Epidemiological study of paracoccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis in a suburb of San Félix city, Bolívar state, Venezuela.

Epidemiologic studies of deep mycosis have been scarce in Bolivar state, where paracoccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis are considered as endemic diseases. The aim of this study was to determine paracoccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis prevalences in people from a suburb of San Féix, Bolívar state, Venezuela. Three-hundred volunteers agreed to participate in this study and they were inoculated with paracoccidioidine and histoplasmine. Identification and epidemiologic data were registered. Reading of skin tests after 24 hours was performed in 275 persons. Paracoccidioidine test was positive in 10.2% (n=28). A higher percentage of positive reactions in the age group of 40-50 years old (n=10; 35.7%) was observed. Bricklayers, farmers and miners were positive in 27.3% (3 out of 11), a higher percentage than in people with other occupations. Histoplasmine test was positive in 7.6% of cases (n=21). The higher percentage of reactivity was observed in the age group of 40-50 years old (n=9; 42.9%). There was a direct proportional relationship between staying time in the locality and H. capsulatum infection mainly in persons staying in the area for more than 30 years (p < 0.05). These results showed low prevalences of P. brasiliensis and H. capsulatum infection in this area.

[Enterobius vermicularis in preschool children from a suburban area in San Félix, Bolívar State, Venezuela]. / Enterobius vermicularis en pre-escolares de un área suburbana en san Félix, estado Bolívar, Venezuela.

To determine the enterobiosis prevalence in preschool children, a study was carried out from may-july 2003, in the SEU "Teresa de la Parra" in San Félix, Bolívar State, Venezuela. Three samples from the perianal region were obtained from every child, by applying the Graham method, and one sample was obtained of the subungucal deposit by scraping and cutting off their finger nails. These samples were preserved in 10% formol and processed by the formol-ether method. Also, a stool sample was collected and analyzed by direct examination and the formol-ether method. The prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis was 45.8% (27/59). No differences in relation to age (chi2 = 1.23 d. f. = 2) and sex (p > 0.05) were observed between the infected children. The eggs E. vermicularis were not observed in the 59 samples of subungueal deposits. In conclusion, although the enterobiosis prevalence was high, as determined by the Graham method, a relationship could not be found between E. vermicularis in the scotch tape and the finger nail samples of the children evaluated.

[Blastocystosis: a high prevalence of cases found in patients from Health Center of Soledad, Anzoategui State, Venezuela]. / Elevada prevalência de blastocistose em pacientes do Centro de Saúde de Soledad, Estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela.

The parasitological examination of fecal samples from 98 patients from an Ambulatory Health Center of Soledad, Anzoategui, Venezuela revealed a rather high proportion of results positive for Blastocystis hominis (46.9%).

[High prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis among indigenous people in Bolivar State, Venezuela]. / Elevada prevalencia de Cyclospora cayetanensis en indígenas del estado Bolívar, Venezuela.

The intestinal coccidioses caused by Cryptosporidium parvum, Isospora belli, and Cyclospora cayetanensis are parasitoses of major medical importance, but many epidemiological aspects of these infections are still unknown in Bolívar State, Venezuela. To determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and especially of intestinal coccidiosis, an indigenous population in San Antonio de Morichal was evaluated from July 2003 to April 2004. Stool samples obtained by spontaneous evacuation were preserved in potassium dichromate 2.5% and examined by the formalin-ether concentration method and Kinyoun staining. Of the 160 indigenous people examined, 92.5% (148 cases) were infected. Entamoeba coli (58.8%), Ascaris lumbricoides (38.8%), and Giardia lamblia (18.8%) were the most prevalent intestinal parasites. Coccidiosis prevalence was 13.1%, and cyclosporiasis was the most prevalent with 11.9% (19 cases). One subject with C. parvum oocysts and another with I. belli oocysts were diagnosed. There was no difference according to sex (p > 0.05) and age (chi2 = 5.6; f.g. = 6) among individuals infected with C. cayetanensis. Of these, two cases had only diarrhea. In conclusion, a high prevalence of intestinal coccidiosis infection was found among indigenous people from this community, with C. cayetanensis as the most prevalent infection.

[Mycoses at Hospital Universitario "Ruiz y Páez", Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela, 2002]. / Casuística de las micosis en el Hospital Universitario "Ruiz y Páez". Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela, 2002.

To estimate the prevalence of mycoses in the Universitary Hospital "Ruiz y Páez" (Bolivar State, Venezuela) during 2002, a retrospective study was carried out. Four hundred and fifty six mycoses were diagnosed in 250,956 patients. The most frequent mycoses, the cutaneous form (94.5%), were produced by dermatophytes, Malassezia furfur and Candida spp. in 90%. Deep mycoses were detected in 4.7% and consisted of histoplasmosis (2.6%), paracoccidioidomycosis (1.7%) and cryptococcosis (0.4%). Several patients with deep mycoses presented HIV infection, tuberculosis and hematological disorders (neoplasias among them). The frequency of mycoses in the general population that attend the Hospital Universitario "Ruiz y Páez" is low, superficial mycoses are predominant, and some conditions seem to predispose to deep mycoses.

Infección por Hymenolepis nana en una comunidad indígena del estado Bolívar, Venezuela / Hymenolepis nana infection in an indigenous community from Bolívar State, Venezuela

Introducción: la himenolepiosis es una parasitosis intestinal causada por el género Hymenolepis. De las dos especies que pueden afectar al hombre, H. nana es la más común. Su distribución es cosmopolita, pero más frecuente en regiones tropicales. Objetivos: en junio de 2014 se realizó un estudio transversal para determinar la prevalencia de himenolepiosis en habitantes de la comunidad indígena Itopoicon del estado Bolívar, Venezuela. Métodos: fueron evaluadas 136 muestras fecales procedentes de igual número de personas, mediante las técnicas de examen directo, Kato, Willis y sedimentación espontánea. Se llenó una ficha de control de cada participante con datos de identificación y clínico-epidemiológicos de interés. Resultados: un total de 118 habitantes (86,8 por ciento) resultaron parasitados. De ellos, 26 (19,1 por ciento) tenían infección por helmintos intestinales, siendo Hymenolepis nana el helminto más comúnmente diagnosticado con 19 casos (14 por ciento). De los 19 casos de himenolepiosis, 17 ocurrieron en niños y dos en adultos, siendo la diferencia estadísticamente significativa (x2= 14,26 g.l.= 7 p< 0,05). Con relación al género no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p> 0,05). Se determinó una amplia variedad de manifestaciones clínicas (generales, toxico-alérgico o intestinales) en los habitantes con H. nana. Conclusiones: se determinó una elevada prevalencia (14 por ciento) de infección por H. nana en una comunidad indígena del estado Bolívar, Venezuela, siendo ambos géneros afectados por igual pero con un predominio en los niños menores de 10 años. La mayoría de los casos presentó sintomatología(AU)

Introduction: hymenolepiasis is an intestinal parasitic disease caused by the genus Hymenolepis. Of the two species affecting humans, H. nana is the most common. Its distribution is cosmopolitan, but more frequent in tropical regions. Objectives: a cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2014 to determine the prevalence of hymenolepiasis among dwellers from the indigenous community of Itopoicon, Bolívar State, Venezuela. Methods: evaluation was performed of 136 stool samples from an equal number of persons using the techniques known as direct examination, Kato, Willis and spontaneous sedimentation. A control card was filled in for each participant, containing identification details and data of clinical and epidemiological interest. Results: a total 118 inhabitants (86.8 percent) were positive for parasites. Of these, 26 (19.1 percent) had intestinal helminth infection, Hymenolepis nana being the most commonly diagnosed helminth with 19 cases (14 percent). Of the 19 cases of hymenolepiasis, 17 were children and 2 were adults, the difference being statistically significant (2= 14.26 g.l. = 7 p< 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found with respect to gender (p> 0.05). A wide range of clinical manifestations (general, toxic and allergic or intestinal) were found among people with H. nana. Conclusions: ahigh prevalence (14 percent) of H. nana infection was found in an indigenous community from Bolívar State in Venezuela. Both sexes are equally affected, but there is a predominance of children under 10 years of age. Most cases were symptomatic(AU)

Prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en escolares de Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela: comparación entre dos períodos / Prevalence of intestinal parasites in school children from Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela: comparison between two periods

Se determinó la prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en 921 escolares de 9 escuelas de Ciudad Bolívar, estado Bolívar, Venezuela durante el período 2009-2013 y se comparó con la obtenida en la misma ciudad en el período 1995-1996, en 7 escuelas y 446 niños. En la primera oportunidad las muestras fecales fueron analizadas mediante examen directo y técnica de Willis; mientras que para la segunda, las heces fueron sometidas al directo, Kato y sedimentación espontánea. La prevalencia general de enteroparásitos para los períodos 1995-1996 y 2009-2013 fue de 52% y 62,9% respectivamente. En el primer período prevalecieron los helmintos y para el segundo el grupo de Chromistas-Protozoarios resulto más prevalente. Para 1995-1996, los helmintos Trichuris trichiura (24,2%) y Ascaris lumbricoides (19,5%) resultaron más comunes; mientras que para el período 2009- 2013, el chromista Blastocystis fue el más prevalente (47,6%), seguido del protozoario Endolimax nana (17,7%). En todos esos casos la diferencia fue significativa (p<0,05) cuando se comparan las prevalencias de ambos períodos. Se concluye que hubo un cambio en la prevalencia de los parásitos intestinales en la población evaluada: en el primer período (1995-1996) predominaron los helmintos y para el segundo (2009-2013) el chromista Blastocystis spp. y los protozoarios.

The prevalence of intestinal parasites in 921 schoolchildren from nine schools in Ciudad Bolivar, Bolivar State, Venezuela during the period 2009-2013 was determined and compared with that obtained in the same city in the period 1995-1996 in seven schools and 446 children. At the first opportunity the fecal samples were analyzed by direct examination and Willis technical; while for the second, feces were submitted to direct, Kato and spontaneous sedimentation. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites for the periods 1995-1996 and 2009-2013 was 52% and 62.9% respectively. In the first period, the helminths prevailed and the second, the Chromistas-Protozoa group turned more prevalent. For 1995-1996, the helminths Trichuris trichiura (24.2%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (19.5%) were more common; while for the period 2009-2013, the Chromista Blastocystis spp. was the most prevalent (47.6%), followed by protozoan Endolimax nana (17.7%). In all these cases the difference was significant (p <0.05) when the prevalence of both periods being compared. We conclude that there was a change in the prevalence of intestinal parasites in the study population: in the first period (1995-1996) dominated the helminths and the second (2009-2013) the Chromista Blastocystis spp. and protozoa.

Uso de la nitazoxanida en el tratamiento de niños infectados con Giardia Lamblia / USE OF NITAZOXANIDE IN THE TREATMENT OF CHILDREN INFECTED WITH GIARDIA LAMBLIA

Introducción: La nitazoxanida es una nueva droga que ha mostrado ser útil contra diversos protozoarios intestinales in­cluyendo Giardia lamblia. Sin embargo, hay pocos trabajos al respecto a nivel nacional y regional. Se realizó un estudio para comprobar la utilidad terapéutica de la nitazoxanida en niños infectados con G. lamblia, habitantes de Ciudad Bolívar, estado Bolívar. Pacientes y métodos: Se diagnos­ticaron y seleccionaron 21 casos de niños parasitados con G. lamblia y fueron tratados con nitazoxanida, después se realizaron 3 controles post-tratamiento a los 7, 15 y 21 días mediante los métodos coproparasitólogicos de examen direc­to, Kato y sedimentación espontánea. Resultados: El por­centaje global de cura parasitológica fue de 37,5% (6/16) constituidos por 6 niños en quienes se erradicó el parásito posterior al tratamiento. De este análisis se excluyeron 5 niños de los 21 tratados debido a que no acudieron a uno o más controles post-tratamiento. Ninguno de los niños que recibie­ron el tratamiento con nitazoxanida presentó efectos adversos. Conclusión: En el grupo estudiado y debido a su bajo por­centaje de cura parasitológica, la nitazoxanida no parece ser la droga de elección y su uso debería reservarse en casos de falla terapéutica del metronidazol o cuando exista intolerancia a esta droga.

Introduction: Nitazoxanide is a new drug that has shown to be helpful against various intestinal protozoa including Giar­dia lamblia. However, there are few studies on the subject at national and regional scopes. A study was conducted to test the therapeutic utility of nitazoxanide in children infected with G. lamblia, citizens of Ciudad Bolívar, Bolívar state. Pa­tients and methods: Were diagnosed and selected 21 cases of children parasitized G. lamblia and they were treated with nitazoxanide, then 3 post-treatment controls at 7, 15 and 21 days using the methods of direct parasitological examina­tion, Kato and spontaneous sedimentation were performed. Results: The overall percentage of parasitological cure was 37.5 % (6/16) consisting of 6 children in whom posttreatment parasite was eradicated. From this analysis, 5 of the 21 trea­ted children were excluded because they did not attended one or more post- treatment controls. None of the children who received treatment with nitazoxanide presented adverse effects. Conclusion: In the group studied, and due to their low percentage of parasitological cure, nitazoxanide not ap­pear to be the drug of choice and should be reserved for use in cases of therapeutic failure or when there is intolerance to metronidazole.

Pediculosis de la cabeza en escolares de Ciudad Bolívar, estado Bolívar, Venezuela / Headlice in schoolchildren from Ciudad Bolívar, Bolívar state, Venezuela

Entre abril y julio de 2013 se realizó un estudio de tipo transversal, para determinar la prevalencia de pediculosis de la cabeza en niños de 6-15 años, matriculados en cuatro escuelas de Ciudad Bolívar, estado Bolívar, Venezuela. El diagnóstico parasitológico se realizó por observación directa de huevos, ninfas y/o adultos sobre el cuero cabelludo y/o el pelo. Se llenó una ficha clínico-epidemiológica a cada participante previa firma del consentimiento informado por parte de padres o representantes. Se evaluaron 697 niños (40,3%) de los 1730 escolares matriculados, determinándose una prevalencia de 25,1% (175/697). Las niñas resultaron significativamente más infectadas (42,4%) (OR: 9,35 p<0,05). Todos los grupos de edad fueron afectados (χ² (corrección de Yates)=6,90 g.l.: 4 p>0,05) aunque predominó el grupo de 8-11 años. Los factores asociados a una mayor prevalencia de pediculosis de la cabeza fueron: el género femenino (OR: 9,35 p<0,05), haber padecido anteriormente la enfermedad (OR: 5,76 p<0,05) y tener el pelo largo (OR: 7,12 p<0,05) y sucio (OR: 2,20 p<0,05). En conclusión, aunque la prevalencia de pediculosis de la cabeza fue relativamente baja (25,1%), se verifica que esta parasitosis sigue siendo un problema médico importante en escolares de Ciudad Bolívar.

Between April and July 2013 a cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of headlice in children aged 6-15 years enrolled in four schools in Ciudad Bolívar, Bolivar State, Venezuela. The parasitological diagnosis was made by direct observation of eggs, nymphs and/ or adults on the scalp and/or hair. After signing the informed consent, we filled a clinical and epidemiologic record to each participant. 697 children (40.3%) of the 1730 school enrollment were evaluated, determining a prevalence of 25.1% (175/697). Girls were significantly more infected (42.4%) (OR: 9.35 p<0.05). All age groups were affected (χ2 (Yates correction) = 6.90 d.f.: 4 p> 0.05), but the group of 8-11 years was predominant (70.3%). Factors associated with a higher prevalence of headlice were female (OR: 9.35 p<0.05), having previously had the disease (OR: 5.76 p<0.05) and have long hair (OR: 7.12 p<0.05) and dirty (OR: 2.20 p<0.05). In conclusion, although the headlice prevalence was relatively low (25.1%), we verified that this parasitoses remains a major medical problem in schoolchildren in Ciudad Bolivar.

Prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en habitantes de una comunidad rural del estado Bolívar, Venezuela / Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Residents from a Rural Community in the State of Bolivar, Venezuela

Determinar la prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en una muestra de habitantes de la comunidad rural “La Carolina” del estado Bolívar, Venezuela. Materiales y Métodos: Una muestra fecal de cada habitante participante fue analizada mediante las técnicas de examen directo, Kato, Sedimentación Espontánea y coloración de Kinyoun. Resultados: De los 115 habitantes evaluados, 97 resultaron parasitados para una prevalencia de 84,3%. Con relación a la edad, todos los grupos fueron afectados por igual ( =0,812 g.l.: 6 p>0,05) aunque la mayor cantidad de casos (52 habitantes) se encontraron en el grupo de 0-9 años. Ambos sexos fueron afectados por igual (p>0,05). Se encontró 54,6% de poliparasismo y 45,4% de monoparasitismo. Nueve especies de enteroparásitos fueron diagnosticados, siendo el grupo de los chromistas y protozoarios más prevalentes (94,8%) que los helmintos. Blastocystis spp. fue el parásito más prevalente con 65,2%. No se diagnosticaron coccidios intestinales. Las asociaciones parasitarias más comunes fueron entre protozoarios, destacándose la de Blastocystis spp con Giardia intestinalis (22,6%) y Blastocystis spp. con Endolimax nana (15,1%). Conclusión: Se determinó una importante prevalencia de parásitos intestinales (84,3%) en la comunidad rural “La Carolina” del estado Bolívar, Venezuela.

To determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in a sample of residents from the rural community, “La Carolina,” in the State of Bolivar, Venezuela. Material and Methods: A fecal sample from each participating inhabitant was analyzed using techniques of direct examination, Kato, spontaneous sedimentation and Kinyoun staining. Of the 115 people tested, 97 were parasitized with a prevalence of 84.3 %. With regard to age, all groups were affected equally (² = 0.812 df: 6 p > 0.05), although the largest number of cases (52 people) were found in the group of 0-9 years. Both sexes were equally affected (p> 0.05). The study found 54.6% polyparasitism and 45.4% monoparasitism. Nine species of intestinal parasites were diagnosed. The group of protozoa and chromists were more prevalent (94.8%) than helminths. Blastocystis spp. was the most prevalent parasite with 65.2 %. No intestinal coccidia were diagnosed. The most common parasitic associations were between protozoa, emphasizing Blastocystis spp. with Giardia intestinalis (22.6%) and Blastocystis spp. with Endolimax nana (15.1%). An important prevalence of intestinal parasites (84.3%) was determined in the rural community, “La Carolina,” State of Bolivar.

[Toxocara spp. and other helminths in squares and parks of Ciudad Bolívar, Bolivar State (Venezuela)]. / Toxocara spp. y otros helmintos en plazas y parques de Ciudad Bolívar, estado Bolívar (Venezuela).

INTRODUCTION: Visceral larva migrans, a syndrome observed in humans, is caused by larva of parasitic helminths, such as Toxocara spp., which usually infect dogs and cats. Among the risk factors involved in the incidence of this syndrome, the size of these animal populations is particularly important. Ciudad Bolívar (Bolivar State, Venezuela) is a city with a large dog population. This fact has led to an effort to determine of prevalence of eggs from Toxocara spp. and other helminths in public squares and parks in this city. METHODS: Twenty-five squares and parks were selected from five areas of the city. Soil samples (20 sites) and dog stools (12 sites) were collected from four separate parts of each square or park. Samples were processed by spontaneous sedimentation and saturated sodium solution methods. RESULTS: Among the 70 squares and parks in Ciudad Bolívar, 25 were studied (35,7%). Toxocara eggs were identified in 55% of soil samples and 16.7% of dog stools. Ancylostoma spp. was detected in 61.1% of stools evaluated. There were no differences in helminth detection related to the area of the city where samples were obtained. CONCLUSION: Public parks and squares in Ciudad Bolívar showed a high percentage of contamination by dog helminths. These results suggest a potential risk of zoonotic transmission of dog parasites in these public places.

Uso del cultivo en el diagnóstico de Blastocystis sp. / Use of cultures for the diagnosis of Blastocystis sp.

Se realizó un estudio para comparar el rendimiento del cultivo con el examen directo y la sedimentación espontánea en el diagnóstico de Blastocystis sp. Para el cultivo de Blastocystis sp. se utilizó una modificación del medio de Boeck y Drbohlav. Se emplearon 100 muestras fecales procedentes de habitantes de la comunidad indígena Itopoicon, municipio Heres, estado Bolívar. De las 100 muestras cultivadas y sometidas a examen directo y sedimentación espontánea, en 90 se diagnosticó Blastocystis sp. De ellas, 83 resultaron positivas en el cultivo; mientras que 60 fueron positivas en el examen directo y 57 en la sedimentación espontánea. En conclusión, el cultivo presentó un mayor rendimiento (83%) que el examen directo (60%) y la sedimentación espontánea (57%) en el diagnóstico de Blastocystis sp.

A study for comparing the yield of cultures by direct examination and by spontaneous sedimentation for the diagnosis of Blastocystis sp. was carried out. Blastocystis sp. was cultured in a modification of the Boeck and Drbohlav medium. The material used corresponded to 100 fecal samples from inhabitants of the Itopoicon indigenous community, Heres municipality, Bolivar State. Of the 100 samples cultured and submitted to direct examination and spontaneous sedimentation, 90 gave a diagnosis of Blastocystis sp. Of these 90, 83 were positive in culture, while 60 were positive at direct examination, and 57 in spontaneous sedimentation. In conclusion, culture showed a higher yield (83%), than direct examination (60%) and spontaneous sedimentation (57%), for the diagnosis of Blastocystis sp.

Prevalencia de giardia intestinalis en habitantes del barrio la macarena, Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela / Prevalence of Giardia Intestinalis in population of la macarena community, Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela

Introducción: La giardiasis es una parasitosis intestinal producida por el protozoario Giardia intestinalis. Aunque de trascendencia clínica importante, por lo general se le presta poca atención o no se piensa en ella al momento de hacer el diagnóstico. Se realizó un estudio con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de G. intestinalis en habitantes del Barrio La Macarena de Ciudad Bolívar, estado Bolívar. Materiales y métodos: En abril de 2008 fueron evaluados 136 habitantes de la comunidad. Una muestra de heces de cada individuo fue analizada mediante las técnicas de examen directo, Kato y sedimentación espontánea. Resultados: La prevalencia de parásitos intestinales fue de 58,1 % (79/136). Se diagnosticaron 9 especies de parásitos y/o comensales, con un predominio de los protozoarios. Giardia intestinalis fue el segundo parasito más prevalente (19,9 %), superado sólo por Blastocystis sp. (59 %). En estos 27 casos de giardiasis, no hubo diferencias con relación al sexo (p > 0,05), pero con relación a la edad ya que los menores de 15 años resultaron más afectados. El 96 % de los casos de infección por G. intestinalis estaba asociado a otros protozoarios intestinales. Conclusión: Se determinó una elevada prevalencia de G. intestinalis en habitantes del Barrio La Macarena de Ciudad Bolívar.

Introduction: Giardiasis is an intestinal parasitism caused by the protozoan Giardia intestinalis. Although it has clinical transcendence very important, generally little attention is bean paid or is not taught of at the time of making the diagnosis. To determine of G. intestinalis prevalence in people from La Macarena community in Ciudad Bolívar, Bolívar state, a study carried out. Material and methods: In April of 2008 136 inhabitants were evaluated. A sample of stool of every people was analyzed by direct examination, Kato and spontaneous sedimentation methods. Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasitism was 58.1 % (79/136). Nine species of parasites or commensals were diagnosed, with a predominance of protozoans. Giardia intestinalis was the second parasite most prevalent (19.9 %), it was only dominated by Blastocystis sp. (59.6 %). In these 27 cases of giardiasis, there were no differences with regard to sex (p > 0.05) in infected people, but a with regard to age, the 15 years under people resulted more affected. 96.3 % of cases of G. intestinalis infections was associated to others intestinal protozoans. Conclusion: We determined a high prevalence of G. intestinalis in population of La Macarena community, Ciudad Bolívar.

Protozoarios en cavidad bucal de escolares de Ciudad Bolívar, estado Bolívar, Venezuela / Protozoa in the oral cavity of schoolchildren in Ciudad Bolivar, Bolivar State, Venezuela

Se realizó un estudio con 105 muestras de biopelícula dental supragingival, procedentes de igual número de estudiantes de la Unidad Educativa Estadal Bolivariana “Blanca Sosa de Vargas” de Ciudad Bolívar, con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de Entamoeba gingivalis y Trichomonas tenax. Las muestras fueron analizadas mediante las técnicas de examen directo, examen del sedimento y coloración tricrómica. Entamoeba gingivalis fue el único protozoario diagnosticado en 32 de las muestras. No hubo diferencia en cuanto al género y la edad de los estudiantes infectados (p>0,05). El protozoario se diagnosticó en niños con y sin caries por lo que no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas. En conclusión, se determinó una prevalencia de E. gingivalis de 30,5% en muestras de biopelícula dental de la población estudiada.

A study of 105 supragingival dental biofilm samples taken from the same number of students of the “Blanca Sosa de Vargas” Bolivarian State Educational Unit of Ciudad Bolivar was done with the purpose of determining the prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax. The samples were analyzed through direct examination, sediment examination and trichrome staining techniques. Entamoeba gingivalis was the only protozoa diagnosed in 32 of the samples. There was no difference in relation to gender and age of the infected students (p>0.05). The protozoa were diagnosed in children with and without caries and there were no statistically significant differences. In conclusion, a 30.5% prevalence of E. gingivalis was determined in dental biofilm samples from the population studied.

Coccidios intestinales en niños menores de 5 años con diarrea: Emergencia pediátrica, Hospital Universitario “Ruiz y Páez” / Intestinal coccidia in children under 5 years of age with diarrhea: Pediatric Emergency Service of the “Ruiz Paez” University Hospital

Entre agosto y octubre de 2006 se realizó un estudio con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de coccidios intestinales en niños menores de 5 años con diarrea, atendidos en la emergencia pediátrica del Hospital Universitario “Ruiz y Páez”. Una muestra fecal obtenida de cada paciente fue sometida a las técnicas de examen directo, formol-éter y coloración de Kinyoun. Se examinaron 130 muestras fecales procedentes de igual número de niños, de ellos, 60 eran niñas (46,2%) y 70 niños (53,8%) con una edad media de 2 ± 1,4 años. Se encontró una prevalencia general de parasitosis intestinales de 38,5% (50/130). La prevalencia de coccidios intestinales fue de 12,3%, siendo Cryptosporidium spp. el más frecuente con 10 casos (7,7%), seguido de Cyclospora cayetanensis con seis casos (4,6%). No hubo diferencias con relación al género (p>0,05) y la edad (X2 =7,41; g.l.= 5) de los niños con coccidios. En 11 casos sólo se identificó el coccidio mientras que en 5 casos los coccidios estaban asociados con otros enteroparásitos. Se concluyó que la prevalencia de coccidios intestinales en niños con diarrea aguda atendidos en la emergencia pediátrica del Hospital Universitario “Ruiz y Páez” fue relativamente alta (10,9%), siendo Cryptosporidium el coccidio más frecuentemente diagnosticado.

A study was carried out between August and October 2006 with the purpose of determining the prevalence of intestinal coccidia in children under 5 years of age with diarrhea who attended the Pediatric Emergency Service of the “Ruiz Paez” University Hospital. A fecal sample obtained from each patient was submitted to the following tests: direct examination, formaldehyde-ether and Kinyoun staining. A total of 130 fecal samples obtained from the same number of patients were examined; 60 of the patients were girls (46.2%) and 70 were boys (53.8%), with a mean age of 2 ± 1.4 years. A general prevalence of 38.5% (50/130) intestinal parasites was found. The intestinal coccidia prevalence was 12.3%, and Cryptosporidium spp. was the most frequent parasite with 10 cases (7.7%), followed by Cyclospora cayetanensis with six cases (4.6%). There were no differences regarding gender (p>0.05) and age (χ² = 7.41; g.l. = 5) of children with coccidia. Coccidia alone were identified in 11 cases, while in other 5 cases the coccidia were associated with other enteroparasites. It was concluded that the prevalence of intestinal coccidia in children with acute diarrhea attending the Pediatric Emergency Service of the “Ruiz Paez” University Hospital was relatively high (10.9%) and that Cryptosporidium was the most frequent coccidia identified.

Enteroparásitos en estudiantes de la Escuela Técnica Agropecuaria Robinsoniana Caicara: Caicara del Orinoco, municipio Cedeño, estado Bolívar, Venezuela / Enteroparasites in students at the Escuela Técnica Agropecuaria Robinsoniana

Para determinar la prevalencia de enteroparásitos, fueron evaluados 136 alumnos pertenecientes a la Escuela Técnica Agropecuaria Robinsoniana “Caicara”, Caicara del Orinoco, municipio Cedeño del estado Bolívar. De cada estudiante se obtuvo una muestra fecal la cual fue analizada mediante las técnicas de examen directo, Kato, Willis, sedimentación espontánea y cultivo en placa de agar. La prevalencia de parasitosis intestinales fue de 89% (121/136). En todos los grupos de edad se encontraron parásitos (x³ = 3,873; g.l.= 3 p >0,05). Ambos sexos fueron afectados por igual (p>0,05). Se diagnosticaron 12 especies de parásitos y/o comensales intestinales. Los protozoarios fueron más prevalentes (98,4%) que los helmintos (30%). Blastocystis hominis fue el parásito intestinal más prevalente con 79,4%. En conclusión, se determinó una elevada prevalencia (89%) de enteroparásitos en la población estudiada, sin predilección por el sexo o la edad, con predominio de los protozoarios, en particular de B. hominis. Las deficiencias sanitarias y en el saneamiento ambiental encontradas pudieran explicar esas elevadas tasas de prevalencia

To determine the prevalence of enteroparasites, 136 students attending the Escuela Técnica Agropecuaria Robinsoniana “Caicara”, Caicara del Orinoco, Cedeño Municipality, State of Bolivar, were assessed. A stool sample was collected for each student, which was analyzed by direct examination, Kato, Willis, spontaneous sedimentation and agar plate culture techniques. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 89% (121/136). In all age groups, parasites were diagnosed (x³ = 3.873, f.d. = 3 p > 0.05). Both sexes were equally affected (p > 0.05). A total of 12 species of parasites and/or commensals were diagnosed. Protozoa were more prevalent (98.4%) than helminthes (30.0). Blastocystis hominis was the most prevalent intestinal parasite in 79.4%. In conclusion, results showed a high prevalence (89%) of intestinal parasitic infection in the population studied, with no predilection for sex or age, with prevalence for protozoa, particularly B. hominis. Sanitary and sanitation deficiencies could explain such high prevalence rates

Histoplasmine and paracoccidiodine epidemiological study in Upata, Bolívar state, Venezuela.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of histoplasmosis and paracoccidiomycosis in Upata, a city in Bolivar state, Venezuela. METHODS: Cutaneous tests on 397 volunteers, 204 with histoplasmine and 193 with paracoccidioidine. Epidemiological data were collected in a protocol sheet. Readings were performed at 24 and 48 h post-injection, by the same observer, and a positive reaction was defined as hardened papule of 5 mm or more. RESULTS: Histoplasmine tests were positive in 19.6% and 34.0% at 24 and 48 h after antigens injection with a significant increase of reactivity (P=0.0019). Paracoccidiodine tests were positive in 11.3% and 19.7% at 24 and 48 h respectively and this difference was also significant (P=0.004). Risk factors which could explain these levels of reactivity could not be clearly identified. Cultures and animal inoculation from soil samples for fungus isolation were negative. CONCLUSIONS: Paracoccidioidomycoses and histoplasmosis are endemic in Upata.

Epidemiological survey of histoplasmine and paracoccidioidine skin reactivity in an agricultural area in Bolívar state, Venezuela.

Paracoccidiodomycosis and histoplasmosis are endemic diseases in the south of Venezuela, representing a public health problem. Prevalence of Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis and Histoplasma capsulatum infections were estimated in Monte Ralo, a rural community area of Bolivar state using paracoccidiodine and histoplasmine skin tests. Paracoccidiodine was intradermically injected to 173 persons and readings were made at 24 and 48 h afterwards to 167 persons (97.85%). Reaction was positive in 8.5% (n = 14) at 24 h post-injection and 13.2% (n = 20) at 48 h. Farmers showed the higher percentage of positivity at 24 and 48 h. One hundred-seventy five persons were intradermically injected with histoplasmine but 167 and 157 of them attended for reading of the dermal reaction at 24 and 48 h post-injection respectively. Tests were positive in 25.7% (n = 43) at 24 h and 42.7% (n = 67) at 48 h. Further studies are needed in surrounding places to delimit the endemic area of these mycosis in the Bolivar state. However, epidemiological vigilance of PCM and H should be considered by local health authorities.

Epidemiological study of paracoccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis in a suburb of San Félix city Bolívar state Venezuela

Epidemiologic studies of deep mycosis have been scarce in Bolívar state, where paracoccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis are considered as endemic diseases. The aim of this study was to determine paracoccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis prevalences in people from a suburb of San Félix, Bolívar state, Venezuela. Three-hundred volunteers agreed to participate in this study and they were inoculated with paracoccidioidine and histoplasmine. Identification and epidemiologic data were registered. Reading of skin tests after 24 hours was performed in 275 persons. Paracoccidioidine test was positive in 10.2% (n=28). A higher percentage of positive reactions in the age group of 40-50 years old (n=10; 35.7%) was observed. Bricklayers, farmers and miners were positive in 27.3% (3 out of 11), a higher percentage than in people with other occupations. Histoplasmine test was positive in 7.6 percent of cases (n= 21). The higher percentage of reactivity was observed in the age group of 40-50 years old (n=9; 42.9%). There was a direct proportional relationship between staying time in the locality and H. capsulatum infection mainly in persons staying in the area for more than 30 years (p<0.05). These results showed low prevalences of P. brasiliensis and H. capsulatum infection in this area.

El estudio epidemiológico de las micosis profundas ha sido escaso en el estado Bolívar donde la paracoccidioidomicosis e histoplasmosis son endémicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de infecciones por Paracoccidioides brasiliensis e Histoplasma capsulatum en individuos residenciados en una población suburbana de San Félix, estado Bolívar, Venezuela. Se administró paracoccidioidina e histoplasmina a 300 personas voluntarias. Se realizó lectura de las pruebas a las 24 horas. La paracoccidioidina fue positiva en el 10,2% (n=28). Se observó mayor porcentaje de positividad en el grupo de 40-50 años (n=10; 35,7%). Las ocupaciones de riesgo: albañiles, agricultores y mineros, presentaron un porcentaje de positividad de 27,3% (3 de 11), mayor que el de los individuos sin riesgo aparente: mecánicos, oficios del hogar y estudiantes (25 de 264; 9,5 %) (p=0,04). La histoplasmina fue positiva en el 7,6% (n=21). El mayor porcentaje de intradermorreacción positiva se observó entre los 40-50 años (n=9; 42,9%). Hubo relación significativa entre el tiempo de residencia en la localidad y la infección por H. capsulatum, demostrándose en los individuos con más de 30 años en esa localidad (p<0,05). Estos resultados muestran una prevalencia relativamente baja de infecciones por P. brasiliensis y de H. capsulatum en el área estudiada.

Enterobius vermicularis en pre-escolares de un área suburbana en San Félix Estado Bolívar Venezuela / Enterobius vermicularis in preschool children from a suburban area in San Félix Bolívar state Venezuela

Para determinar la prevalencia de enterobiosis en niños en edad pre-escolar, se realizó una investigación, entre mayo y julio de 2003, en la UEE Teresa de la Parra en San Félix, Estado Bolívar, Venezuela. A cada niño se le tomaron 3 muestras de la región perianal mediante el método de Graham y una muestra de material subungueal mediante raspado y corte de las uñas. Estas se preservaron en formol al 10 por ciento y luego se les aplicó el método de formol-éter. También se tomó una muestra fecal la cual fue analizada mediante examen directo y la t‚cnica de formol-‚ter. La prevalencia para E. vermicularis fue de 45,8 por ciento (27/59). No hubo diferencias en cuanto a sexo (c2 = 1,23 g.l = 2) y edad (p > 0,05) de los niños parasitados. No se encontraron huevos de Enterobius en ninguna de las 59 muestras de material subungueal. En conclusión, a pesar de determinarse una elevada prevalencia de huevos de E. vermicularis mediante el método de Graham, no se pudo establecer relaciones entre la presencia de E. vermicularis en la cinta adhesiva y el depósito subungueal de los niños evaluados.