Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Operative Experience Among General Surgery Residents: A Multi-Institutional Study from the US ROPE Consortium.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between race/ethnicity and case volume among graduating surgical residents. BACKGROUND: Racial/ethnic minority individuals face barriers to entry and advancement in surgery; however, no large-scale investigations of the operative experience of racial/ethnic minority residents have been performed. METHODS: A multi-institutional retrospective analysis of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education case logs of categorical general surgery residents at 20 programs in the US Resident OPerative Experience Consortium database was performed. All residents graduating between 2010 and 2020 were included. The total, surgeon chief, surgeon junior, and teaching assistant case volumes were compared between racial/ethnic groups. RESULTS: The cohort included 1343 residents. There were 211 (15.7%) Asian, 65 (4.8%) Black, 73 (5.4%) Hispanic, 71 (5.3%) "Other" (Native American or Multiple Race), and 923 (68.7%) White residents. On adjusted analysis, Black residents performed 76 fewer total cases (95% CI, -109 to -43, P <0.001) and 69 fewer surgeon junior cases (-98 to -40, P <0.001) than White residents. Comparing adjusted total case volume by graduation year, both Black residents and White residents performed more cases over time; however, there was no difference in the rates of annual increase (10 versus 12 cases per year increase, respectively, P =0.769). Thus, differences in total case volume persisted over the study period. CONCLUSIONS: In this multi-institutional study, Black residents graduated with lower case volume than non-minority residents throughout the previous decade. Reduced operative learning opportunities may negatively impact professional advancement. Systemic interventions are needed to promote equitable operative experience and positive culture change.

Disparities in the Operative Experience Between Female and Male General Surgery Residents: A Multi-institutional Study From the US ROPE Consortium.

OBJECTIVE: To examine differences in resident operative experience between male and female general surgery residents. BACKGROUND: Despite increasing female representation in surgery, sex and gender disparities in residency experience continue to exist. The operative volume of male and female general surgery residents has not been compared on a multi-institutional level. METHODS: Demographic characteristics and case logs were obtained for categorical general surgery graduates between 2010 and 2020 from the US Resident OPerative Experience Consortium database. Univariable, multivariable, and linear regression analyses were performed to compare differences in operative experience between male and female residents. RESULTS: There were 1343 graduates from 20 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited programs, and 476 (35%) were females. There were no differences in age, race/ethnicity, or proportion pursuing fellowship between groups. Female graduates were less likely to be high-volume residents (27% vs 36%, P < 0.01). On univariable analysis, female graduates performed fewer total cases than male graduates (1140 vs 1177, P < 0.01), largely due to a diminished surgeon junior experience (829 vs 863, P < 0.01). On adjusted multivariable analysis, female sex was negatively associated with being a high-volume resident (OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.56 to 0.98, P = 0.03). Over the 11-year study period, the annual total number of cases increased significantly for both groups, but female graduates (+16 cases/year) outpaced male graduates (+13 cases/year, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Female general surgery graduates performed significantly fewer cases than male graduates. Reassuringly, this gap in operative experience may be narrowing. Further interventions are warranted to promote equitable training opportunities that support and engage female residents.

Outcomes after anti-reflux procedures: Nissen, Toupet, magnetic sphincter augmentation or anti-reflux mucosectomy?

BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment options of gastroesophageal reflux disease have changed significantly in the last 50 years. Magnetic Sphincter Augmentation (MSA) and Anti-reflux Mucosectomy (ARMs) are gaining traction but there is a paucity of literature comparing these novel options to Toupet fundoplication and gold standard Nissen fundoplication. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database, evaluating patients undergoing Nissen, Toupet, MSA, and ARMs. Pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative variables including Reflux symptom index (RSI), Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease-Health Related Quality of Life questionnaire (GERD-HRQL), and Dysphagia scores were compared between groups. RESULTS: During the study period, 649 patients underwent anti-reflux surgery. Patients who underwent Nissen or Toupet were younger than those undergoing MSA or ARMs (65 ± 12 and 67 ± 14 years vs 56 ± 14 and 56 ± 18 years, P < 0.01). Average operative time for Nissen was 127 ± 40 min which was similar to a Toupet at 122 ± 32 min. These durations were significantly longer than for MSA, averaging 79 ± 29, and ARMs, at a mean 35 ± 3 min (all P < 0.001). Length of stay was significantly different among all four groups with Nissen, Toupet, MSA, and ARMs patients staying a median of 31, 24, 7, and 3 h post operatively, respectively (all P < 0.001). Complications and re-admissions were similarly low among all groups. Despite minor differences in RSI and GERD-HRQL scores at isolated follow-up time points, quality of life scores seems to be similar overall at up to 5 years follow-up. Gas bloat and dysphagia did not differ among groups at any time point. CONCLUSIONS: Novel anti-reflux surgery options provide similar GERD-related quality of life compared to traditional full or partial fundoplications with the added benefit of shorter operative time and faster recovery.

The Effect of Commonly Used Local Anesthetic on Bacterial Growth.

INTRODUCTION: Liposomal bupivacaine (LB) has emerged as a superior form of local anesthetic across numerous surgical subspecialties. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ex-vivo antimicrobial effects of LB in comparison with traditional local anesthetics. METHODS: A standardized inoculum of bacteria commonly associated with surgical site infection was inoculated into a suspension of 1% lidocaine, 0.25% bupivacaine, Exparel (proprietary liposomally packaged 1.3% bupivacaine), and normal saline as a growth control. RESULTS: In all five bacteria tested, the medium inoculated with traditional local anesthetics reduced growth to a greater degree than LB-inoculated plates. Both conventional local anesthetics reduced the growth of all bacteria when compared with the control with the exception of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus growth in bupivacaine. LB-inoculated plates had equivalent growth to the control in all plates with the exception of Escherichia coli plates which demonstrated superior growth. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this simple ex-vivo model suggest that the liposomal packaging of bupivacaine may decrease this local anesthetic's innate antibacterial properties.

Crural closure, not fundoplication, results in a significant decrease in lower esophageal sphincter distensibility.

INTRODUCTION: The esophagogastric junction (EGJ) is a complex anti-reflux barrier whose integrity relies on both the intrinsic lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and extrinsic crural diaphragm. During hiatal hernia repair, it is unclear whether the crural closure or the fundoplication is more important to restore the anti-reflux barrier. The objective of this study is to analyze changes in LES minimum diameter (Dmin) and distensibility index (DI) using the endoluminal functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) during hiatal hernia repair. METHODS: Following implementation of a standardized operative FLIP protocol, all data were collected prospectively and entered into a quality database. This data were reviewed retrospectively for all patients undergoing hiatal hernia repair. FLIP measurements were collected prior to hernia dissection, after hernia reduction, after cruroplasty, and after fundoplication. Additionally, subjective assessment of the tightness of crural closure was rated by the primary surgeon on a scale of 1 to 5, 1 being the loosest and 5 being the tightest. RESULTS: Between August 2018 and February 2020, 97 hiatal hernia repairs were performed by a single surgeon. FLIP measurements collected using a 40-mL volume fill without pneumoperitoneum demonstrated a significant decrease in LES Dmin (13.84 ± 2.59 to 10.27 ± 2.09) and DI (6.81 ± 3.03 to 2.85 ± 1.23 mm2/mmHg) after crural closure (both p < 0.0001). Following fundoplication, there was a small, but also statistically significant, increase in both Dmin and DI (both p < 0.0001). Additionally, subjective assessment of crural tightness after cruroplasty correlated well with DI (r = - 0.466, p < 0.001) and all patients with a crural tightness rating ≥ 4.5 (N = 13) had a DI < 2.0 mm2/mmHg. CONCLUSION: Cruroplasty results in a significant decrease in LES distensibility and may be more important than fundoplication in restoring EGJ competency. Additionally, subjective estimation of crural tightness correlates well with objective FLIP evaluation, suggesting surgeon assessment of cruroplasty is reliable.

Using a standardized intra-operative endoflip protocol during fundoplication to identify factors that affect distensibility.

INTRODUCTION: The Endoluminal Functional Lumen Imaging Probe (Endoflip) can be used to provide objective measurements of the gastroesophageal junction during fundoplication, and recent publications have suggested that this device could improve surgical outcomes. However, the impact of operative variables has not been clearly reported. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of these variables on functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) measurements. METHODS: Following implementation of a standardized operative FLIP protocol, all data were collected prospectively and entered into a quality database. This database was queried for patients undergoing hiatal hernia repair and fundoplication. The protocol utilized various balloon volumes (30 and 40 ml), patient positions (flat and reverse Trendelenburg) and amounts of insufflation (15 mmHg pneumoperitoneum and no pneumoperitoneum). RESULTS: Between August 2018 and February 2020, 97 fundoplications were performed by a single surgeon. Multivariable analysis without interactions demonstrated that a 40 ml volume fill resulted in significantly higher minimum diameter (Dmin), cross-sectional area (CSA), intra-balloon pressure (IBP) and distensibility index (DI) compared to a 30 ml volume fill (p < 0.001). While reverse Trendelenburg positioning resulted in a significantly higher Dmin, IBP and CSA compared to the flat position (all p < 0.05), there was little impact of positioning on DI. Lastly, pneumoperitoneum significantly increased IBP (p < 0.001) but did not affect Dmin (p = 0.697) or CSA (p = 0.757), which resulted in a significant decrease in DI (p < 0.001) when compared to measurements without pneumoperitoneum. Multivariable analysis allowing for interactions demonstrated significant two-way interactions between balloon volume and pneumoperitoneum (p = 0.047), as well as patient position and pneumoperitoneum (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Surgeons should consider balloon volume and the presence or absence of pneumoperitoneum when interpreting distensibility during or after fundoplication. Additionally, we suggest a formal standardized protocol for FLIP measurements to utilize a 40 ml volume fill in reverse Trendelenburg without pneumoperitoneum.

Somatic DNA copy number alterations in non-dysplastic Barrett's esophagus.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to analyze non-dysplastic Barrett's esophagus (NDBE) biopsy tissue and compare the rate of somatic DNA copy number alterations (CNAs) in patients who subsequently progressed to high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) to those patients who did not. METHODS: A retrospectively collected database of Barrett's esophagus (BE) patients spanning a 16-year period was queried. Patients who progressed from NDBE to HGD or EAC were identified and compared to patients who did not. Initial biopsy specimens were microdissected and extracted DNA underwent Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) for CNAs. Comparisons between progressors and non-progressors were made with Fisher's exact and two-sample t tests. Logistic regression assessed factors associated with progression. RESULTS: Of the 2459 patients in the BE database, 36 patients progressed from NDBE to either HGD or EAC. There were eight progressors who had biopsy specimens with adequate DNA for analysis. The progressor and non-progressor cohort had similar demographic information and medical history. The progressor group trended towards being older at diagnosis (72 ± 10 vs. 64 ± 13 years, p = 0.097) and fewer progressors reported reflux symptoms (50 vs. 94.7%, p < 0.001). Progressor specimens had more overall CNAs (75% vs. 33.6%, p = 0.026). On univariable analysis, there was an association between progression and absence of GERD symptoms (OR 16.54 [3.42-80.03], p = 0.001), any CNA (OR 5.10 [1.18-23.30], p = 0.035), and CNA in GATA6 or ERBB2 (OR 6.72 [1.18-38.22], p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS: Patients who progressed from NDBE to HGD or EAC were older at first diagnosis of BE and fewer of the progressors reported symptoms of reflux when compared to non-progressors. Progression was associated with the presence of any CNA and specific CNAs in GATA6 or ERBB2.

Five-year results of endoscopic gastrojejunostomy revision (transoral outlet reduction) for weight gain after gastric bypass.

BACKGROUND: The study aim is to determine if patients who have undergone endoscopic gastrojejunostomy revision (EGJR) maintain weight loss up to 5 years postoperatively. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of patients who underwent EGJR with a full-thickness endoscopic suturing device between April 2009 and June 2018. Percent of excess body weight loss (%EBWL) was calculated using the weight on day of EGJR consult as baseline. The paired t test and McNemar's test were used to compare weight and comorbidities between preoperative and postoperative time points. RESULTS: A total of 70 patients regained a mean of 42.8 ± 18.7% of the weight lost after gastric bypass. On day of EGJR consult, average was 116.1 ± 25.2 kg and BMI of 42.3 ± 8.5. Weight loss and %EBWL at follow-up was as follows: 10.7 ± 11.6 kg and 18.5 ± 18.2% at 6 months, 8.5 ± 11.5 kg and 14.9 ± 20.6% at 1 year, 6.9 ± 10.7 kg and 12.2 ± 19.8% at 2 years, 5.3 ± 9.1 kg and 8.7 ± 14.9% at 3 years, 3.1 ± 12.0 kg and 3.2 ± 21.6% at 4 years, and 3.9 ± 13.1 kg and 7.0 ± 23.8% at 5 years. The percentage of patients with obstructive sleep apnea, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes did not change over time. Patients who received a pursestring revision or had a greater percent reduction in stoma diameter had more significant %EBWL. CONCLUSIONS: Weight loss after EGJR is sustained up to 5 years after revision with little effect on medical comorbidities. Patients with a greater reduction in stoma diameter experienced superior weight loss.

Using impedance planimetry (EndoFLIP™) in the operating room to assess gastroesophageal junction distensibility and predict patient outcomes following fundoplication.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of using a functional lumen imaging probe (EndoFLIP™) intra-operatively during hiatal hernia repair and fundoplication. Additionally, we hypothesize that these measurements correlate with long-term outcomes. METHODS: A prospectively maintained quality database was queried. Between 2013 and 2018, 175 patients underwent laparoscopic fundoplication, the majority of which also had a hiatal hernia repair. The EndoFLIP™ was used to measure minimum diameter (Dmin), balloon pressure, and distensibility index (DI) at different timepoints throughout the operation. Clinical outcomes were measured up to 2 years after treatment. RESULTS: Crural closure and fundoplication resulted in a significant increase in balloon pressure and decrease in DI when compared to initial measurements as well as measurements taken after hernia reduction. After 1 year, patients with a final DI < 2.0 mm2/mmHg reported significantly more gas bloat and dysphagia than those with a final DI ≥ 2.0 mm2/mmHg (p = 0.040 and p = 0.025, respectively). This disparity became even more dramatic at 2 years (p = 0.006 and p = 0.004, respectively), with a final DI < 2.0 mm2/mmHg being significantly associated with higher prevalence of daily gas bloat (43.8% vs. 12.0%; p = 0.03). Additionally, patients with a final DI between 2.0 and 3.5 mm2/mmHg reported significantly lower Reflux Symptom Index scores at one year compared to those with a final DI < 2.0 or > 3.5 mm2/mmHg (p = 0.042). CONCLUSION: EndoFLIP™ measurements correlate well with patient outcomes, with a final DI between 2 and 3.5 mm2/mmHg potentially being ideal. The EndoFLIP™ can be a useful adjunct in the operating room by providing objective measurements of esophageal distensibility after crural closure and fundoplication.

Genetic variants in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma: a literature review.

Surveillance of Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a clinical challenge; metaplasia of the distal esophagus increases a patient's risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) significantly but the actual percentage of patients who progress is low. The current screening recommendations require frequent endoscopy and biopsy, which has inherent risk, high cost, and operator variation. Identifying BE patients genetically who are at high risk of progressing could deemphasize the role of endoscopic screening and create an opportunity for early therapeutic intervention. Genetic alterations in germline DNA have been identified in other disease processes and allow for early intervention or surveillance well before disease develops. The genetic component of BE remains mostly unknown and only a few genome-wide association studies exist on this topic. This review summarizes the current literature available that examines genetic alterations in BE and EAC with a particular emphasis on clinical implications.

A multi-institutional study from the US ROPE consortium examining factors associated with endocrine surgery exposure for general surgery residents.

BACKGROUND: Prior analyses of general surgery resident case logs have indicated a decline in the number of endocrine procedures performed during residency. This study aimed to identify factors contributing to the endocrine operative experience of general surgery residents and compare those who matched in endocrine surgery fellowship with those who did not. METHODS: We analyzed the case log data of graduates from 18 general surgery residency programs in the US Resident Operative Experience Consortium over an 11-year period. RESULTS: Of the 1,240 residents we included, 17 (1%) matched into endocrine surgery fellowships. Those who matched treated more total endocrine cases, including more thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal cases, than those who did not (81 vs 37, respectively, P < .01). Program-level factors associated with increased endocrine volume included endocrine-specific rotations (+10, confidence interval 8-12, P < .01), endocrine-trained faculty (+8, confidence interval 7-10, P < .01), and program co-location with otolaryngology residency (+5, confidence interval 2 -8, P < .01) or endocrine surgery fellowship (+4, confidence interval 2-6, P < .01). Factors associated with decreased endocrine volume included bottom 50th percentile in National Institute of Health funding (-10, confidence interval -12 to -8, P < .01) and endocrine-focused otolaryngologists (-3, confidence interval -4 to -1, P < .01). CONCLUSION: Several characteristics are associated with a robust endocrine experience and pursuit of an endocrine surgery fellowship. Modifiable factors include optimizing the recruitment of dedicated endocrine surgeons and the inclusion of endocrine surgery rotations in general surgery residency.

Do General Surgery Residents Begin Specializing Before Fellowship? A Multi-Institutional Study from the US ROPE Consortium.

BACKGROUND: Single-center data suggest that general surgery residents perform more cases related to their future fellowship compared with their peers. This study aimed to determine whether this experience was true for residents across multiple programs. STUDY DESIGN: Data from graduates of 18 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited general surgery residency programs in the US Resident OPerative Experience (ROPE) Consortium were analyzed. Residents were categorized as entering 1 of 12 fellowships or entering directly into general surgery practice. Case log operative domains were mapped to each fellowship, and analyses were performed between groups. RESULTS: Of 1,192 graduated general surgery residents, 955 (80%) pursued fellowship training whereas 235 (20%) went directly into general surgery practice. The top 3 fellowships pursued were trauma/surgical critical care (18%), vascular surgery (13%), and minimally invasive surgery (12%). Residents entering minimally invasive surgery performed the most total cases, whereas residents pursuing breast performed the least (1,209 [1,056-1,325] vs 1,091 [1,006-1,171], p < 0.01). For each fellowship type, graduates completed more total fellowship-specific cases in their future specialty compared with their peers (all p < 0.05). This association was observed for all 12 fellowships at the surgeon chief level (all p < 0.05) and for 10 of 12 fellowships at the surgeon junior level (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: General surgery residents perform more cases related to their future specialty choice compared with their peers. These data suggest that the specialization process begins during residency. This tendency among residents should be considered as general surgery residency undergoes structural redesign in the future.

A multi-institutional study from the US ROPE Consortium examining factors associated with directly entering practice upon residency graduation.

BACKGROUND: There is concern regarding the competency of today's general surgery graduates as a large proportion defer independent practice in favor of additional fellowship training. Little is known about the graduates who directly enter general surgery practice and if their operative experiences during residency differ from graduates who pursue fellowship. METHODS: Nineteen Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited general surgery programs from the US Resident OPerative Experience Consortium were included. Demographics, career choice, and case logs from graduates between 2010 to 2020 were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 1,264 general surgery residents who graduated over the 11-year period. A total of 248 (19.6%) went directly into practice and 1,016 (80.4%) pursued fellowship. Graduates directly entering practice were more likely to be a high-volume resident (43.1% vs 30.5%, P < .01) and graduate from a high-volume program (49.2% vs 33.0%, P < .01). Direct-to-practice graduates performed 53 more cases compared with fellowship-bound graduates (1,203 vs 1,150, P < .01). On multivariable analysis, entering directly into practice was positively associated with total surgeon chief case volume (odds ratio = 1.47, 95% confidence interval 1.18-1.84, P < .01) and graduating from a US medical school (odds ratio = 2.54, 95% confidence interval 1.45-4.44, P < .01) while negatively associated with completing a dedicated research experience (odds ratio = 0.31, 95% confidence interval 0.22-0.45, P < .01). CONCLUSION: This is the first multi-institutional study exploring resident operative experience and career choice. These data suggest residents who desire immediate practice can tailor their experience with less research time and increased operative volume. These data may be helpful for programs when designing their experience for residents with different career goals.

Durability of per-oral endoscopic myotomy beyond 6 years.

Background and study aims The aim of this study was to assess long-term clinical outcomes beyond 6 years in patients who underwent per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for the treatment of achalasia. Patients and methods Patients with achalasia who underwent POEM between 2010 and 2012 and had follow-up of at least 6 years were retrospectively identified at eight tertiary care centers. The primary outcome evaluated was clinical success defined by an Eckardt symptom score (ESS) ≤ 3 for the duration of the follow-up period. The clinical success cohort was compared to failure (ESS > 3 at any time during follow-up) in order to identify characteristics associated with symptom relapse. The incidence of patient-reported gastroesophageal reflux (GER) was also evaluated. Results Seventy-three patients with 6-year follow-up data were identified. Sustained clinical remission was noted in 89 % (65/73) at 6-years. Mean ESS decreased from 7.1 ±â€Š2.3 pre-procedure to 1.1 ±â€Š1.1 at 6 years ( P  < 0.001). Symptomatic reflux was reported by 27 of 72 patients (37.5 %). Type I achalasia (OR 10.8, P  = 0.04) was found to be associated with clinical failure on logistic regression analysis. Conclusions In patients with achalasia, POEM provides high initial clinical success with excellent long-term outcomes. There are high rates of patient-reported gastroesophageal reflux post-procedure which persist at long-term follow-up.

Using Impedance Planimetry (EndoFLIP) to Evaluate Myotomy and Predict Outcomes After Surgery for Achalasia.

BACKGROUND: The functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) is an innovative tool that uses impedance planimetry to assess esophageal geometry in real time. It has been used to diagnose achalasia and evaluate treatment failure after laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) and peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). We hypothesize that impedance planimetry can be utilized intra-operatively to assess adequacy of myotomy and assist in predicting patient outcomes. METHODS: A prospectively maintained patient database at a single center was queried. Seventy-seven patients with achalasia underwent POEM or LHM by a single surgeon. The FLIP was used to measure cross-sectional area (CSA), minimum diameter (Dmin), balloon pressure, and distensibility index (DI) of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) before and after the procedure. Clinical outcomes were measured up to 2 years after treatment. RESULTS: Post-operative CSA, Dmin, balloon pressure, and DI values were significantly different from pre-operative values (p < 0.001). Patients with a post-operative Eckardt score ≥ 3 were significantly more likely to have a final DI ≤ 3.1 mm2/mmHg (p = 0.014) or a change in DI ≤ 3.0 mm2/mmHg (p = 0.010). Additionally, a final CSA > 96 mm2 or Dmin > 11.0 mm was predictive of worse reflux at 2 years (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Impedance planimetry using the FLIP can offer intra-operative feedback about the geometry of the LES. The most useful parameters in predicting patient outcomes have yet to be clearly defined, but our results demonstrate that final DI and CSA are predictive of post-operative treatment response.

Endoscopic Suturing Results in High Technical and Clinical Success Rates for a Variety of Gastrointestinal Pathologies.

PURPOSE: We report our institution's experience with endoscopic suturing and hypothesize that it has high technical and clinical success. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of patients who underwent a procedure with the endoscopic suturing system between April 2010 and March 2019. Definitions of technical and clinical success were established for each application. RESULTS: Overall technical and clinical success in 151 procedures was 97.4% and 74.2%, respectively. Endoscopic suturing was used 24 times to treat leaks or fistulas, with a clinical success rate of 55.6%. The clinical success of stent fixations (11) was 72.7%. Intentional mucosal and submucosal defects were closed 20 times with a clinical success of 83.3%. Iatrogenic perforations (9) were repaired with a clinical success of 87.5%. Marginal ulcers were oversewn (5), with an 80% clinical success rate. Diverticulopexy in the esophagus was clinically successful in two patients. Endoscopic suturing was used in endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty in 10 patients and endoscopic gastrojejunostomy revision in 70 patients; weight loss was observed in both groups at up to 2 and 5 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic suturing was used successfully in numerous situations spanning the gastrointestinal tract with high rates of technical and clinical success.

Use of Impedance Planimetry (Endoflip) in Foregut Surgery Practice: Experience of More than 400 Cases.

BACKGROUND: We provide a comprehensive report of our institution's experience with the endoluminal functional lumen imaging probe (Endoflip) impedance planimetry system, a device that can be used intraoperatively to objectively evaluate the distensibility of any sphincter of the gastrointestinal tract. We aim to describe the variety of ways in which the Endoflip can be used in a foregut surgeon's practice. STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained quality database of all patients in which the functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) system was used between February 2013 and June 2019. RESULTS: During the study period, 402 FLIP cases were performed: 226 fundoplications, 94 peroral endoscopic myotomies, 15 peroral pyloromyotomies, 12 antireflux mucosectomies, 11 magnetic sphincter augmentations, 9 laparoscopic Heller myotomies, 8 pre-esophagectomy esophagogastroduodenoscopies (EGDs), 4 diagnostic EGDs, 8 endoscopic Zenker's diverticulotomies, 5 post-peroral endoscopic myotomy EGDs, 8 EGDs with dilations, and 2 transoral incisional fundoplications. CONCLUSIONS: Within a foregut surgeon's practice, the FLIP can be used to measure the upper esophageal sphincter, lower esophageal sphincter, and pylorus in a variety of clinical scenarios and settings.

Geriatric patients on antithrombotic therapy as a criterion for trauma team activation leads to over triage.

BACKGROUND: Our institution amended its trauma activation criteria to require a Level II activation for patients ≥65 years old on antithrombotic medication presenting with suspected head trauma. METHODS: Our institutional trauma registry was queried for geriatric patients on antithrombotic medication in the year before and after this criteria change. Demographics, presentation metrics, level of activation, and outcomes were compared between groups. RESULTS: After policy change, a greater proportion of patients received a trauma activation (19.9 vs. 74.9%, P < 0.001) and a greater proportion of these patients were discharged directly home without injury (4.3 vs. 44%, P < 0.001). However, a smaller proportion of patients with a critical Emergency Department disposition or traumatic intracranial hemorrhage failed to receive a trauma activation (65.1 vs. 23.5%, P < 0.001; 70.7% vs. 27.3%, P < 0.001). There was no change in mortality (4.3 vs. 2.0%, P = 0.21). CONCLUSIONS: Implementing new criteria increased overtriage, decreased undertriage, and had little effect on mortality.

A 1-day simulation-based boot camp for incoming general surgery residents improves confidence and technical skills.

BACKGROUND: For surgery residents, opportunities to systematically learn about surgical equipment are limited. Our facility holds a simulation-based boot camp for incoming, first-year general surgery residents. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of this boot camp at increasing resident confidence and improving technical skills. METHODS: Boot camp for incoming surgery residents is held annually and provides hands-on simulation relating to endoscopy, laparoscopy, bronchoscopy, and abdominal access. Before the boot camp, participants completed a pretest, which includes self-confidence, experience, and a skills-assessment. Identical assessments of self-confidence and skills were completed after the boot camp as a posttest. Data was accrued from 2016 to 2018. RESULTS: A total of 26, first-year, general surgery residents participated in the boot camp. Most participants had never used an endoscopic simulator (61.5%), handled a colonoscope (57.7%), a gastroscope (80.8%), or gained operative access to the abdomen (76.9%). The assessments of self-confidence and skills demonstrated a mean increase in all 4 topics. All differentials demonstrated statistical significance (P <. 001). CONCLUSION: A 1-day, simulation-based boot camp for incoming surgery residents with a focus on endoscopy, laparoscopy, and abdominal access increases resident confidence as well as several basic aspects of technical skill.

Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair after prostatectomy: Evaluating safety, efficacy, and efficiency.

BACKGROUND: For many surgeons, a prior prostatectomy is considered a contraindication to laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal hernia repair. This study aims to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and efficiency of totally extraperitoneal in these patients. METHODS: This is a review of a prospectively collected hernia database evaluating patients who underwent totally extraperitoneal repair between October 2009 and March 2018. Patients with prior prostatectomy were matched to controls without prior prostatectomy. Secondary analysis compared the case group to patients who underwent open hernia repair. RESULTS: In the study, 1,751 patients underwent laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal repair. Thirty patients with a prior prostatectomy were matched to 90 controls. Operative duration was greater in the prostatectomy group (56 vs 36 minutes, P < .0001) and more peritoneal tears occurred (40% vs 12%, P = .002). Duration of stay, return to activity, complications, and rates of recurrence and chronic pain were equivalent. When compared with prior prostatectomy patients who underwent open hernia repair, the laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal group had equivalent rates of complications and outcomes with a faster return to activities of daily living (3 vs 7 days P = .007). CONCLUSION: Despite a more difficult dissection, laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal repair in patients with prior prostatectomy is safe, efficacious, and efficient. In addition, totally extraperitoneal offers similar outcomes to open repair with a quicker recovery in this patient population.