Breast feeding very-low-birthweight infants at discharge: a multicentre study using WHO definitions.

Human milk has several advantages in the nutrition of very-low-birthweight (VLBW) infants. However, there are limited data on breast feeding (BF) in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). The aim of this study was to identify a practical definition of BF rate in VLBW infants and to test its applicability and reproducibility in Italian NICUs. The study population included all VLBW infants discharged from 12 level 3 NICUs, over a 12-month period. Type of feeding was recorded according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) definition, with a 72-h recall period. We enrolled 594 VLBW infants. Mean birthweight was 1105 g (SD: 267), mean gestational age was 29.2 weeks (SD: 2.7) and mean length of stay in NICUs was 62.5 days (SD: 56.5). At discharge, 30.5% of VLBW infants were exclusively breast fed, 0.2% were predominantly breast fed, 23.8% were on complementary feeding and 45.5% were exclusively formula fed. A wide variability in BF rates was seen between centres. Among exclusively breast-fed VLBW infants, only 10% sucked directly and exclusively at the breast. WHO definitions can be used to assess type of feeding at discharge from NICUs. We speculate that common feeding definitions may allow both comparisons among different NICUs and ratings of quality improvement programmes.

Isolated hypoplasia of abdominal wall muscles associated with fetal ascites.

We report the case of an infant born after parvovirus B19-induced fetal hydrops, who presented at birth with bilateral abdominal wall laxity, which was more evident on the flanks. Imaging exams revealed congenital hypoplasia of oblique abdominal muscles not associated with other anatomical abnormalities except for small liver calcifications. We review the medical literature and identify similar cases associated with fetal ascites. We propose that isolated hypoplasia of abdominal wall muscles can be associated with fetal ascites from various causes, and represents a separate condition from prune belly syndrome.

An IBCLC in the Maternity Ward of a Mother and Child Hospital: A Pre- and Post-Intervention Study.

Published evidence on the impact of the integration of International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) for breastfeeding promotion is growing, but still relatively limited. Our study aims at evaluating the effects of adding an IBCLC for breastfeeding support in a mother and child hospital environment. We conducted a prospective study in the maternity ward of our maternal and child health Institute, recruiting 402 mothers of healthy term newborns soon after birth. The 18-month intervention of the IBCLC (Phase II) was preceded (Phase I) by data collection on breastfeeding rates and factors related to breastfeeding, both at hospital discharge and two weeks later. Data collection was replicated just before the end of the intervention (Phase III). In Phase III, a significantly higher percentage of mothers: (a) received help to breastfeed, and also received correct information on breastfeeding and community support, (b) started breastfeeding within two hours from delivery, (c) reported a good experience with the hospital staff. Moreover, the frequency of sore and/or cracked nipples was significantly lower in Phase III. However, no difference was found in exclusive breastfeeding rates at hospital discharge or at two weeks after birth.

Making the first days of life safer: preventing sudden unexpected postnatal collapse while promoting breastfeeding.

Early and prolonged skin-to-skin contact (SSC) after birth between a mother and her newborn has been shown to generate beneficial effects on the mother-infant relationship and breastfeeding. Close mother-infant body contact immediately after birth positively enhances exclusive breastfeeding during the hospital stay, with a dose-response relationship. Skin-to-skin contact may ease the infant's transition to extra-uterine life and helps regulate the infant's body temperature and nursing behavior. However, reports of sudden unexpected postnatal collapse (SUPC) soon after birth, in healthy term neonates, in association with SSC, have raised concerns about the safety of this practice. Based on available evidence, we developed a surveillance protocol in the delivery room and postnatal ward of the Institute for Maternal and Child Health of Trieste (Italy). The aim of our protocol is (a) to promote safe mother and infant bonding and (b) to establish successful breastfeeding, without increasing the risk of SUPC. As there is no known effective intervention to prevent SUPC, our protocol has been conceived as a potential best practice.

Breastfeeding at NICU discharge: a multicenter Italian study.

BACKGROUND: Human milk is the optimal form of nutrition for infants, especially sick or compromised infants, yet international data suggest that breastfeeding (feeding at the breast) and the use of expressed human milk (mother's and donor's milk) are limited in patients cared for in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to examine feeding status at hospital discharge among high risk infants. METHODS: We used the 1991 World Health Organization infant feeding definitions, applied to the 72 hour period preceding discharge from the NICU. The study sample consisted of all high risk infants discharged from July 1, 2005, to June 30, 2006 from 13 Italian NICUs. Data on infant feeding in the last 72 hours were collected at discharge from the medical records. RESULTS: We recorded data from 2948 subjects with a median gestational age of 35 weeks (IQR, 32-38), a median birth weight of 2200 g (IQR, 1630-2920) and a median length of stay of 16 days (IQR, 8-33). At discharge, 28% of all infants were fed exclusively with human milk: 31%, 25%, 22% and 33% respectively in the <1500 g, 1500-2000 g, 2000-2499 g and ≥ 2500 g birth weight categories. The proportion of infants not fed with human milk varied from 6 to 82% across different centers. CONCLUSION: Our study found limited breastfeeding and use of human milk among the NICU infants at discharge. At discharge, infants with a birth weight 1500-2499 g were fed exclusively with human milk less than those in higher or lower birth weight categories.

Functional neuroimaging of breastfeeding analgesia by multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy.

BACKGROUND: Newborns perceive pain, and several non-pharmacologic analgesic methods have been used during painful procedures. Activation of the neonatal somatosensory cortex, in association with a painful procedure without analgesia, has been demonstrated by two-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate both cortical and behavioural responses of healthy term newborns to a painful procedure during two non-pharmacologic analgesic interventions, i.e. glucose solution and breastfeeding. METHODS: The effects of glucose and breastfeeding on pain-associated neonatal cortical activity were studied in two groups (n = 30) by multichannel NIRS during a heel prick. Cortical activation was identified by variations in oxygenated haemoglobin. Neonatal pain expression was assessed by a validated scale. RESULTS: No significant variations in cortical activity emerged using glucose solution, whereas breastfed newborns showed widespread cortical activation. Breastfed neonates showed significantly less behavioural pain expression. CONCLUSIONS: Glucose is associated with no significant cortical activation and may interfere with pain-associated response at the cortical level. Conversely, breastfeeding analgesia is associated with generalized cortical activation and may act by multisensory stimulation, possibly overwhelming pain perception.

Intermittent kangaroo mother care: a NICU protocol.

The practice of kangaroo mother care (KMC) is steadily increasing in high-tech settings due to its proven benefits for both infants and parents. In spite of that, clear guidelines about how to implement this method of care are lacking, and as a consequence, some restrictions are applied in many neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), preventing its practice. Based on recommendations from the Expert Group of the International Network on Kangaroo Mother Care, we developed a hospital protocol in the neonatal unit of the Institute for Maternal and Child Health in Trieste, Italy, a level 3 unit, aimed to facilitate and promote KMC implementation in high-tech settings. Our guideline is therefore proposed, based both on current scientific literature and on practical considerations and experience. Future adjustments and improvements would be considered based on increasing clinical KMC use and further knowledge.

Opitz trigonocephaly syndrome presenting with sudden unexplained death in the operating room: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Opitz trigonocephaly C syndrome (OTCS) is a rare malformation syndrome with the following features: synostosis of metopic suture, craniofacial abnormalities, severe mental retardation and a multitude of pathological findings affecting almost every organ system. OTCS is associated with a high mortality rate. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe the case of a Caucasian male baby who died at five months of age during surgical correction of the craniofacial anomaly. CONCLUSION: As previously reported, OTCS may have an increased mortality rate during craniofacial surgery. Careful evaluation of surgery risk-benefit ratio is warranted in such patients.