Burden of Depression in Outpatient HIV-Infected adults in Sub-Saharan Africa; Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Despite the substantial burden of HIV in Africa, and the knowledge that depression causes worse HIV outcomes, the burden of depression in people living with HIV in Africa is unknown. We searched Pubmed and four other databases using key terms: depression, Africa, HIV, and prevalence from 2008 to 2018. We summarized depression prevalence by country. We estimated the burden of depression using our prevalence data and 2018 UNAIDS HIV estimates. Our search yielded 70 articles across 16 African countries. The overall prevalence of major depression in those HIV-infected using a diagnostic interview was 15.3% (95% CI 12.5-17.1%). We estimate that 3.63 million (99.7% CI 3.15-4.19 million) individuals with HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa have major depression and provide country-level estimates. We estimate that 1.57 million (99.7% CI 1.37-1.82 million) DALYs are lost among people with depression and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. There is a significant burden of depression in Africans with HIV. Further work to screen for and treat depression in Sub-Saharan Africa is needed to improve HIV outcomes and achieve the 90-90-90 UNAIDS goals.

Prognostic implications of baseline anaemia and changes in haemoglobin concentrations with amphotericin B therapy for cryptococcal meningitis.

OBJECTIVES: Anaemia represents a common toxicity with amphotericin B-based induction therapy in HIV-infected persons with cryptococcal meningitis. We sought to examine the impact of amphotericin-related anaemia on survival. METHODS: We used data from Ugandan and South African trial participants to characterize the variation of haemoglobin concentrations from diagnosis to 12 weeks post-diagnosis. Anaemia severity was classified based on the haemoglobin concentration at cryptococcal meningitis diagnosis, and nadir haemoglobin values during amphotericin induction. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate 2- and 10-week mortality risk. We also estimated 10-week mortality risk among participants with nadir haemoglobin < 8.5 g/dL during amphotericin induction and who survived ≥ 2 weeks post-enrolment. RESULTS: The median haemoglobin concentration at meningitis diagnosis was 11.5 g/dL [interquartile range (IQR) 9.7-13 g/dL; n = 311] with a mean decline of 4.2 g/dL [95% confidence interval (CI) -4.6 to -3.8; P < 0.001; n = 148] from diagnosis to nadir value among participants with baseline haemoglobin ≥ 8.5 g/dL. The median haemoglobin concentration was 8.1 g/dL (IQR 6.5-9.5 g/dL) at 2 weeks, increasing to 9.4 g/dL (IQR 8.2-10.9 g/dL) by 4 weeks and continuing to increase to 12 weeks. Among participants with haemoglobin < 8.5 g/dL at diagnosis, mortality risk was elevated at 2 weeks [hazard ratio (HR) 2.7; 95% CI 1.5-4.9; P < 0.01] and 10 weeks (HR 1.8; 95% CI 1.1-2.2; P = 0.03), relative to those with haemoglobin ≥ 8.5 g/dL. New-onset anaemia occurring with amphotericin therapy did not have a statistically significant association with 10-week mortality (HR 2.0; 95% CI 0.5-9.1; P = 0.4). CONCLUSIONS: Amphotericin induced significant haemoglobin declines, which were mostly transient and did not impact 10-week mortality. Individuals with moderate to life-threatening anaemia at baseline had a higher mortality risk at 2 and 10 weeks post-enrolment.

Use of self-collected capillary blood samples for islet autoantibody screening in relatives: a feasibility and acceptability study.

AIMS: To evaluate the feasibility of using self-collected capillary blood samples for islet autoantibody testing to identify risk in relatives of people with Type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Participants were recruited via the observational TrialNet Pathway to Prevention study, which screens and monitors relatives of people with Type 1 diabetes for islet autoantibodies. Relatives were sent kits for capillary blood collection, with written instructions, an online instructional video link and a questionnaire. Sera from capillary blood samples were tested for autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase, islet antigen-2, insulin and zinc transporter 8. 'Successful' sample collection was defined as obtaining sufficient volume and quality to provide definitive autoantibody results, including confirmation of positive results by repeat assay. RESULTS: In 240 relatives who returned samples, the median (range) age was 15.5 (1-49) years and 51% were male. Of these samples, 98% were sufficient for glutamic acid decarboxylase, islet antigen-2 and zinc transporter 8 autoantibody testing and 84% for insulin autoantibody testing and complete autoantibody screen. The upper 90% confidence bound for unsuccessful collection was 4.4% for glutamic acid decarboxylase, islet antigen-2 and/or zinc transporter 8 autoantibody assays, and 19.3% for insulin autoantibodies. Despite 43% of 220 questionnaire respondents finding capillary blood collection uncomfortable or painful, 82% preferred home self-collection of capillary blood samples compared with outpatient venepuncture (90% of those aged <8 years, 83% of those aged 9-18 years and 73% of those aged >18 years). The perceived difficulty of collecting capillary blood samples did not affect success rate. CONCLUSIONS: Self-collected capillary blood sampling offers a feasible alternative to venous sampling, with the potential to facilitate autoantibody screening for Type 1 diabetes risk.

Integrating central nervous system metagenomics and host response for diagnosis of tuberculosis meningitis and its mimics.

The epidemiology of infectious causes of meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa is not well understood, and a common cause of meningitis in this region, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB), is notoriously hard to diagnose. Here we show that integrating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) with a host gene expression-based machine learning classifier (MLC) enhances diagnostic accuracy for TB meningitis (TBM) and its mimics. 368 HIV-infected Ugandan adults with subacute meningitis were prospectively enrolled. Total RNA and DNA CSF mNGS libraries were sequenced to identify meningitis pathogens. In parallel, a CSF host transcriptomic MLC to distinguish between TBM and other infections was trained and then evaluated in a blinded fashion on an independent dataset. mNGS identifies an array of infectious TBM mimics (and co-infections), including emerging, treatable, and vaccine-preventable pathogens including Wesselsbron virus, Toxoplasma gondii, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Nocardia brasiliensis, measles virus and cytomegalovirus. By leveraging the specificity of mNGS and the sensitivity of an MLC created from CSF host transcriptomes, the combined assay has high sensitivity (88.9%) and specificity (86.7%) for the detection of TBM and its many mimics. Furthermore, we achieve comparable combined assay performance at sequencing depths more amenable to performing diagnostic mNGS in low resource settings.

In situ protein expression of RRM1, ERCC1, and BRCA1 in metastatic breast cancer patients treated with gemcitabine-based chemotherapy.

Ribonucleotide reductase 1 (RRM1) is a determinant of gemcitabine efficacy in non-small-cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer. We investigated the protein levels of RRM1 and two other DNA repair enzymes, ERCC1 and BRCA1, in 55 metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients undergoing gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. With automated in situ protein quantification (AQUA v1.6), the average scores for RRM1, ERCC1, and BRCA1 ranged from 245.6-2774.1, 74.0-410.3, and 54.4-1833.1, respectively. They were significantly associated with each other (Spearman's rho > or = .36; p < or = .007). Given their pattern of distribution, RRM1 and BRCA1 are potentially suitable markers for clinical decision making in MBC.

Prevalence and clinical association of clonal T-cell expansions in Myelodysplastic Syndrome.

Selected patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) are responsive to immunosuppressive therapy, suggesting that hematopoietic suppressive T cells have a pathogenic role in ineffective hematopoiesis. We assessed T-cell receptor (TCR) clonality through combined flow cytometry and molecular analysis of the complementarity determining region (CDR)-3 of the T-cell receptor-Vbeta gene. We identified clonal T cells in 50% of MDS patients (n=52) compared to 5% of age-matched normal controls (n=20). The presence of T-cell clones was not associated with features linked previously to immunosuppression response, including WHO diagnostic category, karyotype, marrow cellularity, IPSS category, sex or age

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in human endometrial carcinoma and precursor lesions and its possible use in cancer chemoprevention and therapy.

In recent years, the design of new antineoplastic agents that can halt the progression of human malignancies with minimal systemic damage has been at the forefront of cancer research, with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) as a major target molecule. With an aim to demonstrate the expression and role of COX-2, the principal putative target of COX-2 inhibitor therapy, in endometrial adenocarcinoma (EACA) and precursor lesions, atypical complex hyperplasia (ACH) and endometrial hyperplasia (EH), an immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of 22 primary human EACAs and 14 precursor lesions was carried out. Relevant clinicopathological data were tabulated from a random computer-generated sample of 22 primary EACA patients, treated by hysterectomy at our institution. Representative tumor sections including adjacent precursor lesions and normal endometrium (NE) were immunostained with human monoclonal anti-COX-2. Qualitative and semi-quantitative COX-2 IHC staining scores were determined based on the proportion of immunoreactive cells and the intensity of cytoplasmic COX-2 expression. Fisher's exact test and the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test were used for statistical analysis. Mean patient age was 68 years (range 51-93). All 22 EACAs were of endometrioid type, of which ten (45%) were grade I, eight (36%) grade II and four (18%) were grade III. Overall, four out of nine (44%) EHs, four out of five (80%) ACHs, and 18 out of 22 (88%) EACAs were COX-2 positive. The mean COX-2 IHC scores for EH and EACAs were 33 (SD 24.11) and 76 (SD 54.57), respectively (p = 0.022). Strong or moderate COX-2 expression was observed in 17 out of 22 (77%) adenocarcinomas as compared to two out of 14 (14%) of the precursor lesions (EH and ACH). The areas of adenomyosis were COX-2 positive, while myometrial smooth muscle and normal fallopian tube tissues stained negative for COX-2. The demonstration of frequent and strong expression of COX-2 in human EACAs supports a possible role for COX-2 inhibitors. Furthermore, an increasing expression of COX-2 from EH to invasive EACAs suggests potential usefulness of COX-2 inhibition to halt the progression of precursor lesions to invasive endometrial cancers.

Is it possible to differentiate tuberculous and cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected patients using only clinical and basic cerebrospinal fluid characteristics?

BACKGROUND: Tuberculous and cryptococcal meningitis (TBM and CM) are the most common causes of opportunistic meningitis in HIVinfected patients from resource-limited settings, and the differential diagnosis is challenging. OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical and basic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) characteristics between TBM and CM in HIV-infected patients. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of clinical, radiological and laboratory records of 108 and 98 HIV-infected patients with culture-proven diagnosis of TBM and CM, respectively. The patients were admitted at a tertiary centre in São Paulo, Brazil. A logistic regression model was used to distinguish TBM from CM and derive a diagnostic index based on the adjusted odds ratio (OR) to differentiate these two diseases. RESULTS: In multivariate analysis, TBM was independently associated with: CSF with neutrophil predominance (odds ratio (OR) 35.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.80 - 341.30, p=0.002), CSF pleocytosis (OR 9.43, 95% CI 1.30 - 68.70, p=0.027), CSF protein >1.0 g/L (OR 5.13, 95% CI 1.38 - 19.04, p=0.032) and Glasgow Coma Scale <15 (OR 3.10, 95% CI 1.03 - 9.34, p=0.044). Nausea and vomiting (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.08 - 0.90, p=0.033) were associated with CM. Algorithm-related area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.815 (95% CI 0.758 - 0.873, p<0.0001), but an accurate cut-off was not derived. CONCLUSION: Although some clinical and basic CSF characteristics appear useful in the differential diagnosis of TBM and CM in HIVinfected patients, an accurate algorithm was not identified. Optimised access to rapid, sensitive and specific laboratory tests is essential.

Performance of nested RT-PCR on CSF for tuberculous meningitis diagnosis in HIV-infected patients.

SETTING: Timely diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a challenge. Despite the current scale-up of the Xpert® MTB/RIF assay, other molecular diagnostic tools are necessary, particularly in referral centres in low- and middle-income countries without Xpert testing. OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic performance of nested real-time polymerase chain reaction (nRT-PCR) in HIV-infected TBM patients categorised according to standardised clinical case definitions. DESIGN: Based on clinical, laboratory and imaging data, HIV-infected patients with suspected TBM were prospectively categorised as 'definite TBM', 'probable TBM', 'possible TBM' or 'not TBM'. We evaluated nRT-PCR sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing TBM among definite TBM cases, and among definite + probable TBM cases. RESULTS: Ninety-two participants were enrolled in the study. nRT-PCR sensitivity for definite TBM (n = 8) was 100% (95%CI 67-100) and 86% (95%CI 60-96) for both definite and probable TBM (n = 6). Assuming that 'not TBM' patients (n = 74) were true-negatives, nRT-PCR specificity was 100% (95%CI 95-100). The possible TBM group (n = 4) had no nRT-PCR positives. CONCLUSIONS: The nRT-PCR is a useful rule-in test for HIV-infected patients with TBM according to international consensus case definitions. As nRT-PCR cannot exclude TBM, studies comparing and combining nRT-PCR with other assays are necessary for a rule-out test.

Topoisomerase II beta levels are a determinant of melphalan-induced DNA crosslinks and sensitivity to cell death.

The role of topoisomerase (topo) II in DNA repair has yet to be fully elucidated. Current evidence suggesting a role for topo II in the repair of DNA damage has been obtained by using in vitro model systems or inferred from correlative data in drug resistant cell lines. In this study we directly examined the role of topo IIalpha and beta in mediating the repair of melphalan-induced crosslinks in cellular DNA. To accomplish this, we used siRNA technology to knock down either topo IIalpha or beta in human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 and histiocytic lymphoma U937 cell line. Our data demonstrate that topo IIbeta levels, (but not alpha), are a determinant of melphalan-induced crosslinks and sensitivity to melphalan. Furthermore, we show that knocking down topo IIbeta inhibits the repair of melphalan-induced crosslinks in K562 cells. These studies represent the first direct evidence that topo IIbeta participates in the repair of DNA damage induced by an alkylating agent in cellular DNA. Finally, these results suggest non-redundant roles for these two isoforms in mediating repair of DNA crosslinks.

The farnesyl transferase inhibitor, FTI-277, inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in drug-resistant myeloma tumor cells.

Mutations of the ras gene are among the most commonly identified transforming events in human cancers, including multiple myeloma. Farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTI) were developed to prevent Ras processing and induce cancer cell death. Several FTIs are in phase II and one is in phase III clinical trials. Preclinically, most of the focus has been on solid tumors, and the effects of FTIs in multiple myeloma have not been investigated. In this study we examined the cytotoxic activity and inhibition of Ras processing in three myeloma cell lines with differing Ras mutation status. H929 cells with activated N-Ras were more sensitive to FTI-277 treatment than 8226 and U266 cells with activated K-Ras or wild-type Ras, respectively. A combination of FTI-277 and a geranylgeranyltransferase I inhibitor (GGTI)-2166 inhibited K-Ras processing and enhanced cell death in 8226 cells. U266 cells and Bcl-x(L) transfectants were equally sensitive to FTI-277 treatment. Similarly, 8226 cells selected for resistance to various chemotherapeutic agents, which resulted in either P-glycoprotein overexpression, altered topoisomerase II activity, or elevated glutathione levels, were equally sensitive to FTI-277. These preclinical studies suggest that prenylation inhibitors may represent new therapeutic agents for the treatment of refractory or drug-resistant multiple myeloma.

Cyanogen bromide cleaves Fc fragments of pooled human IgG at both methionine and tryptophan residues.

An attempt was made to obtain fragments containing the C gamma 2 region by selectively cleaving human Fc fragments prepared from pooled IgG at Met residues using cyanogen bromide. Based on the known locations of Met residues in the Fc regions of human IgG subclasses, fragments between Met 252 and 358, comprising the C gamma 2 domains, were expected from IgGl Gm -1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. Greater fragmentation of the Fc fragments occurred, however, than was predicted. Automated N-terminal sequencing identified five major points (Trp 381, 313 and 277, and Met 397 and 252) and two minor points of cleavage (Met 428 and Trp 417). The majority of cleavage points occurred at Trp rather than Met. Furthermore, cleavage at Met 358, necessary to produce C gamma 2 domains, was not detected. Control experiments verified the integrity of the Fc fragments handled in exactly the same manner without cyanogen bromide exposure and the ability of the same cyanogen bromide preparation to produce the expected cleavages at Met of sperm whale apomyoglobin without fragmentation at Trp. Cleavage at Met 358 did not occur presumably because of the difficulty associated with cyanogen bromide cleavage at Met-Thr peptide bonds. Cleavage at Trp probably occurred by way of halogen promoted oxidation of the indole nucleus with resultant peptide bond fissure. These observations show that cyanogen bromide cleavage of pooled human Fc fragments is not selective for Met, but also cleaves at Trp residues. The resultant fragmentation of the C gamma 2 region coupled with the inability to make the required cleavage at the 358-359 Met-Thr bond resulted in the inability to produce fragments comprising the C gamma 2 domains. The reasons for the selective cleavage at Met in some proteins and the cleavage at both Trp and Met in others are not known.

Improved diagnostic sensitivity for tuberculous meningitis with Xpert(®) MTB/RIF of centrifuged CSF.

BACKGROUND: TB meningitis (TBM) diagnosis is difficult and novel diagnostic methods are needed. The World Health Organization recommends Xpert(®) MTB/RIF as the initial TBM diagnostic test based on two studies reporting suboptimal sensitivity (~50-60%). OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) centrifugation on Xpert performance for TBM detection. DESIGN: A total of 107 predominantly human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected adults with presumed meningitis were screened prospectively in Kampala, Uganda. CSF was tested using 1) microscopy for acid-fast bacilli; 2) MGIT™ culture; 3) Xpert of 2 ml of unprocessed CSF; and 4) Xpert of centrifuged CSF. Diagnostic performance was measured against an a priori composite reference standard of any positive CSF tuberculosis test. RESULTS: Of 107 participants, 18 (17%) had definite TBM. When CSF was centrifuged, Xpert had better sensitivity (13/18, 72%) than when using 2 ml of unprocessed CSF (5/18, 28%; P = 0.008). The median centrifuged CSF volume was 6 ml (IQR 4-10). Mycobacterial culture yielded 71% (12/17) sensitivity at a median delay of 27 days. Only 39% were positive by both culture and centrifuged Xpert, with additional cases detected by Xpert and culture. CONCLUSIONS: CSF centrifugation optimizes the diagnostic performance of Xpert in the detection of TBM. A combination of culture and Xpert detected the largest number of cases.

Expression of c-myc, c-myb, and c-sis in fibroblasts from affected and unaffected skin of patients with systemic sclerosis.

We examined c-sis, c-myc, and c-myb proto-oncogene expression in fibroblasts cultured from affected and unaffected skin of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc), and from healthy donor skin. Total cellular RNA from cultured dermal fibroblasts was used in slot blot analysis and scanning densitometry or phosphorimaging to quantify steady-state levels of proto-oncogene mRNAs. PDGF B-chain levels in culture supernatants of fibroblasts were determined by ELISA. Our results demonstrate that steady-state levels of c-myc and c-myb mRNA were elevated 1.5- to 5.6-fold in intralesional fibroblasts from SSc patients as compared to other cells examined. Levels of c-sis mRNA and PDGF-B protein were comparable regardless of source. Elevated c-myc and c-myb expression may be indicative of, and may contribute to, fibroblast activation in SSc.

Control of IL-6 expression and response in fibroblasts from patients with systemic sclerosis.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune connective tissue disease of unknown etiology in which aberrant fibroblast function results in fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. A distinguishing feature of dermal fibroblasts cultured from SSc lesions is that they produce constitutively, i.e., without exogenous stimulation, as much as 30-fold more interleukin-6 (IL-6) than do normal fibroblasts. The present study indicates that the mechanism of constitutive IL-6 secretion involves the accumulation of IL-6 mRNA in affected SSc fibroblasts, mediated by the constitutive binding of nuclear factors to the IL-6 promoter. DNA-protein complexes formed using nuclear extracts of constitutively expressing cells are distinct from those using extracts of normal cells, with or without exogenous stimulation of IL-6; thus, the mechanisms which regulate constitutive and inducible IL-6 gene expression are apparently distinct. The data also demonstrate that dermal fibroblasts respond very rapidly to IL-6 by increasing expression of the IL-6 gene, thus suggesting a mechanism for the establishment and/or persistence of constitutive expression. The constitutive secretion of IL-6 may play an important role in the perpetuation of the local immune dysregulation and fibroblast activation in the SSc lesion.

The fibromyalgia syndrome. Could you recognize and treat it?

Many of your patients may complain of innumerable "aches and pains." One possible diagnosis for these symptoms is the fibromyalgia syndrome, a common musculoskeletal condition. This article provides information to help you increase your ability to recognize, understand, and treat this condition.

Pulmonary manifestations of rheumatic disease.

The lungs are a common target in many rheumatic diseases. Treatment of the primary rheumatic disease is often all that is required to control lung involvement. Physicians must be careful not to attribute lung disease to the underlying rheumatic disorder, because interstitial lung disease can be a complication of drug therapy.

Optimizing Exercise Programs for Arthritis Patients.

In brief As part of a comprehensive brief treatment plan, exercise can decrease pain and improve function in people who have rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis. The physician must prescribe an individualized, realistic, and enjoyable exercise program that helps the affected joints and builds fitness. Well-tailored recommendations can also help maximize patient compliance. The physician must also provide appropriate follow-up care, adjusting the exercise program and medications as needed.