UDP-6-glucose dehydrogenase in hormonally responsive breast cancers.

Survival for metastatic breast cancer is low and thus, continued efforts to treat and prevent metastatic progression are critical. Estrogen is shown to promote aggressive phenotypes in multiple cancer models irrespective of estrogen receptor (ER) status. Similarly, UDP-Glucose 6-dehydrogenase (UGDH) a ubiquitously expressed enzyme involved in extracellular matrix precursors, as well as hormone processing increases migratory and invasive properties in cancer models. While the role of UGDH in cellular migration is defined, how it intersects with and impacts hormone signaling pathways associated with tumor progression in metastatic breast cancer has not been explored. Here we demonstrate that UGDH knockdown blunts estrogen-induced tumorigenic phenotypes (migration and colony formation) in ER+ and ER- breast cancer in vitro. Knockdown of UGDH also inhibits extravasation of ER- breast cancer ex vivo, primary tumor growth and animal survival in vivo in both ER+ and ER- breast cancer. We also use single cell RNA-sequencing to demonstrate that our findings translate to a human breast cancer clinical specimen. Our findings support the role of estrogen and UGDH in breast cancer progression provide a foundation for future studies to evaluate the role of UGDH in therapeutic resistance to improve outcomes and survival for breast cancer patients.

Estrogen signaling suppresses tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia to promote breast tumor growth.

Estrogens regulate eosinophilia in asthma and other inflammatory diseases. Further, peripheral eosinophilia and tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) predicts a better response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in breast cancer. However, how and if estrogens affect eosinophil biology in tumors and how this influences ICB efficacy has not been determined. Here, we report that estrogens decrease the number of peripheral eosinophils and TATE, and this contributes to increased tumor growth in validated murine models of breast cancer and melanoma. Moreover, estrogen signaling in healthy female mice also suppressed peripheral eosinophil prevalence by decreasing the proliferation and survival of maturing eosinophils. Inhibiting estrogen receptor (ER) signaling decreased tumor growth in an eosinophil-dependent manner. Further, the efficacy of ICBs was increased when administered in combination with anti-estrogens. These findings highlight the importance of ER signaling as a regulator of eosinophil biology and TATE and highlight the potential near-term clinical application of ER modulators to increase ICB efficacy in multiple tumor types.

Estrogen Receptor Signaling in the Immune System.

The immune system functions in a sexually dimorphic manner, with females exhibiting more robust immune responses than males. However, how female sex hormones affect immune function in normal homeostasis and in autoimmunity is poorly understood. In this review, we discuss how estrogens affect innate and adaptive immune cell activity and how dysregulation of estrogen signaling underlies the pathobiology of some autoimmune diseases and cancers. The potential roles of the major circulating estrogens, and each of the 3 estrogen receptors (ERα, ERß, and G-protein coupled receptor) in the regulation of the activity of different immune cells are considered. This provides the framework for a discussion of the impact of ER modulators (aromatase inhibitors, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and selective estrogen receptor downregulators) on immunity. Synthesis of this information is timely given the considerable interest of late in defining the mechanistic basis of sex-biased responses/outcomes in patients with different cancers treated with immune checkpoint blockade. It will also be instructive with respect to the further development of ER modulators that modulate immunity in a therapeutically useful manner.

UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UGDH) in clinical oncology and cancer biology.

UDP-glucose-6-dehydrogenase (UGDH) is a cytosolic, hexameric enzyme that converts UDP-glucose to UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcUA), a key reaction in hormone and xenobiotic metabolism and in the production of extracellular matrix precursors. In this review, we classify UGDH as a molecular indicator of tumor progression in multiple cancer types, describe its involvement in key canonical cancer signaling pathways, and identify methods to inhibit UGDH, its substrates, and its downstream products. As such, we position UGDH as an enzyme to be exploited as a potential prognostication marker in oncology and a therapeutic target in cancer biology.

A New Chemotype of Chemically Tractable Nonsteroidal Estrogens Based on a Thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine Core.

Despite continued interest in the development of nonsteroidal estrogens and antiestrogens, there are only a few chemotypes of estrogen receptor ligands. Using targeted screening in a ligand sensing assay, we identified a phenolic thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine with affinity for estrogen receptor α. An efficient three-step synthesis of the heterocyclic core and structure-guided optimization of the substituents resulted in a series of potent nonsteroidal estrogens. The chemical tractability of the thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine chemotype will support the design of new estrogen receptor ligands as therapeutic hormones and antihormones.

Tumor genotype dictates radiosensitization after Atm deletion in primary brainstem glioma models.

Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) kills more children than any other type of brain tumor. Despite clinical trials testing many chemotherapeutic agents, palliative radiotherapy remains the standard treatment. Here, we utilized Cre/loxP technology to show that deleting Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (Atm) in primary mouse models of DIPG can enhance tumor radiosensitivity. Genetic deletion of Atm improved survival of mice with p53-deficient but not p53 wild-type gliomas after radiotherapy. Similar to patients with DIPG, mice with p53 wild-type tumors had improved survival after radiotherapy independent of Atm deletion. Primary p53 wild-type tumor cell lines induced proapoptotic genes after radiation and repressed the NRF2 target, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (Nqo1). Tumors lacking p53 and Ink4a/Arf expressed the highest level of Nqo1 and were most resistant to radiation, but deletion of Atm enhanced the radiation response. These results suggest that tumor genotype may determine whether inhibition of ATM during radiotherapy will be an effective clinical approach to treat DIPGs.

Inhibition of estrogen signaling in myeloid cells increases tumor immunity in melanoma.

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies have significantly prolonged patient survival across multiple tumor types, particularly in melanoma. Interestingly, sex-specific differences in response to ICB have been observed, with males receiving a greater benefit from ICB than females, although the mechanism or mechanisms underlying this difference are unknown. Mining published transcriptomic data sets, we determined that the response to ICBs is influenced by the functionality of intratumoral macrophages. This puts into context our observation that estrogens (E2) working through the estrogen receptor α (ERα) stimulated melanoma growth in murine models by skewing macrophage polarization toward an immune-suppressive state that promoted CD8+ T cell dysfunction and exhaustion and ICB resistance. This activity was not evident in mice harboring macrophage-specific depletion of ERα, confirming a direct role for estrogen signaling within myeloid cells in establishing an immunosuppressed state. Inhibition of ERα using fulvestrant, a selective estrogen receptor downregulator (SERD), decreased tumor growth, stimulated adaptive immunity, and increased the antitumor efficacy of ICBs. Further, a gene signature that determines ER activity in macrophages predicted survival in patients with melanoma treated with ICB. These results highlight the importance of E2/ER signaling as a regulator of intratumoral macrophage polarization, an activity that can be therapeutically targeted to reverse immune suppression and increase ICB efficacy.

Author Correction: Pro-metastatic collagen lysyl hydroxylase dimer assemblies stabilized by Fe2+-binding.

In the originally published version of this Article, financial support was not fully acknowledged. The PDF and HTML versions of the Article have now been corrected to also include support from the National Institutes of Health grant T32GM008280 to Sarah Alvarado.

Pro-metastatic collagen lysyl hydroxylase dimer assemblies stabilized by Fe2+-binding.

Collagen lysyl hydroxylases (LH1-3) are Fe2+- and 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)-dependent oxygenases that maintain extracellular matrix homeostasis. High LH2 levels cause stable collagen cross-link accumulations that promote fibrosis and cancer progression. However, developing LH antagonists will require structural insights. Here, we report a 2 Å crystal structure and X-ray scattering on dimer assemblies for the LH domain of L230 in Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus. Loop residues in the double-stranded ß-helix core generate a tail-to-tail dimer. A stabilizing hydrophobic leucine locks into an aromatic tyrosine-pocket on the opposite subunit. An active site triad coordinates Fe2+. The two active sites flank a deep surface cleft that suggest dimerization creates a collagen-binding site. Loss of Fe2+-binding disrupts the dimer. Dimer disruption and charge reversal in the cleft increase Km and reduce LH activity. Ectopic L230 expression in tumors promotes collagen cross-linking and metastasis. These insights suggest inhibitor targets for fibrosis and cancer.