Chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention in Latin America.

OBJECTIVES: To report clinical, angiographic characteristics, outcomes, and predictors of unsuccessful procedures in patients who underwent chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in Latin America. BACKGROUND: CTO PCI has been increasingly performed worldwide, but there is a lack of information in this region. METHODS: An international multicenter registry was developed to collect data on CTO PCI performed in centers in Latin America. Patient, angiographic, procedural and outcome data were evaluated. Predictors of unsuccessful procedures were assessed by multivariable analysis. RESULTS: We have included data related to 1,040 CTO PCIs performed in seven countries in Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, and Puerto Rico). The mean age was 64 ± 10 years, and CTO PCI was performed mainly for angina control (81%) or treatment of a large ischemic area (30%). Overall technical success rate was 82.5%, and it was achieved with antegrade wire escalation in 81%, antegrade dissection/re-entry in 8% and with retrograde techniques in 11% of the successful procedures. Multivariable analysis identified moderate/severe calcification, a blunt proximal cap and a previous attempt as independent predictors of unsuccessful procedures. In-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) occurred in 3.1% of the cases, death in 1% and cardiac tamponade in 0.9% CONCLUSIONS: CTO PCI in Latin America has been performed mainly for ischemia relief. Procedures were associated with a success rate above 80% and low incidence of MACE. Predictors of unsuccessful procedures were similar to those previously reported in the literature.

Five-year cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia treated with imatinib, dasatinib, or nilotinib: A cohort study using data from a large multinational collaborative network.

Background: Breakpoint cluster region-Abelson gene (BCR-ABL) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have revolutionized the treatment of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, concern has arisen about the cardiac safety profile of these drugs. Objectives: This study aims to compare long-term risks of adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (ACE), heart failure or left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 50%, and venous thromboembolic events (VTE) in patients with CML treated with BCR-ABL TKIs, using data from a large multinational network. Methods: Patients aged ≥ 18 years with CML treated with imatinib, dasatinib, or nilotinib without prior cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease were included. We used propensity score matching to balance the cohorts. The 5-year cumulative incidences and hazard ratios were calculated. Results: We identified 3,722 patients with CML under treatment with imatinib (n = 1,906), dasatinib (n = 1,269), and nilotinib (n = 547). Patients with imatinib compared to dasatinib showed a higher hazard ratio (HR) for ACE (HR 2,13, 95% CI 1.15-3.94, p = 0.016). Patients with imatinib presented a lower HR than nilotinib for ACE (HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.30-0.83, p = 0.0074). In relation to heart failure or LVEF < 50%, patients with imatinib had a higher HR than dasatinib (HR 9.41, 95% CI 1.22-72.17, p = 0.03), but no significant difference was observed between imatinib and nilotinib (HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.215-1.01, p = 0.064). Conclusion: In this retrospective study with a large number of patients with CML, those treated with nilotinib had a higher 5-year ratio of ACE, while patients with dasatinib showed a lower ratio than patients with imatinib. The ratio of heart failure was higher in patients with imatinib than in patients with dasatinib, but not when compared to nilotinib.

Percutaneous coronary intervention or medical therapy in patients with severe aortic stenosis and coronary artery disease undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a real-world analysis using data from an international network.

Patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) due to severe aortic stenosis have a high prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD). As many of them have high surgical risk, CAD treatment in this group has typically been carried out with optimal medical treatment or paired with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the best approach in this scenario is not well established. We aimed to evaluate 5-year cardiovascular outcomes in patients with aortic stenosis and chronic CAD treated with medical treatment alone compared to PCI coupled with medical therapy before or during TAVI. We used data from a large multinational electronic health record network (TriNetX). Patients aged 18 years or older with severe aortic stenosis and CAD who underwent TAVI in the last 10 years before the analysis were considered eligible. Five-year Kaplan-Meier curves and hazard ratios were calculated. We identified 19 058 patients undergoing isolated TAVI and 2277 patients undergoing TAVI and PCI. Using propensity matching scores, 2277 patients in each group were compared. The 5-year cumulative incidence of MACE was 22.92% in the isolated TAVI group, vs. 25.91% in the PCI-TAVI group. The probability of the composite primary outcome was not significantly different between the isolated TAVI group vs. the PCI-TAVI group [53.1 vs. 47.6%, adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.80-1.05]. In a real-world study of patients with CAD and severe aortic stenosis, the 5-year probability of death, acute coronary syndrome and ischemic stroke did not differ between patients undergoing isolated TAVI compared to patients undergoing PCI before or during TAVI.

Overview of Percutaneous Coronary Interventions for Chronic Total Occlusions Treated at Brazilian Centers Participating in the LATAM CTO Registry. / Panorama das Intervenções Coronárias Percutâneas em Oclusões Totais Crônicas em Centros Participantes do LATAM CTO Registry no Brasil.

BACKGROUND: Major advances have been seen in techniques and devices for performing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) for chronic total occlusions (CTOs), but there are limited real-world practice data from developing countries. OBJECTIVES: To report clinical and angiographic characteristics, procedural aspects, and clinical outcomes of CTO PCI performed at dedicated centers in Brazil. METHODS: Included patients underwent CTO PCI at centers participating in the LATAM CTO Registry, a Latin American multicenter registry dedicated to prospective collection of these data. Inclusion criteria were procedures performed in Brazil, age 18 years or over, and presence of CTO with PCI attempt. CTO was defined as a 100% lesion in an epicardial coronary artery, known or estimated to have lasted at least 3 months. RESULTS: Data on 1196 CTO PCIs were included. Procedures were performed primarily for angina control (85%) and/or treatment of moderate/severe ischemia (24%). Technical success rate was 84%, being achieved with antegrade wire approaches in 81% of procedures, antegrade dissection and re-entry in 9%, and retrograde approaches in 10%. In-hospital adverse cardiovascular events occurred in 2.3% of cases, with a mortality rate of 0.75%. CONCLUSIONS: CTOs can be treated effectively in Brazil by using PCI, with low complication rates. The scientific and technological development observed in this area in the past decade is reflected in the clinical practice of dedicated Brazilian centers.

FUNDAMENTO: Tem sido observado um grande avanço nas técnicas e nos dispositivos para a realização de intervenções coronárias percutâneas (ICP) em oclusões totais coronarianas crônicas (OTC), mas existem poucos dados da prática do mundo real em países em desenvolvimento. OBJETIVOS: Relatar as características clínicas e angiográficas, os aspectos dos procedimentos e os resultados clínicos da ICP de OTC em centros dedicados a esse procedimento no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Os pacientes incluídos foram submetidos à ICP de OTC em centros participantes do LATAM CTO Registry, um registro multicêntrico latino-americano dedicado à coleta prospectiva desses dados. Os critérios de inclusão foram procedimentos realizados no Brasil, idade acima de 18 anos e presença de OTC com tentativa de ICP. A definição de OTC foi lesão de 100% em uma artéria coronária epicárdica, conhecida ou estimada como tendo pelo menos 3 meses de evolução. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos dados de 1.196 ICPs de OTC. Os procedimentos foram realizados principalmente para controle da angina (85%) e/ou tratamento de uma grande área isquêmica (24%). A taxa de sucesso técnico foi de 84% e foi alcançada com técnicas de fios anterógrados em 81%, dissecção/reentrada anterógrada em 9% e retrógrada em 10% dos procedimentos. Os eventos cardiovasculares adversos intra-hospitalares ocorreram em 2,3% dos casos, sendo a mortalidade de 0,75%. CONCLUSÕES: As OTC podem ser tratadas no Brasil por intervenção coronária percutânea de forma efetiva e com baixas taxas de complicações. O desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico observado nessa área na última década reflete-se na prática clínica de centros brasileiros dedicados a essa técnica.

Comparative clinical performance of two types of drug-eluting stents with abluminal biodegradable polymer coating: Five-year results of the DESTINY randomized trial.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The Stents Coated With the Biodegradable Polymer on Their Abluminal Faces and Elution of Sirolimus Versus Biolimus Elution for the Treatment of de Novo Coronary Lesions - DESTINY Trial is a non-inferiority randomized study that compared the Inspiron™ sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) with the control Biomatrix™ Flex biolimus-eluting stent (BES). Previous reports in the first year showed similar outcomes for both stents, in clinical, angiographic, optical coherence tomography, and intravascular ultrasound assessments. The present analysis aims to compare the clinical performance of these two biodegradable polymer drug-eluting stents five years after the index procedure. METHODS: A total of 170 patients (194 lesions) were randomized in a 2:1 ratio for treatment with SES or BES, respectively. The primary endpoint for the present study was the five-year rate of combined major adverse cardiac events, defined as cardiac death, myocardial infarction, or target lesion revascularization. RESULTS: At five years, the primary endpoint occurred in 12.5% and 17.9% of the SES and BES groups, respectively (p=0.4). There was no definite or probable stent thrombosis among patients treated with the novel SES stent during the five years of follow-up, and no stent thrombosis after the first year in the BES group. CONCLUSIONS: The novel Inspiron™ stent had similar good clinical performance in long-term follow-up when compared head-to-head with the control latest-generation Biomatrix™ Flex biolimus-eluting stent.

Prevalence of Lens Opacity in Interventional Cardiologists and Professional Working in the Hemodynamics in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Posterior subcapsular cataract is a tissue reaction commonly found among professionals exposed to ionizing radiation. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of cataract in professionals working in hemodynamics in Brazil. METHODS: Professionals exposed to ionizing radiation (group 1, G1) underwent slit lamp examination with a biomicroscope for lens examination and compared with non-exposed subjects (group 2, G2). Ophthalmologic findings were described and classified by opacity degree and localization using the Lens Opacities Classification System III. Both groups answered a questionnaire on work and health conditions to investigate the presence of risk factors for cataract. The level of significance was set at 5% (p < 0.05). RESULTS: A total of 112 volunteers of G1, mean age of 44.95 (±10.23) years, and 88 volunteers of G2, mean age of 48.07 (±12.18) years were evaluated; 75.2% of G1 and 85.2% of G2 were physicians. Statistical analysis between G1 and G2 showed a prevalence of posterior subcapsular cataract of 13% and 2% in G1 and G2, respectively (0.0081). Considering physicians only, 38% of G1 and 15% of G2 had cataract, with the prevalence of posterior subcapsular cataract of 13% and 3%, respectively (p = 0.0176). Among non-physicians, no difference was found in the prevalence of cataract (by types). CONCLUSIONS: Cataract was more prevalent in professionals exposed to ionizing radiation, with posterior subcapsular cataract the most frequent finding.

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Chronic Total Occlusion.

Percutaneous coronary intervention in chronic total occlusion is a rapidly evolving area, being considered the last frontier of interventional cardiology. In recent years, the development of new techniques and equipment, as well as the training of specialized personnel, increased their success rates, making it the most predictable procedure available. Although the number of randomized and controlled studies is still limited, results from large multicentered registries allow us to safely offer this intervention to patients, as another treatment option along with the optimized drug treatment and myocardial revascularization surgery. This review summarizes the last and most relevant publications in the subject in order to provide an overall view of the field's current status.

Panorama das Intervenções Coronárias Percutâneas em Oclusões Totais Crônicas em Centros Participantes do LATAM CTO Registry no Brasil / Overview of Percutaneous Coronary Interventions for Chronic Total Occlusions Treated at Brazilian Centers Participating in the LATAM CTO Registry

Resumo Fundamento Tem sido observado um grande avanço nas técnicas e nos dispositivos para a realização de intervenções coronárias percutâneas (ICP) em oclusões totais coronarianas crônicas (OTC), mas existem poucos dados da prática do mundo real em países em desenvolvimento. Objetivos Relatar as características clínicas e angiográficas, os aspectos dos procedimentos e os resultados clínicos da ICP de OTC em centros dedicados a esse procedimento no Brasil. Métodos Os pacientes incluídos foram submetidos à ICP de OTC em centros participantes do LATAM CTO Registry, um registro multicêntrico latino-americano dedicado à coleta prospectiva desses dados. Os critérios de inclusão foram procedimentos realizados no Brasil, idade acima de 18 anos e presença de OTC com tentativa de ICP. A definição de OTC foi lesão de 100% em uma artéria coronária epicárdica, conhecida ou estimada como tendo pelo menos 3 meses de evolução. Resultados Foram incluídos dados de 1.196 ICPs de OTC. Os procedimentos foram realizados principalmente para controle da angina (85%) e/ou tratamento de uma grande área isquêmica (24%). A taxa de sucesso técnico foi de 84% e foi alcançada com técnicas de fios anterógrados em 81%, dissecção/reentrada anterógrada em 9% e retrógrada em 10% dos procedimentos. Os eventos cardiovasculares adversos intra-hospitalares ocorreram em 2,3% dos casos, sendo a mortalidade de 0,75%. Conclusões As OTC podem ser tratadas no Brasil por intervenção coronária percutânea de forma efetiva e com baixas taxas de complicações. O desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico observado nessa área na última década reflete-se na prática clínica de centros brasileiros dedicados a essa técnica.

Abstract Background Major advances have been seen in techniques and devices for performing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) for chronic total occlusions (CTOs), but there are limited real-world practice data from developing countries. Objectives To report clinical and angiographic characteristics, procedural aspects, and clinical outcomes of CTO PCI performed at dedicated centers in Brazil. Methods Included patients underwent CTO PCI at centers participating in the LATAM CTO Registry, a Latin American multicenter registry dedicated to prospective collection of these data. Inclusion criteria were procedures performed in Brazil, age 18 years or over, and presence of CTO with PCI attempt. CTO was defined as a 100% lesion in an epicardial coronary artery, known or estimated to have lasted at least 3 months. Results Data on 1196 CTO PCIs were included. Procedures were performed primarily for angina control (85%) and/or treatment of moderate/severe ischemia (24%). Technical success rate was 84%, being achieved with antegrade wire approaches in 81% of procedures, antegrade dissection and re-entry in 9%, and retrograde approaches in 10%. In-hospital adverse cardiovascular events occurred in 2.3% of cases, with a mortality rate of 0.75%. Conclusions CTOs can be treated effectively in Brazil by using PCI, with low complication rates. The scientific and technological development observed in this area in the past decade is reflected in the clinical practice of dedicated Brazilian centers.

Pregnancy-associated spontaneous coronary artery dissection: insights from a case series of 13 patients.

AIMS: We sought to present a series of 13 pregnancy-associated spontaneous coronary artery dissection (P-SCAD), their angiographic and multimodal imaging findings, acute phase treatment, and outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between 2005 and 2015, 13 cases of P-SCAD were collected from a database of 11 tertiary hospitals. The mean age was 33.8 ± 3.7 years; most patients had no risk factors for coronary artery disease, and the majority were multiparous. P-SCAD occurred during the puerperium in 12 patients with a median time of 10 days. Only one patient presented with P-SCAD in the 37th week of pregnancy, and she was the only patient who died in this series. Six patients (46%) presented with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI), six (46%) presented with non-STEMI, and one presented with unstable angina; one-third of women had cardiogenic shock. In 12 patients, the dissection involved the left anterior descending or circumflex artery, and it extended to the left main coronary artery in 6 patients. Intravascular ultrasound or optical coherence tomography helped to confirm diagnosis and guide treatment in 46% of cases. Seven women were managed clinically; percutaneous coronary intervention was performed in five cases, and coronary artery bypass grafting was performed in one patient. CONCLUSION: In these 13 cases of P-SCAD, clinical presentation commonly included acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. Multivessel dissections and involvement of the left coronary artery and left main coronary artery were highly prevalent. Clinicians must be aware of angiographic appearances of P-SCAD for prompt diagnosis and management in these high-risk patients.

Metallic Limus-Eluting Stents Abluminally Coated with Biodegradable Polymers: Angiographic and Clinical Comparison of a Novel Ultra-Thin Sirolimus Stent Versus Biolimus Stent in the DESTINY Randomized Trial.

AIMS: To evaluate the outcomes of patients treated with a new drug-eluting stent formulation with low doses of sirolimus, built in an ultra-thin-strut platform coated with biodegradable abluminal coating. METHODS: This study is a randomized trial that tested the main hypothesis that the angiographic late lumen loss of the novel sirolimus-eluting stent is noninferior compared with commercially available biolimus-eluting stent. A final study population comprising 170 patients with one or two de novo lesions was randomized in the ratio 2:1 for sirolimus-eluting stent or biolimus-eluting stent, respectively. The primary endpoint was 9-month angiographic in-stent late lumen loss. Adverse clinical events were prospectively collected for 1 year. RESULTS: After 9 months, the novel sirolimus-eluting stent was shown noninferior compared with the biolimus stent for the primary endpoint (angiographic in-stent late lumen loss: 0.20 ± 0.29 mm vs. 0.15 ± 0.20 mm, respectively; P value for noninferiority <0.001). The 1-year incidence of death, myocardial infarction, repeat revascularization, and stent thrombosis remained low and not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The present randomized trial demonstrates that the tested novel sirolimus-eluting stent was angiographically noninferior in comparison with a last-generation biolimus-eluting stent.

Comparison of direct stenting versus stenting with predilation for the treatment of selected coronary narrowings.

Direct stenting may reduce costs, procedure times, and injury to the vessel wall, positively influencing acute and late results. This study was designed to demonstrate 6-month clinical outcome equivalence between direct and standard stenting techniques. Four hundred eleven patients (425 lesions) were randomized in 7 sites to undergo direct (210 patients, 216 lesions) or conventional (201 patients, 209 lesions) stent implantation. Lesions with severe calcification were excluded. Angiographic success rate was 100% in the direct stent group (2.8% requiring balloon predilation) and 98.6% in the predilation group (p = 0.12). Direct stenting was associated with decreased use of balloons (0.15 vs 1.09 balloons/lesion treated) and with a trend toward a reduction of procedure time (22.7 +/- 15.0 vs 25.6 +/- 18.2 minutes; p = 0.073). Fluoroscopy time and contrast volume were not different between groups. At 6-month follow-up, the incidences of death (direct [1.4%] vs predilation [2.5%]), myocardial infarction (5.3% vs 5.0%), and target vessel revascularization (8.2% vs 10.5%) were similar in both groups. Major adverse cardiac event-free survival rate was 87.5% for those who underwent the direct stent technique and 85.5% for patients who underwent predilation (p = 0.0002 for equivalence). In conclusion, direct stenting is at least equivalent to the standard technique in terms of 6-month clinical outcomes when performed on selected coronary lesions without significant calcification. This strategy is associated with decreased use of balloons, but, in general, does not significantly reduce procedure times.

Prevalence of Lens Opacity in Interventional Cardiologists and Professional Working in the Hemodynamics in Brazil / Prevalência de Opacidades do Cristalino em Cardiologistas Intervencionistas e Profissionais Atuantes na Área de Hemodinâmica no Brasil

Abstract Background: Posterior subcapsular cataract is a tissue reaction commonly found among professionals exposed to ionizing radiation. Objective: To assess the prevalence of cataract in professionals working in hemodynamics in Brazil. Methods: Professionals exposed to ionizing radiation (group 1, G1) underwent slit lamp examination with a biomicroscope for lens examination and compared with non-exposed subjects (group 2, G2). Ophthalmologic findings were described and classified by opacity degree and localization using the Lens Opacities Classification System III. Both groups answered a questionnaire on work and health conditions to investigate the presence of risk factors for cataract. The level of significance was set at 5% (p < 0.05). Results: A total of 112 volunteers of G1, mean age of 44.95 (±10.23) years, and 88 volunteers of G2, mean age of 48.07 (±12.18) years were evaluated; 75.2% of G1 and 85.2% of G2 were physicians. Statistical analysis between G1 and G2 showed a prevalence of posterior subcapsular cataract of 13% and 2% in G1 and G2, respectively (0.0081). Considering physicians only, 38% of G1 and 15% of G2 had cataract, with the prevalence of posterior subcapsular cataract of 13% and 3%, respectively (p = 0.0176). Among non-physicians, no difference was found in the prevalence of cataract (by types). Conclusions: Cataract was more prevalent in professionals exposed to ionizing radiation, with posterior subcapsular cataract the most frequent finding.

Resumo Fundamento: A catarata subcapsular posterior é uma reação tecidual encontrada com frequência nos profissionais expostos à radiação ionizante. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de catarata nos profissionais que atuam na área de hemodinâmica no Brasil. Métodos: Profissionais expostos à radiação ionizante (grupo 1, G1) foram submetidos ao exame biomicroscópico com lâmpada de fenda para avaliação do cristalino, e comparados aos não expostos (grupo 2, G2). Os achados foram descritos e classificados quanto ao grau de opacidade e localização por meio do Lens opacities classification system III. Ambos os grupos responderam questionário sobre condições de trabalho e de saúde para afastar fatores de risco para catarata, e foram comparados quanto aos achados. Foi utilizado um nível de significância de 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados: Foram avaliados 112 voluntários (G1) com média de idade 44,95 (±10,23) anos e 88 voluntários (G2) com média de 48,07 (±12,18) anos. Desses, 75,2% (G1) e 85,2% (G2) eram médicos. A análise estatística entre os grupos G1 e G2 mostrou uma prevalência da catarata no grupo G1 de 33% comparada ao G2 de 16% (p = 0,0058), sendo a catarata subcapsular posterior presente em 13% no G1 e 2% no G2 (p = 0,0081). Considerando apenas os médicos, 38% no G1 e 15% no G2 (p = 0,0011) apresentaram catarata, sendo a subcapsular posterior 13% e 3% (p = 0,0176), respectivamente. No grupo dos profissionais não médicos, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na prevalência dos achados oftalmológicos. Conclusões: A catarata esteve mais presente no grupo de profissionais expostos à radiação ionizante, sendo que a catarata subcapsular posterior foi o dano tecidual mais encontrado.

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Chronic Total Occlusion / Intervenção Coronária Percutânea em Oclusão Total Crônica

Abstract Percutaneous coronary intervention in chronic total occlusion is a rapidly evolving area, being considered the last frontier of interventional cardiology. In recent years, the development of new techniques and equipment, as well as the training of specialized personnel, increased their success rates, making it the most predictable procedure available. Although the number of randomized and controlled studies is still limited, results from large multicentered registries allow us to safely offer this intervention to patients, as another treatment option along with the optimized drug treatment and myocardial revascularization surgery. This review summarizes the last and most relevant publications in the subject in order to provide an overall view of the field's current status.

Resumo A intervenção coronária percutânea em oclusão total crônica é uma área em rápida evolução, sendo considerada a última fronteira da cardiologia intervencionista. Nos últimos anos, o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas e equipamentos, assim como o treinamento de operadores especializados, elevaram sua taxa de sucesso, tornando o procedimento mais previsível. Apesar do número de estudos randomizados e controlados ainda ser limitado, resultados de grandes registros multicêntricos nos permitem oferecer essa intervenção aos pacientes com segurança, como mais uma opção de tratamento junto ao tratamento medicamentoso otimizado e ao lado cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica. Na presente revisão, resumimos as últimas e mais relevantes publicações sobre o assunto a fim de fornecer uma visão geral do atual estado da área.

Acetylcysteine for the prevention of renal outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing coronary and peripheral vascular angiography: a substudy of the acetylcysteine for contrast-induced nephropathy trial.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus represents an independent risk factor for contrast-induced acute kidney injury. We report the results of a prespecified substudy of patients with diabetes mellitus included in the Acetylcysteine for Contrast-Induced Nephropathy Trial (ACT), the largest randomized study evaluating the effects of acetylcysteine for the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury conducted to date. METHODS AND RESULTS: From the 2308 patients included in the ACT, 1395 had diabetes mellitus and were considered for the present analysis. The study drugs (acetylcysteine 1200 mg or matching placebo) were administered orally twice daily for 2 doses before and 2 doses after the procedure. The allocation was concealed (central Web-based randomization). Participants, healthcare staff, data collectors, and outcome assessors were blinded. All analysis followed the intention-to-treat principle. The incidence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (primary end point) was 13.8% in the acetylcysteine group and 14.7% in the control group (relative risk 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.69-1.26; P=0.64). A combined end point of death or need for dialysis at 30 days was also similar in both the groups (2.2% and 2.1%, respectively; hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 0.52-2.19; P=0.86). CONCLUSIONS: In this subanalysis, acetylcysteine did not reduce the risk of contrast-induced acute kidney injury or other clinically relevant outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing coronary and peripheral vascular angiography. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00736866.

Preditores independentes de doença arterial coronária multiarterial: resultados do Registro Angiocardio / Independent predictors of multivessel coronary artery disease: results from Angiocardio Registry

Introdução: O Registro Angiocardio, que agrega dados de cinco diferentes centros do Estado de São Paulo, oferece a oportunidade de estudar a associação de fatores de risco cardiovasculares com a extensão da doença arterial coronária (DAC), avaliada pela cinecoronariografia. Este estudo buscou analisar preditores independentes de DAC multiarterial em nosso meio. Métodos: De agosto de 2006 a janeiro de 2014, 16.320 pacientes com DAC foram incluídos e divididos nos grupos uni e multiarterial. Resultados: Pacientes multiarteriais (n = 9.512, 58,3%) apresentaram-se, em média, 3 anos mais idosos, com maior prevalência do sexo masculino (69,4% vs. 65,4%; p < 0,01), hipertensão arterial (80,0% vs. 73,5%; p < 0,01), diabetes (40,7% vs. 28,8%; p < 0,01), dislipidemia (39,6% vs. 34,9%; p < 0,01), antecedentes familiares de DAC precoce (23,0% vs. 21,3%; p < 0,01), insuficiência renal crônica (4,1% vs. 2,6%; p < 0,01), acidente vascular cerebral prévio (3,8% vs. 2,8%; p < 0,01), doença vascular periférica (4,0% vs. 3,3%; p = 0,02) e infarto do miocárdio prévio (18,4% vs. 13,9%; p < 0,01), além de menor prevalência de tabagismo (20,0% vs. 24,5%; p < 0,01). À análise multivariada, foram preditores independentes de lesão multiarterial idade > 40 anos (odds ratio - OR = 1,996; IC 95% 1,52-2,63; p < 0,01), sexo masculino (OR = 1,202; IC 95% 1,12-1,28; p < 0,01), hipertensão arterial (OR = 1,439; IC 95% 1,34-1,55; p < 0,01), diabetes (OR = 1,697; IC 95% 1,59-1,81; p < 0,01), dislipidemia (OR = 1,223; IC 95% 1,15-1,30; p < 0,01), infarto agudo do miocárdio prévio (OR = 1,393; IC 95% 1,28-1,52; p < 0,01) e insuficiência renal crônica (OR = 1,597; IC 95% 1,33-1,91; p < 0,01). Conclusões: A DAC multiarterial em nosso meio é associada aos fatores de risco tradicionais para aterosclerose, com exceção do tabagismo. A idade, o diabetes e a insuficiência renal crônica foram os fatores preditores mais fortes para a DAC multiarterial avaliada pela cinecoronariografia

Background: The Angiocardio Registry, which comprises data from five different centers in the state of São Paulo, offers the opportunity to study the association between cardiovascular risk factors and coronary artery disease (CAD) extent, as assessed by coronary angiography. This study aimed to evaluate independent predictors of multivessel CAD in Brazil. Methods: From August 2006 to January 2014, 16,320 patients with CAD were included and divided into the single- and multivessel groups. Results: Patients with multivessel disease (n = 9,512, 58.3%) were on average 3 years older, with a higher prevalence of males (69.4% vs. 65.4%; p < 0.01), arterial hypertension (80.0% vs. 73.5%; p < 0.01), diabetes (40.7% vs. 28.8%; p < 0.01), dyslipidemia (39.6% vs. 34.9%; p < 0.01), family history of CAD (23.0% vs. 21.3%; p < 0.01), chronic renal failure (4.1% vs. 2.6%; p < 0.01), previous stroke (3.8% vs. 2.8%; p < 0.01), peripheral vascular disease (4.0% vs. 3.3%; p = 0.02) and previous myocardial infarction (18.4% vs. 13.9%; p < 0.01), as well as a lower prevalence of smoking (20.0% vs. 24.5%; p < 0.01). At the multivariate analysis, the following were independent predictors of multivessel lesion: age > 40 years (odds ratio - OR = 1.996; 95% CI: 1.52-2.63; p < 0.01), male gender (OR = 1.202; 95% CI: 1.12-1.28; p < 0.01), arterial hypertension (OR = 1.439; 95% CI: 1.34-1.55; p < 0.01), diabetes (OR =1.697; 95% CI: 1.59-1.81; p < 0.01), dyslipidemia (OR = 1.223; 95% CI: 1.15-1.30; p < 0.01), previous acute myocardial infarction (OR = 1.393; 95% CI: 1.28-1.52; p < 0.01), and chronic renal failure (OR = 1.597; 95% CI: 1.33-1.91; p < 0.01). Conclusions: Multivessel CAD in Brazil is associated with traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis, except for smoking. Age, diabetes, and chronic renal failure were the strongest predictors for multivessel CAD assessed by coronary angiography

Impacto do uso prévio de estatinas nos resultados da intervenção coronáriapercutânea na síndrome coronariana aguda / Impact of prior statin use on percutaneous coronary intervention outcomes in acute coronary syndrome

Introdução: O uso de estatinas previamente à intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) tem reduzidoeventos cardíacos na evolução de curto e longo prazos. Avaliamos o impacto do uso prévio de estatinas nosresultados hospitalares da ICP em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA).Métodos: Análise retrospectiva de registro multicêntrico com 6.288 pacientes submetidos consecutivamenteà ICP. Destes, 35% tinham SCA e foram avaliados de acordo com a utilização (Grupo 1, n = 1.203) ou não (Grupo2, n = 999) de estatinas.Resultados: O Grupo 1 mostrou maior prevalência de dislipidemia, infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) prévio,procedimentos de revascularização prévios, insuficiência renal crônica, acometimento multiarterial,lesões em bifurcação uso de stents farmacológicos. O Grupo 2 mostrou maior número de ICPs primária e deresgate, classe funcional Killip III/IV, lesões tipo B2/C, trombos, oclusões totais, fluxo TIMI pré 0/1, presençade circulação colateral, uso de inibidores da glicoproteína IIb/IIIa e de cateteres de aspiração. O sucesso daICP foi maior no Grupo 1 (95,1% vs. 92,5%; p = 0,01), e a ocorrência de eventos cardíacos e cerebrovascularesadversos maiores (ECCAM) (3,7% vs. 5,7%; p = 0,04) foi mais frequente no Grupo 2. Apesar da não utilizaçãode estatina ter apresentado associação com ECCAM na análise univariada, foram preditores independentesde ECCAM hospitalares apenas o IAM em Killip III/IV e a cirurgia de revascularização prévia.Conclusões: Pacientes com SCA submetidos à ICP e que estavam em uso prévio de estatinas apresentarammelhores resultados clínicos hospitalares, mas a utilização desses fármacos não foi preditora independentede ECCAM.

Background: The use of statins prior to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has reduced cardiacevents in both short and long-term follow-up. This study assessed the impact of prior statin use on inhospitalPCI outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).Methods: Retrospective analysis of a multicenter registry of 6,288 consecutive patients undergoing PCI. Ofthese, 35% had ACS and were evaluated according to statin use (Group 1, n = 1,203) or no use (Group 2, n = 999).Results: Group 1 showed higher prevalence of dyslipidemia, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), previouscoronary artery bypass graft, chronic renal failure, multivessel involvement, bifurcation lesions, and useof drug-eluting stents. Group 2 showed more primary and rescue PCIs, Killip functional class III/IV, B2/Clesions, thrombi, total occlusions, pre-procedural TIMI 0/1 flow, presence of collateral circulation, and useof glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and aspiration catheters. PCI success was higher in Group 1 (95.1% vs.92.5%; p = 0.01), and the occurrence of major adverse cerebrovascular and cardiac events (MACCE) (3.7% vs. 5.7%) was more frequent in Group 2. Although the non-use of statins showed an association with MACCEin the univariate analysis, independent predictors of in-hospital MACCE were limited to AMI in Killip III/IVand prior coronary artery bypass graft.Conclusions: ACS patients undergoing PCI who previously used statins had better in-hospital clinicaloutcomes; however, statin use was not an independent predictor of MACCE.

Intervenção coronária percutânea em pacientes jovens / Percutaneous coronary intervention in young patients

Introdução: A doença cardiovascular tem apresentado ocorrência crescente na população jovem e dados da intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) nesse grupo são escassos. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar retrospectivamente o perfil e os resultados clínicos hospitalares de pacientes jovens do nosso registro de ICP. Métodos: No período de 2006 a 2012, 6.288 pacientes foram submetidos consecutivamente à ICP, sendo 151 com idade < 40 anos (Grupo 1) e 6.137 ≥ 40 anos (Grupo 2). Modelos de regressão logística foram aplicados para identificar os preditores de eventos cardíacos e cerebrovasculares adversos maiores (ECCAM) na população estudada. Resultados: No Grupo 1, prevaleceram o tabagismo, o infarto agudo do miocárdio como apresentação clínica, lesões em um único vaso (sendo a artéria descendente anterior o vaso mais tratado), lesões com trombos e o fluxo TIMI 0/1. O sucesso clínico da ICP (96,0% vs. 95,5%; p = 0,89) e a ocorrência de ECCAM (3,3% vs. 3,3%; p = 0,82), de óbito (0,0% vs. 1,0%; p = 0,39), acidente vascular cerebral (0,0% vs. 0,1%; p > 0,99), infarto agudo do miocárdio (3,3% vs. 2,3%; p = 0,41) ou revascularização de emergência (0,6% vs. 0,03%; p = 0,56) foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Na análise multivariada, a idade e a presença das classes funcionais Killip III e IV foram as variáveis que melhor explicaram a ocorrência de ECCAM. Conclusões: Pacientes com idade < 40 anos representaram uma fração menor dos casos dessa casuística, e apresentaram perfil clínico e angiográfico distinto dos mais velhos, o que sugere a necessidade de instituir medidas de prevenção primária mais precoce nos que se enquadram no perfil observado...

Background: Cardiovascular disease has shown increasing occurrence rates among young people and data of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in this group are scarce. Our objective was to perform a retrospective evaluation of the profile and in-hospital clinical outcomes of young patients in this PCI registry. Methods: From 2006 to 2012, 6,288 patients were consecutively submitted to PCI, of whom 151 were < 40 years of age (Group 1) and 6,127 were ≥ 40 years of age (Group 2). Logistic regression models were applied to identify the predictors of cardiac events and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in the study population. Results: In Group 1, there was a prevalence of smoking, myocardial infection as a clinical presentation, single vessel disease (left anterior descending artery as the culprit vessel), thrombotic lesions, and TIMI flow 0/1. The clinical success of PCI (96.0 % vs. 95.5 %; p = 0.89), and the occurrence of MACCE (3.3% vs. 3.3%; p = 0.82), death (0.0% vs. 1.0%; p = 0.39, stroke (0.0% vs. 0.1%; p > 0.99), myocardial infarction (3.3% vs. 2.3%; p = 0.41) or emergency revascularization (0.6% vs. 0.03%; p = 0.56) were similar between groups. In the multivariate analysis, age and presence of functional class Killip III and IV were the variables that best explained the occurrence of MACCE. Conclusions: Patients with age < 40 years represented a small fraction of the cases in this series and had a clinical and angiographic profile different from the older patients, suggesting the need to establish primary prevention measures earlier in individuals with the observed profile...

Mudanças no perfil populacional e resultados da intervenção coronária percutânea do Registro Angiocardio / Changes in the populational profile and outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention in the Angiocardio Registry

INTRODUÇÃO: A evolução tecnológica tem permitido ampliar a indicação da intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) para cenários clínicos e angiográficos mais desafiadores. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar os resultados da ICP em dois diferentes períodos, nos últimos 6 anos. MÉTODOS: Registro multicêntrico no qual 6.288 pacientes consecutivos tratados por ICP foram divididos por períodos de tratamento: 2006 a 2008 (P1; n = 1.779) e 2009 a 2012 (P2; n = 4.509). Buscamos comparar as taxas de eventos cardíacos e cerebrovasculares adversos maiores (ECCAM) hospitalares e identificar seus preditores. RESULTADOS: Pacientes do Grupo P2 mostraram ser mais jovens, com maior prevalência de tabagismo e diabetes. Esses pacientes mostraram maior acometimento de múltiplos vasos, maior número de lesões trombóticas e lesões em bifurcações. A relação de vasos tratados/paciente foi maior no Grupo P2, assim como a relação stent/paciente e a utilização de stents farmacológicos. ECCAM foi mais frequente no Grupo P2 (2,5% vs. 3,5%; P = 0,04), às custas do infarto periprocedimento (1,7% vs. 2,6%; P = 0,05), não havendo diferenças quanto a óbito (1,0% vs. 1,0%; P = 0,87), acidente vascular cerebral (0,2% vs. 0,1%; P = 0,47) ou cirurgia de revascularização de emergência (0,1% vs. 0; P = 0,68). Idade (odds ratio - OR - de 1,02; intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC 95% - de 1,00-1,05; P = 0,04) e Killip III/IV (OR = 6,03, IC 95%; 3,39-10,90; P < 0,01) foram as variáveis que melhor explicaram a presença de ECCAM. CONCLUSÕES: Nessa grande coorte, mudanças substanciais ocorreram nas características de pacientes tratados por ICP nos últimos 6 anos. O cenário mais complexo associou-se a discreto aumento de infartos periprocedimento, mas não a outros eventos adversos clínicos hospitalares.

BACKGROUND: Technological developments have enabled the expansion of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) indications for more challenging clinical and angiographic scenarios. Our objective was to evaluate the results of PCI in two different periods in the past 6 years. METHODS: This was a multicenter registry including 6,288 consecutive patients treated by PCI, who were divided according to different treatment periods: 2006 to 2008 (P1; n = 1,779) and 2009 to 2012 (P2; n = 4,509). We intended to compare the rates of in-hospital major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and identify their predictors. RESULTS: P2 patients were younger and had a higher prevalence of smoking and diabetes. These patients had a greater rate of multivessel, thrombotic and bifurcation lesions. The number of diseased vessels per patient was higher in the P2 Group, as well as the number of stents per patient, and the use of drug-eluting stents. MACCE was more frequent in P2 patients (2.5% vs. 3.5%; P = 0.04), due to periprocedural myocardial infarction (1.7% vs. 2.6%; P = 0.05), and there were no differences in terms of death (1.0% vs. 1.0%; P = 0.87), stroke (0.2% vs. 0.1%; P = 0.47) or emergency coronary artery bypass grafting (0.1% vs. 0; P = 0.68). Age (odds ratio - OR - 1.02; 95% confidence interval - CI 95% - 1.00-1.05; P = 0.04) and Killip III/IV (OR = 6.0, 95% CI; 3.3-10.9; P < 0.01) were the variables that best explained the presence of MACCE. CONCLUSIONS: In this large cohort, substancial changes occurred in the characteristics of patients treated by PCI in the last 6 years. This more complex scenario was associated to a slight increase of periprocedural myocardial infarctions, but not to other in-hospital clinical adverse events.

Desfechos hospitalares em pacientes submetidos a intervenção coronária percutânea primária versus de resgate / In-hospital outcomes on patients submitted to primary versus rescue percutaneous coronary intervention

INTRODUÇÃO: Dificuldades de acesso em tempo hábil a centros que oferecem intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) primária fazem com que a trombólise química seja a modalidade de reperfusão predominante em pacientes com infarto com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) no Brasil. Nesse cenário, a ICP de resgate torna-se importante opção para pacientes com insucesso na reperfusão. Comparamos os desfechos hospitalares dessas duas modalidades de ICP no IAMCSST. MÉTODOS: Entre agosto de 2006 e outubro de 2012, pacientes consecutivos do Registro Angiocardio, com IAMCSST, foram submetidos a ICP primária ou de resgate. Foi comparada a incidência de eventos cardíacos e cerebrovasculares adversos maiores (ECCAM) hospitalares. RESULTADOS: Avaliamos 801 pacientes submetidos a ICP primária (n = 599) ou a ICP de resgate (n = 202). No grupo ICP de resgate foi observada menor frequência de trombos, oclusões totais, fluxo TIMI 0/1 pré-procedimento e presença de circulação colateral. O emprego de stents foi similar, assim como a taxa de sucesso do procedimento (91,7% vs. 90,6%; P = 0,75). A incidência de ECCAM (6,3% vs. 6,9%; P = 0,89), óbito (4% vs. 4%; P > 0,99), acidente vascular cerebral (0,3% vs. 0; P = 0,99) e reinfarto (2,7% vs. 3%; P > 0,99) não diferiu entre os grupos. Na análise multivariada, dislipidemia [odds ratio (OR) 2,190, intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC 95%) 1,14-4,16; P = 0,01], classe funcional Killip III ou IV (OR 7,494, IC 95% 3,90-14,31; P < 0,01) e lesões com calcificação moderada/acentuada (OR 2,852, IC 95% 1,39-5,62; P < 0,01) foram as variáveis que melhor explicaram os ECCAM hospitalares. CONCLUSÕES: Neste registro contemporâneo, a ICP de resgate obteve resultados hospitalares similares aos da ICP primária.

BACKGROUND: Difficulties to reach centers that offer primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in a timely manner turn intravenous thrombolysis into the predominant reperfusion mode in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in Brazil. In this scenario, rescue PCI becomes an important therapeutic option for patients who fail reperfusion. We have compared hospital outcomes of these two PCI modalities in STEMI. METHODS: Between August 2006 to October 2012, consecutive patients with STEMI enrolled in the Angiocardio Registry were submitted to primary or rescue PCI. The incidence of in-hospital major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) was compared. RESULTS: We evaluated 801 patients undergoing primary (n = 599) or rescue PCI (n = 202). In the rescue PCI group a lower frequency of thrombi, total occlusions, pre-procedure TIMI 0/1 flow and angiographically detectable collaterals was observed. The use of stents was similar, as well as the procedure success rates (91.7% vs 90.6%; P = 0.75). The incidence of MACCE (6.3% vs 6.9%; P = 0.89), death (4% vs 4%; P > 0.99), stroke (0.3% vs 0; P = 0.99) and reinfarction (2.7% vs 3%; P > 0.99) was not different between groups. In the multivariate analysis, the presence of dyslipidemia [odds ratio (OR) 2.190, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.14-4.16; P = 0.01], Killip class III or IV (OR 7.494, 95% CI 3.90-14.31; P < 0.01) and lesions with moderate/severe calcification (OR 2.852, 95% CI 1.39-5.62; P < 0.01), were the variables that best explained in-hospital MACCE. CONCLUSIONS: In this contemporary registry, rescue and primary PCI had similar in-hospital results.