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OBJECTIVE: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) represents a profoundly perilous zoonotic disease. The advent of viral macrogenomics has facilitated the exploration of hitherto uncharted viral territories. In the scope of this investigation, our objective is to scrutinize disparities in the intestinal microbiotic ecosystems of canines dwelling in elevated terrains and those afflicted by Echinococcus infection, employing the tool of viral macrogenomics. METHODS: In this study, we collected a comprehensive total of 1,970 fecal samples from plateau dogs infected with Echinococcus, as well as healthy control plateau dogs from the Yushu and Guoluo regions in the highland terrain of China. These samples were subjected to viral macrogenomic analysis to investigate the viral community inhabiting the canine gastrointestinal tract. RESULTS: Our meticulous analysis led to the identification of 136 viral genomic sequences, encompassing eight distinct viral families. CONCLUSION: The outcomes of this study hold the potential to enhance our comprehension of the intricate interplay between hosts, parasites, and viral communities within the highland canine gut ecosystem. Through the examination of phage presence, it may aid in early detection or assessment of infection severity, providing valuable insights into Echinococcus infection and offering prospects for potential treatment strategies.
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Doenças do Cão , Equinococose , Echinococcus , Fezes , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Animais , Cães , Equinococose/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Doenças do Cão/virologia , China , Fezes/parasitologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Fezes/virologia , Echinococcus/genética , Echinococcus/isolamento & purificação , Genoma Viral , Vírus/classificação , Vírus/isolamento & purificação , Vírus/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis larval tapeworm infections in humans that severely impairs the health of affected patients in the northern hemisphere. METHODS: The expression levels of 20 cytokines associated with AE infection were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the correlations between these cytokines were analysed in the R programming language. RESULTS: Serum cytokine levels differed among individuals in both the AE patient and healthy control groups. The results of the correlations among the cytokines showed obvious differences between the two groups. In the AE patients group, Th1 and Th2 cytokines formed a more complicated network than that in the healthy control group. CONCLUSIONS: The altered correlations between Th1 and Th2 cytokines may be closely associated with AE infection, which may provide a new explanation for the essential differences between AE patients and healthy individuals.
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Equinococose/imunologia , Equilíbrio Th1-Th2 , Adulto , Animais , Citocinas/sangue , Equinococose/sangue , Echinococcus multilocularis , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Objective: To investigate the prevalence of echinococcosis in Yushu Prefecture of Qinghai Province in 2012. Methods: Two to three towns were selected in each of Chengduo, Nangqian, Qu malai, Yushu, Zaduo and Zhiduo Counties from June to August in 2012. Ultrasound examination was conducted for residents aged over 1 year, and ELISA was performed to detect serum antibody against Echinococcus. Visceral dissection was performed to detect hydatid infection in rodents and livestock. ELISA was used to detect Echinococcus antigen in collected dog feces. Results: A total of 7 025 residents received ultrasound examination, of whom 319 showed hydatid cysts with a morbidity rate of 4.54%. ELISA showed a serum antibody positive rate of 16.38% ï¼457/2 790ï¼. The mobidity of hydatid disease was highest in Chengduo County ï¼7.41%, 181/2 444ï¼, and the rate of serum antibody was highest in Yushu County ï¼23.18%, 127/548ï¼. The morbidity and serum antibody in males were 3.91% ï¼118/3 018ï¼ and 13.93% ï¼172/1 235ï¼ respectively, and those in females were 5.02% ï¼201/4 007ï¼ and 18.33% ï¼285/1 555ï¼. In terms of age distribution, the morbidity was relatively higher in residents of 60- ï¼8.39%, 38/453ï¼ and 40- years ï¼6.61%, 67/1 014ï¼; and the rate of serum antibody was highest in residents over 70 years ï¼33.93%, 19/56ï¼. In terms of occupation, the morbidity was relatively higher in herdsmen ï¼5.28%, 252/4 777ï¼, Herdsmen-peasants ï¼6.52%, 24/368ï¼, and religious workersï¼3.37%, 11/326ï¼, while the rate of serum antibody was relatively higher in childrenï¼24%, 6/25ï¼, religious workers ï¼18.79%, 31/165ï¼ and herdsmenï¼18.34%, 328/1 788ï¼. In terms of education level, the morbidity and the rate of serum antibody were both highest in the uneducatedï¼5.04%, 41/4 779; 18.34%, 359/1 958, respectivelyï¼. In terms of residential pattern, the morbidity and the rate of serum antibody were both highest in those who were settled in winter and nomadic in summer ï¼8.25%, 227/2 753; 19.48%, 158/811, respectivelyï¼. There were significant differences in the morbidity and the rate of serum antibody in aspects of residential region, sex, age, occupation, education level and residential pattern (P<0.05 or P<0.01). In 872 rodents detected, the Echinococcus hydatid rate was 0.46% ï¼4/872ï¼, while in 809 cattle and sheep detected, the Echinococcus hydatid rate was 10.14% ï¼82/809ï¼. The fecal antigen positive rate in 838 samples of dog feces was 10.74%ï¼90/838ï¼. Conclusion: It shows a high morbidity of hydatid diesease and serum antibody positive rate in residents, a high Echinococcus hydatid rate in cattle and sheep, and a high fecal antigen positive rate in dogs in Yushu Prefecture.
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Equinococose , Echinococcus , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Animais , Antígenos de Helmintos , Bovinos , Meio Ambiente , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Fezes , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Gado , Prevalência , Estações do Ano , Ovinos , Inquéritos e Questionários , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by the Echinococcus multilocularis metacestode, represents one of the most frequently fatal zoonoses. Early diagnosis significantly reduces morbidity and mortality associated with AE. Diagnosis of AE largely depends on a combination of imaging and serological tests due to its minimal clinical manifestations. Several antigens derived from the whole worm and protoscolex have been targeted for AE serodiagnosis, while the antigenic properties of E. multilocularis hydatid fluid (EmHF) are unclear. We observed two AE-specific 6- and 8-kDa antigen proteoforms through an immunoproteome array of the EmHF. We identified these proteins as representing an E. multilocularis antigen B3 (EmAgB3) isoform, and the proteins were shown to be encoded by the same gene. We cloned the gene and expressed the recombinant EmAgB3 protein (rEmAgB3) in Escherichia coli. rEmAgB3 exhibited sensitivity of 90.9% (80/88 cases) and specificity of 98.5% (597/606 samples) by immunoblotting. The positive and negative predictive values were 89.9% and 98.6%, respectively. The protein did not show antibody responses to 33 AE sera collected during posttreatment follow-up monitoring. Mouse sera experimentally infected with AE protoscoleces began to demonstrate specific antibody responses to native and recombinant EmAgB3 6 months after infection. At that stage, fully mature metacestode vesicles that harbored the brood capsule, primary cell, and protoscolex were observed within an AE mass(es). The response declined along with worm degeneration. Our results demonstrate that the immune responses to this EmAgB3 isoform were highly correlated with worm viability accompanied with AE progression. rEmAgB3 is a promising biomarker for serological assessment of AE patients.
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Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/sangue , Antígenos de Helmintos/imunologia , Equinococose Hepática/diagnóstico , Echinococcus multilocularis/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Criança , Equinococose , Equinococose Hepática/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit is a traditional Chinese medicine with important pharmacological effects. However, its cultivation is challenged by soil degradation following excessive use of chemical fertilizer. We conducted an experiment exploring the effects of replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers (OF) on the growth and yield of P. ternata, as well as on the soil physicochemical properties and microbial community composition using containerized plants. Six fertilization treatments were evaluated, including control (CK), chemical fertilizer (CF), different proportions of replacing chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer (OM1-4). Containerized P. ternata plants in each OF treatment had greater growth and yield than the CK and CF treatments while maintaining alkaloid content. The OM3 treatment had the greatest yield among all treatments, with an increase of 42.35% and 44.93% compared to the CK and CF treatments, respectively. OF treatments improved soil quality and fertility by enhancing the activities of soil urease (S-UE) and sucrase (S-SC) enzymes while increasing soil organic matter and trace mineral elements. OF treatments increased bacterial abundance and changed soil community structure. In comparison to the CK microbial groups enriched in OM3 were OLB13, Vicinamibacteraceae, and Blrii41. There were also changes in the abundance of gene transcripts among treatments. The abundance of genes involved in the nitrogen cycle in the OM3 has increased, specifically promoting the transformation of N-NO3- into N-NH4+, a type of nitrogen more easily absorbed by P. ternata. Also, genes involved in "starch and sucrose metabolism" and "plant hormone signal transduction" pathways were positively correlated to P. ternata yield and were upregulated in the OM3 treatment. Overall, OF in P. ternata cultivation is a feasible practice in advancing sustainable agriculture and is potentially profitable in commercial production.
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Fertilizantes , Ciclo do Nitrogênio , Pinellia , Solo , Amido , Sacarose , Solo/química , Pinellia/metabolismo , Sacarose/metabolismo , Amido/metabolismo , Microbiologia do Solo , Nitrogênio/metabolismoRESUMO
A new case of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) was reported by Changzhi CDC of Shanxi Province in September 2011. The case was investigated clinically and epidemiologically. The patient was a two-year-old boy who lived in Huangnian Town of Changzhi County in Shanxi Province. Clinical examination showed hepatosplenomegaly, consistent decrease of blood cells and Leishman-Donovan body in the bone marrow smear. The rK39 immune diagnosis test showed strongly positive. The case was diagnosed as kala-azar. After one course treatment of sodium stibogluconate, the patient's condition improved markedly. There were no cases of kala-azar in this region historically. Blood samples of 17 individuals and 5 domestic animals including 3 dogs were all negative in the rK39 immunodiagnostic test. It is speculated that the potential risk of kala-azar transmission exists in this region.
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Leishmania donovani/isolamento & purificação , Leishmaniose Visceral/epidemiologia , Animais , Gatos , Pré-Escolar , China/epidemiologia , Cães , Humanos , Testes Imunológicos , Leishmaniose Visceral/sangue , Leishmaniose Visceral/diagnóstico , Masculino , OvinosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the epidemiological status of echinococcosis among children in three different zones of Qinghai Province. METHODS: B-ultrasound and ELISA were used in the survey to evaluate echinococcus infection among 6 to 15 year old children in the three zones, namely, Qinghai southern plateau, Qilian mountain-Hehuang valley and Chaidamu basin. RESULTS: The prevalence of echinococcus infection scanned by B-ultrasound and sera positive rate detected by ELISA in children were 1.5% (320/20 730) and 6.5% (1024/15 762) respectively, and the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis by ultrasound were 1.0% (206/20730) and 0.6% (114/20730), respectively. The prevalence and sera positive rate were 9.5% (707/7 453) and 2.3% (269/11 618) in Qinghai southern plateau, 3.8%(289/7 544) and 0.6% (50/8 275) in Qilian mountain-Hehuang valley, and 3.7% (28/765) and 0.1% (1/837) in Chaidamu basin, respectively. The southern plateau showed the highest prevalence, with a significant statistical difference among the three areas (P < 0.01). The prevalence of alveolar echinococcosis was 1.0% (114/11 618) in the southern plateau, but no alveolar echinococcosis patients were found in other two areas. Correlation analysis showed that the prevalence increased with the altitude (r(s-e) = 0.96, P < 0.05, R2 = 0.93; r(p-e) = 0.82, P < 0.05, R2 = 0.67). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of echinococcosis among children shows an apparent geographical difference in Qinghai Province.
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Equinococose/epidemiologia , Geografia , Adolescente , Animais , Criança , China/epidemiologia , Echinococcus , Humanos , PrevalênciaRESUMO
Cystic echinococcosis, a major parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus, seriously threatens human health. The excretory-secretory (ES) products of E. granulosus can induce immune tolerance in dendritic cells (DCs) to downregulate the host's immune response; however, the effect of exosomes in the ES products on the DCs has remained unclear. This study showed that E. granulosus protoscoleces-derived exosome-like vesicles (PSC-ELVs) could be internalized by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), allowing for the delivery of the parasite microRNAs to the BMDCs. Moreover, PSC-ELVs induced BMDCs to produce the proinflammatory cytokinesinterleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, IL-ß, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). PSC-ELVs also upregulated the BMDCs surface marker major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II), as well as costimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, and CD86. PSC-ELV-derived egr-miR-277a-3p upregulated the IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α mRNA levels in BMDCs. Moreover, egr-miR-277a-3p directly targeted Nfkb1 (encoding nuclear factor kappa B 1) to significantly suppress the mRNA and protein levels of NF-κB1 in BMDCs, while the expression of NF-κB p65 significantly increased, suggesting that egr-miR-277a-3p induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines by the modification of the NF-kB p65/p50 ratio in BMDCs. These results demonstrated that PSC-ELVs and egr-miR-277a-3p might enhance DCs maturation and differentiation in a cross-species manner, which in turn may modulate the host immune responses and offer a new approach to echinococcosis prevention and treatment.
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Células Dendríticas , Equinococose , Echinococcus granulosus , Exossomos , MicroRNAs , Animais , Humanos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Echinococcus granulosus/metabolismo , Exossomos/metabolismo , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Interleucina-12/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Equinococose/imunologia , Equinococose/parasitologiaRESUMO
Wenchengia alternifolia (Lamiaceae), the sole species of the genus Wenchengia is extremely rare and is currently listed as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List. The species had long been considered endemic to Hainan Island, China and was once believed to be extinct until a small remnant population was rediscovered at the type locality in 2010. Four more populations were later found on Hainan and in Vietnam. In order to develop genomic resources for further studies on population genetics and conservation biology of this rare species, we identified infraspecific molecular markers in the present study, using genome skimming data of five individuals collected from two populations on Hainan Island and three populations in Vietnam respectively. The length of plastome of the five individuals varied from 152,961 bp to 150,204 bp, and exhibited a typical angiosperm quadripartite structure. Six plastid hotspot regions with the Pi > 0.01 (trnH-psbA, psbA-trnK, rpl22, ndhE, ndhG-ndhI and rps15-ycf1), 1621 polymorphic gSSRs, as well as 1657 candidate SNPs in 237 variant nuclear genes were identified, thereby providing important information for further genetic studies.
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OBJECTIVE: To clone and express EPCl gene of Echinococcus granulosus, and investigate its immunogenicity and diagnostic value. METHODS: Total RNA was extracted from hydatid cyst protoscoleces and EPC1 gene of Echinococcus granulosus was amplified by RT-PCR. The PCR product was cloned into pGEM-T vector, and then subcloned into the prokaryotic expression vector PET28a(+). The positive recombinants were transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and followed by expression of the protein induced by IPTG. The recombinant protein was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, and used to establish ELISA. Serum samples from patients with cystic echinococcosis (60 cases), alve-olar echinococcosis (37 cases), cysticercosis (16 cases), clonorchiasis sinensis (7 cases), schistosomiasis japonica (4 cases) and healthy persons (33 cases) were examined. RESULTS: The recombinant plasmid PET28a-EgEPC1 was identified by restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing. SDS-PAGE result showed that the recombinant containing recombinant plasmid PET28a-EgEPC1 expressed a soluble fission protein of EgEPC1 (about M, 11 000). The protein was recognized by pool sera of cystic echinococcosis patients. The overall sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis by ELISA for cystic echinococcosis were 78.3% (47/60), and 98.3% (59/60), respectively. The cross reaction with sera of alveolar echinococcosis was 40.5% (15/37). CONCLUSION: The recombinant EgEPC1 antigen has diagnostic value in cystic echinococcosis.
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Antígenos de Helmintos/genética , Equinococose/diagnóstico , Echinococcus granulosus , Proteínas de Helminto/genética , Animais , Clonagem Molecular , Echinococcus granulosus/genética , Echinococcus granulosus/imunologia , Expressão Gênica , Vetores Genéticos , Humanos , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Human echinococcosis is present worldwide but it is in China that disease prevalence is the highest. In western China, especially in the Tibetan Plateau, the burden of echinococcosis is the most important. Dogs are a major definitive host of Echinococcus and monitoring the presence of Echinococcus worms in dogs is therefore essential to efficiently control the disease. Detection kits based on three different technologies including sandwich ELISA, (indirect) ELISA, and gold immunodiffusion, are currently marketed and used in China. The objective of this work was to assess the efficacy of these kits, in particular with respect to sensitivity and specificity. Four fecal antigen detection kits for canine infection reflecting the three technologies were obtained from companies and tested in parallel on 220 fecal samples. The results indicate that the performance is lower than expected, in particular in terms of sensitivity. The best results were obtained with the sandwich ELISA technology. The gold immunofiltration yielded the poorest results. In all cases, further development is needed to improve the performance of these kits which are key components for the control of echinococcosis.
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Antígenos de Protozoários/análise , Equinococose/diagnóstico , Equinococose/epidemiologia , Echinococcus granulosus/imunologia , Echinococcus multilocularis/imunologia , Animais , China/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Cães , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Fezes/parasitologia , Humanos , Kit de Reagentes para Diagnóstico , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Tibet/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Echinococcosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease that is highly endemic to the Qinghai province of China. Limited data are available on the prevalence of the causal pathogen, Echinococcus spp., in definitive hosts in this region. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Echinococcus spp. in wild foxes and stray dogs in Qinghai province. Five hundred and twenty-eight feces from wild foxes and 277 from stray dogs were collected from 11 counties in the Golog, Yushu, and Haixi prefectures and screened for Echinococcus spp. using copro-DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In total, 5.5% of wild foxes and 15.2% of stray dogs tested positive for Echinococcus spp. The prevalence rates of Echinococcus spp. in wild foxes in Golog, Yushu, and Haixi were 7.3%, 5.2%, and 1.9%, respectively. In stray dogs, these rates were 13.3%, 17.3%, and 0%, respectively. Sequencing analysis determined that Echinococcus multilocularis was the most prevalent species, occurring in 4.0% and 12.6% of wild foxes and stray dogs, respectively. Echinococcus shiquicus was observed in 1.5% of wild foxes and 0.7% of stray dogs. Echinococcus granulosus was observed only in wild dogs, with a prevalence rate of 1.8%. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the prevalence of E. shiquicus in dogs in Qinghai province. The current results improve our understanding of the transmission and dissemination of human echinococcosis and suggest that exposure to the eggs of E. multilocularis harbored by wild foxes and stray dogs may pose a great risk of alveolar echinococcosis to humans in Qinghai province.
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Animais Selvagens/parasitologia , Equinococose/epidemiologia , Echinococcus/genética , Raposas/parasitologia , Animais , China/epidemiologia , DNA de Helmintos/genética , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Cães , Equinococose/parasitologia , Equinococose/transmissão , Echinococcus/classificação , Fezes/parasitologia , Prevalência , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/parasitologiaRESUMO
Atractylodes macrocephala is one of the most commonly used herbs in China, which is famous for its high medicinal value. In this study, we analyzed and characterized the complete plastome sequence of A. macrocephala. Sequence analysis indicated that the entire genome is 153,265 bp in length, consisting of a large single-copy (LSC, 84,311 bp) and a small single-copy (SSC, 18,674 bp) region separated by a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,140 bp for each. The genome contains 107 unique genes, including 80 different protein-coding genes, 23 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. The overall GC content of the genome is 37.7%. The phylogenetic analysis revealed a monophyletic Atractylodes and Cardueae. This research reports the complete plastome genome of Atractylodes macrocephala, which provides a better understanding of this important herb.
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Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an important health problem in northwest non-Qinghai Tibetan Plateau regions of China. Understanding CE risk factors may help in formulating effective prevention and control measures. In the current study, negative binomial regression was used to analyze CE-related factors using prevalence data from 147 counties (cities, districts, and banners) in northwest non-Qinghai Tibetan Plateau regions of China gathered from a national survey conducted in 2012, county economic data, and livestock production data for 2012. The negative binomial regression models indicated Echinococcus granulosus infection rate in livestock (odds ratio [OR]: 1.0471, 95% CI: 1.0128-1.0825, P = 0.0067), the mean number of dogs per family (OR: 3.0589, 95% CI: 1.5116-6.1900, P = 0.0019), the mean number of sheep per family (OR: 1.0431, 95% CI: 1.0027-1.0852, P = 0.0365), and the source of drinking water (OR: 0.9808, 95% CI: 0.9627-0.9992, P = 0.0413) were correlated with human CE prevalence, whereas altitude, surface temperature, economy, and mean number of cattle per family had a negative association. We found that the positive rate of dog stool coproantigen of Echinococcus was associated with human CE prevalence using the univariate analysis but not after controlling for covariates including the number of dogs per family. This might be partially due to the deworming campaigns that were carried out in most of the researched areas. Therefore, the positive rate of dog stool coproantigen of Echinococcus could not reflect the dog infection rate under natural conditions. These findings indicate that dogs and livestock play the most important role in CE transmission. Further studies should be carried out at the township or village level.
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Equinococose/epidemiologia , Animais , China/epidemiologia , Cães , Echinococcus granulosus , Humanos , Gado , Razão de Chances , Prevalência , Risco , Abastecimento de Água , ZoonosesRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To make an epidemiological investigation on echinococcosis in Darlag County, Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai Province. METHODS: Local participants were screened for echinococcosis using B ultrasound from August to September in 2007. IHA was carried out to detect antibody in human sera. Indirect ELISA using recombinant-AgB and Em18 antigen was conducted to further diagnose the human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) . The prevalence of echinococcosis in wild rodents, yaks, sheep and dogs was examined either by dissection or through slaughterhouses. Adult worms and hydatid cysts were detected by PCR-RFLP to discriminate 3 Echinococcus species and genotype of Eg. Dog feces were tested by double antibody sandwich ELISA method to confirm the coproantigen positive rate. RESULTS: 1723 people were examined by ultrasound and 236 were clinically diagnosed as hydatid diseases with an overall morbidity of 13.7%, of which 5.5% were CE and 8.2% were AE. Prevalence in males and females was 11.6% and 15.6% respectively with a statistically significant difference (chi2=7.0, P< 0.05) . Prevalence in herdsmen and monks/nuns was as high as 23.0% and 13.2%, respectively. Adult worms were found in 5 out of 9 stray dogs by necropsy. 27 of 239 pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) were infected by E. shiquicus (11.3%). CE prevalence in sheep and yaks was 26.4% and 5/16 respectively. The Eg genotype was G1 (sheep strain). CONCLUSION: Three species of Echinococcus, e.g. E. granulosus, E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus are all prevalent in Darlag County. The prevalence of both AE and CE in human population is high in the area. Domestic dogs are the primary definitive host for both E. granulosus and E. multilocularis.
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Equinococose Hepática/epidemiologia , Equinococose Hepática/parasitologia , Equinococose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Equinococose Pulmonar/parasitologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Bovinos/parasitologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , China/epidemiologia , Cães/parasitologia , Echinococcus/classificação , Echinococcus/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Roedores/parasitologia , Ovinos/parasitologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a common, chronic, and endemic zoonotic disease usually localized in a single organ; multivisceral cases are rare, especially outside the liver or lung. Here, we describe an unusual case of a 43-year-old Tibetan man with echinococcosis of the infratemporal fossa, heart, liver, pancreas, abdomen, and pelvic cavity. He only presented with diminished vision of the left eye, especially when chewing. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed multivisceral CE. The patient underwent surgery for the excision of a cyst in the infratemporal fossa, as well as chemotherapy, and the diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination. The diagnosis, clinical features, treatment, and follow-up in this case are discussed. In areas with high echinococcosis prevalence, examination by full imaging is necessary for an accurate diagnosis, especially in cases of atypical localization. Chemotherapy for treatment, as well as prophylaxis against recurrence, can be effective when surgery is not possible.
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Equinococose/complicações , Equinococose/diagnóstico por imagem , Abdome/diagnóstico por imagem , Abdome/parasitologia , Adulto , Albendazol/uso terapêutico , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Equinococose/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Fígado/parasitologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Doenças dos Seios Paranasais/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças dos Seios Paranasais/parasitologia , Doenças dos Seios Paranasais/cirurgia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Echinococcoses, caused by metacestodes of Echinococcus granulosus (cystic echinococcosis; CE) and E. multilocularis (alveolar echinococcosis; AE), represent major emerging parasitic diseases. These enzootic helminthiases invoke significant public health concerns and social burdens in endemic areas. The diseases are prevalent in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China, while community-based epidemiological studies have been scarcely reported. We surveyed echinococcosis patients in the southeastern Qinghai Province, China, to better understand the concurrent epidemiological situation in this area. METHODS: During July and August of 2013 and 2014, we screened echinococcosis patients at Yushu and Golog Prefectures, Qinghai Province, China, in a diagnostic campaign. A total of 2856 people (male:female ratio, 1:1.12; mean age, 34.6 years; age range, 6-88 years) were ultrasonographically examined for the presence of hepatic echinococcal cysts. We also collected serum samples from patients and analyzed antibody reactivity against recombinant forms of diverse E. granulosus antigen Bs (rEgAgB1-5) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: We detected 134 patients whose imaging scans were compatible with CE (115 cases) and AE (20 patients). One patient might have been infected with both CE and AE. The overall incidence was 4.7% (CE, 4.0%; AE, 0.7%). A large proportion (67.5%) of CE patients was diagnosed at active and transitional CE1-CE3 stages in their late 30s. The AE cases were generally detected at advanced stage in patients at early 20s (60%). Analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curve and Youden's index indicated that rEgAgB2 was the most promising biomarker, followed by rEgAgB3 and rEgAgB1. Overall, sensitivity and specificity of rEgAgB1-3 were 84.5-92.7% and 91.9-94.6%, respectively. rEgAgB4 and 5 showed low sensitivity with high cross-reactivity. CONCLUSIONS: Our results strongly suggest that disability-adjusted life years related to echinococcoses in Qinghai-Tibetan areas might be more serious than previously considered. Control and prevention strategy against CE and AE are highly required in these areas. In addition to ultrasonography, serological tests might provide supportive data. However, serological data should be carefully interpreted for differential diagnosis, especially in areas where both CE and AE are co-endemic.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/sangue , Equinococose/diagnóstico , Equinococose/epidemiologia , Echinococcus granulosus/isolamento & purificação , Lipoproteínas/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Criança , China/epidemiologia , Echinococcus granulosus/genética , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Humanos , Lipoproteínas/genética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Isoformas de Proteínas , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Testes Sorológicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The survey was carried out in July, 2006 in Zhiduo County. The IHA and ELISA positive rate in human population was 4.5% (42/933) and 8.2% (76/931) respectively. Ultrasonography revealed a morbidity of 3.4% (33/979) with 3.2% Echinococcus granulosus and 0.2% of E. multilocularis respectively. Animal dissection showed an infection rate of 15.1% (14/93) in pikas with one infected by E. shiquicus proved by molecular biology. Coproantigen rate by ELISA was 62% (12/193) in dogs and 35.7% (5/14) in wolves. The results indicated that Zhiduo County is a mixed endemic area for echinococcosis.
Assuntos
Equinococose/epidemiologia , Echinococcus granulosus/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/parasitologia , Adulto , Animais , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/sangue , Criança , Pré-Escolar , China/epidemiologia , Cães , Equinococose/sangue , Equinococose/parasitologia , Echinococcus granulosus/imunologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Humanos , Lactente , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Prevalência , LobosRESUMO
Echinococcosis is a serious zoonotic parasitic disease that is highly endemic in Qinghai Province. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of echinococcosis among schoolchildren in Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture to improve early diagnosis and treatment of patients and to provide information for echinococcosis prevention and control. A total of 11,260 schoolchildren from five counties (Maqin, Gander, Dari, Jiuzhi, and Banma) in Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province, were screened for echinococcosis. Screening involved ultrasound imaging combined with serologic examination as an auxiliary diagnostic test. The prevalence of echinococcosis in the schoolchildren was 2.1% (235/11,260), with a rate of 0.8% for cystic echinococcosis (CE; 89/11,260) and 1.3% for alveolar echinococcosis (AE; 146/11,260). Additionally, one child had a mixed infection. The prevalence ranged between 1.1% and 4.1% among the five investigated counties, and was highest in Dari County (4.1%). The prevalence of echinococcosis was higher in girls than in boys and gradually increased with age. In addition, children with CE mainly had type 1 (CE1) and type 3 (CE3) lesions, and children with AE mainly had small-diameter calcified lesions, suggesting that they were in the early asymptomatic stage of echinococcosis. In conclusion, children of Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture appear to exhibit the highest recorded prevalence of CE and AE globally. Ultrasound is useful for screening populations in regions where both CE and AE are endemic.
Assuntos
Equinococose Hepática/epidemiologia , Equinococose/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/sangue , Criança , China/epidemiologia , Equinococose/diagnóstico , Equinococose Hepática/diagnóstico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalência , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
Echinococcosis is highly endemic over large parts of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), China. Based on a large number of samples, we present data on the current presence, host distribution, and genetic diversity of Echinococcus in the Qinghai Province, located in the northeastern corner of the QTP and constituting >25% of the area of the plateau. We used 521 samples (including 451 newly collected samples and 70 samples from our previous study) from humans, yaks, sheep, goats, dogs, fox, plateau pikas, and voles in 36 counties, and genotyped them using the mitochondrial DNA marker cytochrome oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene and the maximum parsimony and Bayesian reconstruction methods. Based on the 792 bp sequence matrix, we recorded 177 variable sites; 157 were parsimony-informative. A total of 105 haplotypes (H1-H105) were detected, of which H1-H15 and H90-H104, H16-H17, H18-H89, and H105 belonged to Echinococcus shiquicus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Echinococcus granulosus, and Echinococcus canadensis, respectively. Our results showed that, (i) the Qinghai Province was under a high burden of Echinococcus epidemiology; (ii) E. granulosus was the main echinococcosis threat to the local people, and the followed is E. multilocularis; (iii) there are a considerable number of haplotypes shared by domestic animals (sheep, yaks, and dogs) and humans, demonstrating the close relationship between human and domestic animals epidemiology; (iv) the threat of E. shiquicus on humans and livestock can be mostly ignored, while the infection risk of E. canadensis echinococcosis should not be neglected.