages, 14.4 ± 3.0 y) and 11 healthy controls (ages, 14.5 ± 3.4 y). Using functional magnetic resonance imaging during a visual-spatial working memory task, findings showed that the CKD group and healthy controls invoked similar brain regions for encoding and retrieval phases of the task, but significant group differences were noted in the activation patterns for both components of the task. For the encoding phase, the CKD group showed lower activation in the posterior cingulate, anterior cingulate, precuneus, and middle occipital gyrus than the control group, but more activation in the superior temporal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and the insula. For the retrieval phase, the CKD group showed underactivation for brain systems involving the posterior cingulate, medial frontal gyrus, occipital lobe, and middle temporal gyrus, and greater activation than the healthy controls in the postcentral gyrus. Few group differences were noted with respect to disease severity. These preliminary findings support evidence showing a neurologic basis to the cognitive difficulties evident in pediatric CKD, and lay the foundation for future studies to explore the neural underpinnings for neurocognitive (dys)function in this population.

Combined functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging analysis of visual motion pathways.

BACKGROUND: Motion perception may be preserved after damage to striate cortex (primary visual cortex, area V1). Awareness and normal discrimination of fast-moving stimuli have been observed even in the complete absence of V1. These facts suggest that motion-sensitive cortex (the V5/MT complex or V5/MT+) may be activated by direct thalamic or collicular inputs that bypass V1. Such projections have been identified previously in monkeys but have not been shown in humans using neuroimaging techniques. METHODS: We used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography to visualize white matter fiber tracts connecting with V5/MT+ in 10 healthy volunteers. V5/MT+ was localized for each subject using functional MRI (fMRI). Functional activity maps were overlaid on high-resolution anatomical images and registered with the diffusion-weighted images to define V5/MT+ as the region of interest (ROI) for DTI tractography analysis. Fibers connecting to V1 were excluded from the analysis. RESULTS: Using conservative tractography parameters, we found connections between the V5/MT+ region and the posterior thalamus and/or superior colliculus in 4 of 10 subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Connections between the V5/MT+ region and the posterior thalamus and/or superior colliculus may explain visual motion awareness in the absence of a functioning V1.

Alterations in Resting-State Networks Following In Utero Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Exposure in the Neonatal Brain.

BACKGROUND: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat depression during pregnancy. SSRIs cross the placenta, inhibit serotonin reuptake, and thereby are thought to alter central fetal serotonin signaling. Both prenatal maternal mood disturbances and in utero SSRI exposure have been associated with altered fetal and infant behavior. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging has identified resting-state networks (RSNs) in newborns, reflecting functional capacity of auditory and visual networks and providing opportunities to examine early experiences effects on neurodevelopment. We sought to examine the effect of in utero SSRI exposure on neonatal RSN functional organization. We hypothesized that prenatal SSRI exposure would be associated with alterations in neonatal RSNs compared with healthy control infants and infants exposed to mothers with depression. METHODS: Clinician-rated Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and self-reported Pregnancy Experiences Scale were completed during the third trimester. Control (n = 17), maternal depression-exposed (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ≥8 without SSRI exposure, n = 16), and SSRI-exposed (n = 20) 6-day-old neonates underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Independent component analysis was used as a data-driven approach to extract 22 RSNs. RESULTS: SSRI-exposed neonates had higher connectivity in a putative auditory RSN compared with depressed-only (p = .01) and control (p = .02) infants (corrected for multiple comparisons), controlling for sex, age at the magnetic resonance imaging, and Pregnancy Experiences Scale score. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperconnectivity in auditory RSN in neonates with in utero SSRI exposure relative to neonates of depressed but not pharmacologically treated mothers and control infants may offer an insight into the functional organization origins of shifts in language perception and altered language development, previously reported in infants and children with prenatal SSRI exposure.