Participatory action research intervention for improving sleep in inpatients with cancer.

AIM: To design and implement a plan to improve oncohaematological patients' sleep. BACKGROUND: The hospital environment can compromise inpatients' sleep, negatively impacting on health outcomes and patient satisfaction. DESIGN AND METHOD: The improvement plan was designed in collaboration with 18 professionals, 3 patients and 3 accompanying relatives. The study designed followed the SQUIRE 2.0 guidelines. Outcome variables were self-reported patient satisfaction regarding sleep, measured using a 30-item, ad hoc questionnaire and a 10-point visual analogue scale, completed by 318 oncohaematological inpatients (pre-intervention n = 120, post-intervention, n = 198) in a comprehensive cancer centre in Spain from 2017 to 2019. RESULTS: Overall, 61.5% (n = 190) of the inpatients reported sleep alterations, and 92.6% reported interruptions in their nightly sleep. Half slept less than 6 h/night, but 58.0% said they felt rested upon waking, despite the interruptions. These outcomes were similar before and after the intervention. The improvement plan identified four domains for work (professionals, care procedures, instruments/environment and patients/relatives), 10 areas for improvement and 35 actions for implementation. However, overall sleep worsened significantly, from 6.73 to 6.06 on the 10-point scale. The intervention significantly improved variables related to professionals' behaviour, including noise during the shift change, conversations at the control desk and the use of corridor lights. Sleep disturbances were mainly caused by pain/discomfort and infuser alarms, and collectively they decreased significantly after the intervention (p = .008). However, overall sleep worsened significantly, from 6.73 to 6.06 on the 10-point scale. CONCLUSIONS: Pain, clinical devices and noise made by professionals are the main causes of sleep disturbances. Involving professionals in decision-making to improve patients' sleep have a positive impact on noise levels. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: This study proposes new strategies for improving sleep by increasing staff awareness and changing attitudes towards patients' sleep. Nurses should be involved in addressing sleep disturbances during hospitalization.

Impact of a Training Intervention on the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) Scale in Noncommunicative Inpatients.

BACKGROUND: Public hospitals in Catalonia (Spain) recommend using the Spanish version of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD-Sp) scale for assessing pain in adult patients unable to self-report. However, since its inclusion in Catalonian nursing care plans in 2010, there have been no training programs for nurses, contributing to its current underuse. AIMS: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a nurse training intervention on the PAINAD-Sp scale in noncommunicative inpatients unable to self-report. DESIGN: Before-after study. SETTINGS: Two public hospitals in Catalonia (Spain). PARTICIPANTS/SUBJECTS: Four hundred and one nurses participated in the training course and 219 patients received PAINAD-Sp assessments. METHODS: We used a before-after study design, evaluating the use of the PAINAD-Sp scale over two 6-month periods before and after an online training intervention for nurses in February 2017, in two public hospitals. Data were collected from patient records in each center. The primary outcome was the number of patients receiving PAINAD-Sp assessments during admission. Secondary outcomes were the number of assessments undertaken per patient during admission, the total (0-10) and item-specific (0-2) PAINAD-Sp score, and pharmacologic treatment administered. RESULTS: There were 401 nurses who took part in the training program. Over the study period, 219 patients received PAINAD-Sp assessments: 29 in the preintervention period and 190 in the postintervention period (p < .001). Administration of analgesics and antipyretics decreased (p < .001) after the intervention, whereas use of hypnotic drugs and sedatives increased. CONCLUSIONS: Theoretical and practical training may be an effective way to improve nurses' approach to identifying, assessing, and managing pain in patients unable to self-report.

Validation of the Spanish Version of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia Scale (PAINAD-Sp) in Hospitalized Patients with Neurologic Disorders and Oncologic Patients Unable to Self-Report Their Pain.

BACKGROUND: Pain has a significant impact on hospitalized patients and is a quality indicator for nursing care. The Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale measures pain in people with communication disorders and advanced dementia, but it has not been validated in any other population. AIMS: The aim of this study was to validate the Spanish version (PAINAD-Sp) in hospitalized patients with neurologic disorders and in end-of-life cancer patients with difficulty self-reporting. DESIGN: The study had two phases: (1) analysis of the content by a committee of experts and (2) a cross-sectional study. SETTINGS: We collected phase 2 data from January 2017 to December 2017 in four hospitals in Barcelona: Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, and Hospital de Bellvitge. PARTICIPANTS/SUBJECTS: We included all adults who had either a neurological disorder affecting language or an oncological disease with an end-of-life prognosis and difficulty self-reporting pain. We excluded patients with a diagnosis of dementia. METHODS: The cross-sectional study included 325 patients who were simultaneously evaluated by two observers both at rest and in movement. We analyzed psychometric properties in terms of construct validity, reliability, and sensitivity to change. RESULTS: We obtained Cronbach α > .70 in both situations and an inter-rater reliability of 0.80. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the model adjusted adequately to a unidimensional structure. In terms of sensitivity to change, the mean difference was greater in movement than at rest (difference in means was 1.15). CONCLUSIONS: The PAINAD-Sp_Hosp scale had good psychometric qualities in terms of validity and reliability in neurology and oncology patients unable to self-report pain.

Evidence on port-locking with heparin versus saline in patients with cancer not receiving chemotherapy: A randomized clinical trial.

Objective: To assess the safety and efficacy of port-locking with heparin every 2 months vs. every 4 months and vs. saline solution every 2 months in patients with cancer not receiving active chemotherapy. The hypothesis stated that locking with heparin at four-month intervals and saline at two-month intervals would not increment > 10% of port obstructions. Methods: Multicentre, phase IV parallel, post-test control group study took place at the two chemotherapy units of oncology hospitals. Included patients with cancer with ports that completed the chemotherapy treatment but still having port maintenance care or blood samples taken up to four months. A sample of 126 patients with cancer in three arms was needed to detect a maximum difference of 10% for bioequivalence on the locking methods. Consecutive cases non-probabilistic sampling and randomized to one of the three groups; group A: received heparin 60 IU/mL every two months (control) vs. group B heparin every four months and vs. saline every two months in group C. Primary variables were the type of locking regimen, port obstruction, and absence of blood return, port-related infection, or venous thrombosis during the study period. Clinical and sociodemographic variables were also collected. Results: A total of 143 patients were randomly assigned; group A, 47 patients with heparin every 2 months, group B, 51 patients with heparin 4 months, and group C, 45 patients with saline every 2 months. All participants presented an adequate blood return and no obstructions, until the month of the 10th, when one participant in the group A receiving was withdrawn due to an absence of blood flow (P â€‹= â€‹0.587). Conclusions: Port locks with heparin every 4 months or saline every 2 months did not show differences in safety maintenance, infection, or thrombosis compared to heparin every 2 months.

Reliability and validity study of the Spanish adaptation of the "Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire" (W-DEQ-A).

The Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ-A) is an instrument that evaluates fear of childbirth through the expectations of women in relation to childbirth and their experience during the birth. The objective of this study was to translate the W-DEQ-A into Spanish and analyse its reliability and validity. The study was carried out in two phases: (1) adapting the questionnaire to Spanish and (2) a transversal study in a sample of 273 pregnant women in the Sexual and Reproductive Health centres in the Metropolitan Northern Barcelona in Catalonia (Spain). The psychometric properties were analysed in terms of reliability and construct validity. The confirmatory factorial analysis did not confirm the unidimensionality of the original structure of the WDEQ-A, as happened with the other studies in which it has previously been validated. The result of the exploratory factorial analysis suggests four factors, or dimensions, very similar but not identical to those obtained in other analysis studies of the W-DEQ-A. The Cronbach alpha and the omega scale were also adequate for all the scales and for each of the dimensions. The results of this study confirm the findings of other studies that suggest that the W-DEQ-A is multi-dimensional. In the Spanish version of the W-DEQ-A four dimensions have been identified to explore fear of childbirth in pregnant women. The Spanish version of the WDEQ-A (WDEQ-A-Sp) is reliable and valid for the measurement of fear of childbirth in clinical practice and for use in future research.

Validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the "Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire" (W-DEQ-B).

The Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ-B) is an instrument that allows the experiences around fear of childbirth to be examined after the birth. It is currently the most widely used to measure different aspects related to the fear of childbirth and enables healthcare and additional assistance to women after birth to be adapted according to their needs. The objective of this study was to translate the W-DEQ-B into Spanish and analyse its reliability and validity. The study was carried out in two phases: (1) transcultural adaption of the questionnaire to Spanish and (2) a transversal study in a sample of 190 postpartum women from Sexual and Reproductive Health Clinics in the province of Barcelona (Spain). The psychometric properties were examined in terms of reliability (internal consistency and temporal stability) and construct validity (confirmatory factorial analysis [CFA] and exploratory factorial analysis [EFA]). The results of the CFA did not confirm unidimensionality of the W-DEQ-B questionnaire. The EFA suggested four very similar, but not identical, dimensions to those obtained in other studies in which the W-DEQ-B has been evaluated. Both the Cronbach's alpha and the omega coefficient were adequate for the total questionnaire and for each of the four dimensions. The results of this study confirm that the W-DEQ-B is multi-dimensional. In the Spanish version of the W-DEQ-B-Sp four dimensions have been identified that allow the experiences around fear of childbirth to be examined after the birth. The Spanish version of the WDEQ-B (WDEQ-B-Sp) is reliable and valid for the measurement of fear of childbirth in clinical practice and for use in future research.

E-Learning course for nurses on pain assessment in patients unable to self-report.

Public hospitals in Catalonia, Spain, have recommended assessing pain in non-communicative inpatients by means of the Spanish version of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia scale (PAINAD-Sp) since 2010; a modification for patients with neurologic disorders and cancer, PAINAD-Sp_Hosp, has also been validated. However, nurses are not routinely trained in the use of the scales. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge on pain assessment in nurses following an online training course. We surveyed participants prior to the course to determine baseline knowledge of pain and pain assessment. Course material included conceptual content on pain and practical videos demonstrating the scoring system for the PAINAD-Sp_Hosp scale. After completing the course, participants took a multiple choice quiz to test understanding of course content and a satisfaction survey to determine acceptability. Of the 836 nurses invited, 401 participated in the training course; 37.7% reported having no previous specific training on pain, and just 32.2% used the PAINAD-Sp scale regularly. Following the course, virtually all (99%) of the participants passed the quiz. Overall satisfaction among nurses with regard to the training received was 8.6/10. Thus, the e-learning course was effective and acceptable for training nurses on pain assessment using validated tools.

Factors associated with receipt of the 5As model of brief intervention for smoking cessation among hospitalized patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Guidelines recommend the 5As model of brief intervention for providing smoking cessation support in clinical settings. This study assessed patient and hospital characteristics associated with self-reported receipt of the 5As (ask, advise, assess, assist and arrange). DESIGN: Multi-center cross-sectional study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Adult inpatients (n = 1047) were randomly selected from 13 hospitals in the Barcelona province of Spain in 2014-2015. MEASUREMENTS: We explored participants' receipt of the 5As through a questionnaire. Given the progressiveness of the 5As, we recoded the fulfillment of the intervention as: A0 : no intervention; A1 : ask; A2 : ask and advise; A3 : A2 and assess; A4 : A3 and assist; and A5 : A4 and arrange a follow-up. We explored patient (e.g. age, sex, comorbidities) and hospital (e.g. type of hospital, unit) characteristics. We adjusted multi-level robust Poisson regression models to estimate the adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) of the association between the recoded 5As intervention received. FINDINGS: A total of 60.4% (n = 624) of patients had been asked (A1 ) about their smoking status. Among smokers, 46.5% (n = 90) were advised (A2 ), 26.6% (n = 48) assessed (A3 ) and 4.6% (n = 10) received all the components of the 5As (A5 ). Middle-aged smokers [aPR = 3.63; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.69-7.79] with a respiratory disease (aPR = 2.19; 95% CI = 1.11-4.34) were most likely to have been asked, advised and assessed (A3 ). The cessation intervention was most frequently performed by physicians. CONCLUSIONS: In the Barcelona province of Spain, it appears that fewer than half of hospitalized patients who smoke were advised to quit and few received the full 'five As' brief intervention for smoking cessation.

Patient perceptions of tobacco control after smoke-free hospital grounds legislation: Multi-center cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine patient perceptions of the role of health care providers in tobacco control and tobacco-related services they should provide after the introduction of national smoke-free hospital grounds legislation in Spain. DESIGN: Multi-center cross-sectional study. SETTING: Thirteen hospitals in Barcelona province in 2014-2015. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1,047 adult hospital patients, with a stay ≥ 24 h were randomly selected. METHOD: We explored participants' perceptions of the role of health professionals and hospitals in tobacco control by asking about their agreement with several statements after the introduction of national legislation on smoke-free hospital grounds: (i) health professionals "should set an example and not smoke" and "should provide smoking cessation support"; (ii) hospitals "should provide smoking cessation treatments" and are "role model organizations in compliance with the smoke-free legislation", and (iii) "hospitalization is a perfect moment to quit smoking". Responses were described overall and according to participant and hospital characteristics: patient sex and age, type of hospital unit, number of beds, and smoking prevalence among hospital staff. RESULTS: The majority of participants considered that health professionals should be role models in tobacco cessation (75.3%), should provide smoking cessation support to patients (83.0%), and that hospitalization is a good opportunity for initiating an attempt to quit (71.5%). Inpatients admitted to general hospitals where smoking cessation was not given as part of their portfolio, with a low level of implementation in tobacco control, and who stayed in surgical units had higher expectations of receiving smoking cessation interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Inpatients strongly support the role of hospitals and health professionals in tobacco control and expect to receive smoking cessation interventions during their hospital stay. Systematically providing smoking cessation services in hospitals may have a relevant impact on health outcomes among smokers and on health care system expenditures.

Efficacy of Plantago major, chlorhexidine 0.12% and sodium bicarbonate 5% solution in the treatment of oral mucositis in cancer patients with solid tumour: A feasibility randomised triple-blind phase III clinical trial.

PURPOSE: Oral mucositis is one of the most common adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of Plantago major extract versus chlorhexidine 0.12% versus sodium bicarbonate 5% in the symptomatic treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in solid tumour cancer patients. METHOD: Multicentre randomised controlled trial estimated sample of 45 solid tumour patients with grade II-III mucositis. The participants were randomised to one of three treatments, consisting of sodium bicarbonate 5% aqueous solution together with: an additional dose of sodium bicarbonate 5% aqueous solution, Plantago major extract, or chlorhexidine 0.12%. The primary outcomes were severity of mucositis, pain intensity, oral intake capacity and quality of life. The independent variable was treatment group, and confounders included sociodemographic data, neutrophil count, chemotherapy drug and dose received. RESULTS: Of the 50 patients enrolled, 68% (n = 34) achieved grade 0 mucositis (none), with those using the double sodium bicarbonate rinse healing in five days on average (95% CI 3.9, 6.5) versus seven days (95% CI 5.3, 9,0) for the chlorhexidine group and seven days (95% CI 5.3, 8.5) for the Plantago major group. The pain experienced by the participants lessened over the 14 days of treatment, but differences in pain intensity between the three groups did not show statistical significance (p = 0.762). CONCLUSIONS: Healing time was shorter with the double sodium bicarbonate solution compared to the other two rinses, but the differences were not significant. Our results suggest it may be time to reconsider the use of Plantago major extract in the management of oral mucositis.

The Oncology Nurse Prescribing: A Catalonian Survey.

OBJECTIVE: This study identifies the capability, knowledge, and satisfaction of oncology nurses in Spain after approval of the nurse prescribing law in 2006. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 140 nurses in three cancer centers in Catalonia, Spain, by using convenience sampling method. The principal variables of this study were nurse satisfaction, knowledge about what products nurses are allowed to prescribe, the nurses' perception of their own prescribing ability, and their opinion on education and training needs with regard to the new approved law. The secondary variables included years of professional experience, place of work, and sociodemographic variables. Data were collected during a 3 months period by using a piloted 29-item self-assessment questionnaire. RESULTS: Analyses of univariate and bivariate data showed that 82.2% of the nurses were aware of the approved law, but 94.2% indicated that they lack information about it. The mean satisfaction with the approval of the law was 6.64 ± 1.76 (numerical scale 0-10). In addition, 68.1% and 55.1% of the nurses were prepared to prescribe medical devices and drugs, respectively. To date, 61.1% of the nurses prescribe medical devices and 66% prescribe pharmacological products daily. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses expressed general satisfaction with the approval of the Law 29/2006. Nurses currently provide prescriptions, but widespread knowledge of the allowed prescriptions is lacking.

Analysis of University Postgraduate Nursing Education in Spain.

BACKGROUND: The nursing education program framework in Spain has recently been adapted and modified. This study aimed to analyze university postgraduate master'slevel nursing education during the past 21 years in Spain in terms of educational supply and demand. METHOD: A retrospective, longitudinal, descriptive, and observational design was used. The educational offerings at 15 university nursing schools in Spain were examined. The target population was 7,871 registered and licensed nurses who had completed postgraduate education. RESULTS: Among the 211 programs offered, public universities' educational offerings focused on two areas-public health and emergency care-whereas most courses in private universities were in surgery. Regarding demand, 1,235 nurses were enrolled. The most frequently requested educational areas were surgery, emergency and urgent care, and public health. CONCLUSION: Although the postgraduate nursing education situation has changed, supply and demand for this type of education in Spain are well balanced at both public and private universities. [J Nurs Educ. 2016;55(11):615-622.].

[Randomised clinical trial on pain control in intertrochanteric fractures of the femur with and without skin traction]. / Ensayo clínico aleatorizado sobre el control del dolor en las fracturas pertrocantéreas de fémur mediante el uso o no de tracción cutánea.

AIM: To evaluate the level of pain control among patients with intertrochanteric fracture of the femur with and without the application of skin traction. METHODS: A randomised, single centre, parallel, controlled and open, clinical trial performed in a hospital environment. The study subjects were patients with an intertrochanteric femur fracture seen in the Emergency Department. A non-probabilistic and consecutive sample of 40 patients (power 80% CI: 95%), was used. The patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to treatment with or without skin traction. The assignment was made by means of sealed envelopes. The principal variable of study was the evaluation of the pain at 48 hours after admission. Data was collected during February to October 2008 using an ad hoc questionnaire. Data was collected at baseline, 2 h, 24 h and 48 h after admission. RESULTS: At 48 hours after admission, the mean baseline pain improved by 4.4 points (SD: 1.8) (P<.001), the differential effect of the level of pain between both study groups was 0.7 points of the VAS scale (95% CI, -0.7 to 0.6), while the effect of traction showed no statistically significant differences (P=.721). One patient was withdrawn due skin reaction to the traction adhesive. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment with skin traction in the patients with intertrochanteric fracture of femur does not produce changes in the progression of the pain in comparison with the patients without skin traction.

[Knowledge of and satisfaction with the approval of the nurse prescription of nurses studying a masters degree and specialty in the University of Barcelona]. / Conocimiento y satisfacción de la aprobación de la prescripción enfermera (Ley 28/2009) en enfermeras de formación máster y especialidad de la Universidad de Barcelona.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the knowledge, satisfaction and capabilities of nurses regarding nurse prescribing after the approval of the Nurse Prescription Law. METHODS: A cross-sectional study carried out in the School of Nursing at the University of Barcelona (UB). The participants included 485 nurses taking a Masters or Specialist degree and teaching staff in these courses. The main variables were: satisfaction, information and knowledge about the recently approved Law, knowledge about the current skills on the prescribed products, nurse perception of their own prescribing ability, and opinion on information and training as regards the new law. The secondary variables included: years of professional experience, area and job position, postgraduate course and socio-demographic data. The study was conducted from March to April 2010 using a self-administered ad hoc questionnaire with 29 items on the topic and previously piloted on site. RESULTS: A total of 345 nurses participated, of whom 87.2% (301) taking a Masters degree. Of these, 72.3% (238) were aware and stated to have knowledge of the Law passed, although 95.9% (303) of them said they lacked information on it. The mean score on satisfaction with the approval of the Prescription Law was 6.24±2.08. Of all the nurses, 57.6% (189) of them said they were currently able to prescribe health products and 41.3% were capable of prescribing drugs (134). CONCLUSIONS: Nurses showed a high level of satisfaction with the Nurse Prescription law. Currently, many nurses are independently prescribing pharmacological and health products.