Genomic characterization of BKC-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strain belonging to high-risk clone sequence type 11 isolated from a river in Brazil.

Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common cause of healthcare-related infections, and it is widespread in hospitals and diverse environments with potentially serious public health implications. Herein, we have reported the isolation and characterization of an environmental Brazilian Klebsiella carbapenemase (BKC-1)-producing K. pneumoniae strain (IEC1205) isolated in 2018 from a river in the Amazon region, Brazil. Antimicrobial susceptibility of this strain was evaluated by broth microdilution and demonstrated resistance to several antibiotics including ß-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and polymyxins. It has an extensively drug-resistant phenotype. Genomic analysis revealed that IEC1205 belonged to sequence type 11, clonal complex 258 and the presence of blaBKC-1 and two other ß-lactamase-encoding genes (blaCTX-M-15 and blaSHV-11). The predicted virulence was associated with biofilm formation-related genes, a type VI secretion system, siderophore production, and type I and II fimbriae formation. We have identified an IncQ1 plasmid, named pIEC1205, harboring blaBKC-1 with high similarity to previously described plasmids carrying blaBKC-1 and blaBKC-2 genes. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an environmental BKC-1-producing K. pneumoniae strain.

Nosocomial bloodstream infections in Brazilian hospitals: analysis of 2,563 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study.

Nosocomial bloodstream infections (nBSIs) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Data from a nationwide, concurrent surveillance study, Brazilian SCOPE (Surveillance and Control of Pathogens of Epidemiological Importance), were used to examine the epidemiology and microbiology of nBSIs at 16 Brazilian hospitals. In our study 2,563 patients with nBSIs were included from 12 June 2007 to 31 March 2010. Ninety-five percent of BSIs were monomicrobial. Gram-negative organisms caused 58.5% of these BSIs, Gram-positive organisms caused 35.4%, and fungi caused 6.1%. The most common pathogens (monomicrobial) were Staphylococcus aureus (14.0%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (12.6%), Klebsiella spp. (12.0%), and Acinetobacter spp. (11.4%). The crude mortality was 40.0%. Forty-nine percent of nBSIs occurred in the intensive-care unit (ICU). The most frequent underlying conditions were malignancy, in 622 patients (24.3%). Among the potential factors predisposing patients to BSI, central venous catheters were the most frequent (70.3%). Methicillin resistance was detected in 157 S. aureus isolates (43.7%). Of the Klebsiella sp. isolates, 54.9% were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins. Of the Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, 55.9% and 36.8%, respectively, were resistant to imipenem. In our multicenter study, we found high crude mortality and a high proportion of nBSIs due to antibiotic-resistant organisms.

Complicações pós-operatórias associadas a exenteração pélvica em mulheres com câncer ginecológico: revisão integrativa / Postoperative complications associated with pelvic exenteration in women with gynecological cancer: an integrative review / Complicaciones postoperatorias asociadas a la exenteración pélvica en mujeres con cáncer ginecológico: revisión integradora

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar as principais complicações advindas da cirurgia de exenteração pélvica em câncer ginecológico e o desfecho do óbito hospitalar após o procedimento cirúrgico. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura considerando 23 artigos publicados de 2012 a 2020 nas bases de dados LILACS e IBECS. Os descritores utilizados foram genital cancer, gynecological cancer, pelvic exenteration, exenteration, postoperative complications, surgical complications, death (idioma inglês), combinados através de conectores booleanos AND ou OR. Resultados: constatou-se aplicabilidade cirúrgica para câncer do colo uterino, útero, ovário, vaginal e vulvar; idade associada a comorbidades (diabetes e hipertensão); a exenteração pélvica total predominante; tempo médio de cirurgia e de institucionalização elevados em decorrência de infecções. Considerações finais: a pesquisa possibilita a melhoria da assistência de saúde prestada no pré, peri e pós-operatório de EP enquanto elucida os principais problemas resultantes desta cirurgia, suas estratificações e manejos.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the main complications arising from the pelvic exenteration surgery in gynecological cancer and the in-hospital death outcome after the surgical procedure. Method: an integrative literature review considering 23 articles published from 2012 to 2020 in the LILACS and IBECS databases. The descriptors used were the following: genital cancer, gynecological cancer, pelvic exenteration, exenteration, postoperative complications, surgical complications and death, combined by means of the AND or OR Boolean connectors. Results: surgical applicability was verified for cervical, uterine, ovarian, vaginal and vulvar cancer; age was associated with comorbidities (diabetes and hypertension); total pelvic exenteration was predominant; and there were high mean surgical and hospitalization times due to infections. Contributions to the area: this research enables improvements in the health care provided in the PE pre-, peri- and post-operative periods, as it elucidates the main problems resulting from this surgery, their stratifications and management options.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar las principales complicaciones derivadas de la cirugía de exenteración pélvica en tumores ginecológicos y el desenlace de fallecimiento intrahospitalario después del procedimiento quirúrgico. Método: revisión integradora de la literatura en la que se consideraron 23 artículos publicados en las bases de datos LILACS e IBECS entre 2012 y 2020. Se utilizaron los siguientes descriptores: genital cancer, gynecological cancer, pelvic exenteration, exenteration, postoperative complications, surgical complications y death (idioma inglés), combinados por medio de conectores booleanos AND u OR. Resultados: se detectó lo siguiente: aplicabilidad quirúrgica para cáncer de cuello uterino, útero, ovario, vagina y vulva; edad asociada a comorbilidades (diabetes e hipertensión); predominio de exenteración pélvica total; elevado tiempo promedio de cirugía; e internación por infecciones. Aportes al área: este trabajo de investigación permite mejorar la atención de la salud provista en los períodos pre-, peri- y post-operatorios de la EP, puesto que deja en claro los principales problemas derivados de esta cirugía, sus estratificaciones y opciones de manejo.

Mortality in patients with multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: a meta-analysis.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the leading cause of nosocomial infections with high mortality rates owing to the limited therapeutic options for multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA) and metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing strains. Herein, we present a meta-analysis exploring the association between MDRPA and São Paulo MBL-1 (SPM-1)-producing strains vs. mortality. Online databases were screened to identify studies published between 2006 and 2016. A total of 15 studies, comprising 3,201 cases of P. aeruginosa infection, were included. Our results demonstrated a higher mortality rate among patients infected with MDRPA (44.6%, 363/813) than those with non-MDRPA infection (24.8%, 593/2,388) [odds ratio (OR) 2.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.70-3.36, p <0.00001]. The risk of mortality in patients with non-SPM-1 strains was four times higher than that observed in the patients of the SPM-1 group; however, no statistically significant difference was observed (p = 0.43). In conclusion, the results of our study demonstrated that patients infected with MDRPA had a significantly higher mortality rate than that of patients infected with non-MDRPA strains, especially patients with bloodstream infection (BSI), immunosuppression, and inadequate antimicrobial therapy. The absence of studies on the molecular aspects of blaSPM-1 and its association with mortality limited the analysis; therefore, our results should be interpreted with caution. Our findings also highlight the need for more studies on the molecular aspects of resistance and the peculiarities of different nosocomial settings.

Multi-state survey of healthcare-associated infections in acute care hospitals in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) challenge public health in developing countries such as Brazil, which harbour social inequalities and variations in the complexity of healthcare and regional development. AIM: To describe the prevalence of HCAIs in hospitals in a sample of hospitals in Brazil. METHODS: A prevalence survey conducted in 2011-13 enrolled 152 hospitals from the five macro-regions in Brazil. Hospitals were classified as large (≥200 beds), medium (50-199 beds) or small sized (<50 beds). Settings were randomly selected from a governmental database, except for 11 reference university hospitals. All patients with >48 h of admission to the study hospitals at the time of the survey were included. Trained epidemiologist nurses visited each hospital and collected data on HCAIs, subjects' demographics, and invasive procedures. Univariate and multivariate techniques were used for data analysis. FINDINGS: The overall HCAI prevalence was 10.8%. Most frequent infection sites were pneumonia (3.6%) and bloodstream infections (2.8%). Surgical site infections were found in 1.5% of the whole sample, but in 9.8% of subjects who underwent surgical procedures. The overall prevalence was greater for reference (12.6%) and large hospitals (13.5%), whereas medium- and small-sized hospitals presented rates of 7.7% and 5.5%, respectively. Only minor differences were noticed among hospitals from different macro-regions. Patients in intensive care units, using invasive devices or at extremes of age were at greater risk for HCAIs. CONCLUSION: Prevalence rates were high in all geographic regions and hospital sizes. HCAIs must be a priority in the public health agenda of developing countries.

Clinical and microbiological features of infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients hospitalized in intensive care units.

INTRODUCTION: The spread of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Brazilian hospitals has greatly impacted upon the morbidity and mortality of individuals in intensive care units. Given the lack of information regarding the dynamics of multidrug resistance in northern Brazil, we analyzed the clinical and microbiological features of nosocomial infections caused by P. aeruginosa. METHODS: Between January 2010 and March 2012, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of P. aeruginosa isolates from 54 patients who were hospitalized in intensive care units. The clinical and epidemiologic variables were analyzed, including the patients' demographic data and comorbidities, and the lengths of the intensive care unit stays, the classification of the infections as nosocomial, the use of invasive procedures, antimicrobial therapy, and the patients' outcomes. We undertook susceptibility tests, molecular detection of the metallo-ß-lactamase genes, and genotypic analyses of the isolates using the repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Multidrug resistance occurred most frequently among isolates from adults who had been hospitalized for an average of 87.1 days. The use of mechanical ventilation and urinary catheters were risk factors for infection. The four isolates that harbored the blaSPM-1-like gene showed >95% genetic similarity. CONCLUSIONS: This study's findings show that P. aeruginosa has a high death rate, and that inadequate treatment and invasive procedures are risk factors for infection. This is the first report describing the detection of the blaSPM-1-like gene in northern Brazil. These results highlight the need for better monitoring and a greater understanding of nosocomial infections and their public health impacts.

Parapneumonic pleural effusion: reality and strategies in an Amazon university hospital.

OBJECTIVE: to define the profile and analyze the postoperative evolution of children with parapneumonic pleural effusion (PPE), and to evaluate strategies used in the presence of diagnostic and therapeutic limitations, emphasizing the open thoracic drainage (OTD) . METHODS: we conducted a cross-sectional, prospective, analytical study in which we followed children admitted in an Amazon university hospital with surgically addressed PPE, from October 2010 to October 2011. RESULTS: we studied 46 patients, most children under three years of age (74%), with no gender predominance. A significant portion of the sample (28%) had inappropriate body mass index. We found short stature in five patients (11%), which tended, in general, to a worst postoperative outcome when compared with children of normal height (p=0.039). The average duration of symptoms till admission was 16.9 days. Empyema was a common diagnosis in the first surgery (47.8%), and its bearers had longer duration of chest tube drainage (p=0.015). Most children (80.4%) were operated only once. The mean length of hospital stay was 25.9 days. Thoracic drainage (water-sealed) was the most common procedure (85%), with conversion to OTD in 24% of the sample, thoracotomy being rare (4%). There were no deaths. CONCLUSION: the studied individuals often had advanced disease and nutritional disorders, affecting outcome. OTD remains a valid option for specific situations, and further studies are needed for confirmation.

Structure for prevention of health care-associated infections in Brazilian hospitals: A countrywide study.

BACKGROUND: Minimal structure is required for effective prevention of health care-associated infection (HAI). The objective of this study was to evaluate the structure for prevention of HAI in a sample of Brazilian hospitals. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study from hospitals in 5 Brazilian regions (n = 153; total beds: 13,983) classified according to the number of beds; 11 university hospitals were used as reference for comparison. Trained nurses carried out the evaluation by using structured forms previously validated. The evaluation of conformity index (CI) included elements of structure of the Health Care-Associated Prevention and Control Committee (HAIPCC), hand hygiene, sterilization, and laboratory of microbiology. RESULTS: The median CI for the HAIPCC varied from 0.55-0.94 among hospital categories. Hospitals with >200 beds had the worst ratio of beds to sinks (3.9; P < .001). Regarding alcoholic product for handrubbing, the worst ratio of beds to dispensers was found in hospitals with <50 beds (6.4) compared with reference hospitals (3.3; P < .001). The CI for sterilization services showed huge variation ranging from 0.0-1.00. Reference hospitals were more likely to have their own laboratory of microbiology than other hospitals. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the need for public health strategies aiming to improve the structure for HAI prevention in Brazilian hospitals.

The changing epidemiology of Acinetobacter spp. producing OXA carbapenemases causing bloodstream infections in Brazil: a BrasNet report.

We evaluated the epidemiology of Acinetobacter spp. recovered from patients diagnosed with bloodstream infections in 9 tertiary hospitals located in all Brazilian geographic regions between April and August 2014. Although OXA-23-producing Acinetobacter baumannii clones were disseminated in most hospitals, it was observed for the first time the spread of OXA-72 among clonally related A. baumannii isolated from distinct hospitals. Interestingly, Acinetobacter pittii was the most frequent species found in a Northern region hospital. Contrasting with the multisusceptible profile displayed by A. pittii isolates, the tetracyclines and polymyxins were the only antimicrobials active against all A. baumannii isolates.

Mortality in patients with multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: a meta-analysis

Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the leading cause of nosocomial infections with high mortality rates owing to the limited therapeutic options for multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA) and metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing strains. Herein, we present a meta-analysis exploring the association between MDRPA and São Paulo MBL-1 (SPM-1)-producing strains vs. mortality. Online databases were screened to identify studies published between 2006 and 2016. A total of 15 studies, comprising 3,201 cases of P. aeruginosa infection, were included. Our results demonstrated a higher mortality rate among patients infected with MDRPA (44.6%, 363/813) than those with non-MDRPA infection (24.8%, 593/2,388) [odds ratio (OR) 2.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.70-3.36, p <0.00001]. The risk of mortality in patients with non-SPM-1 strains was four times higher than that observed in the patients of the SPM-1 group; however, no statistically significant difference was observed (p = 0.43). In conclusion, the results of our study demonstrated that patients infected with MDRPA had a significantly higher mortality rate than that of patients infected with non-MDRPA strains, especially patients with bloodstream infection (BSI), immunosuppression, and inadequate antimicrobial therapy. The absence of studies on the molecular aspects of blaSPM-1 and its association with mortality limited the analysis; therefore, our results should be interpreted with caution. Our findings also highlight the need for more studies on the molecular aspects of resistance and the peculiarities of different nosocomial settings.

Nosocomial bloodstream infections in Brazilian pediatric patients: microbiology, epidemiology, and clinical features.

BACKGROUND: Nosocomial bloodstream infections (nBSIs) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality and are the most frequent type of nosocomial infection in pediatric patients. METHODS: We identified the predominant pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibilities of nosocomial bloodstream isolates in pediatric patients (≤16 years of age) in the Brazilian Prospective Surveillance for nBSIs at 16 hospitals from 12 June 2007 to 31 March 2010 (Br SCOPE project). RESULTS: In our study a total of 2,563 cases of nBSI were reported by hospitals participating in the Br SCOPE project. Among these, 342 clinically significant episodes of BSI were identified in pediatric patients (≤16 years of age). Ninety-six percent of BSIs were monomicrobial. Gram-negative organisms caused 49.0% of these BSIs, Gram-positive organisms caused 42.6%, and fungi caused 8.4%. The most common pathogens were Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (21.3%), Klebsiella spp. (15.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (10.6%), and Acinetobacter spp. (9.2%). The crude mortality was 21.6% (74 of 342). Forty-five percent of nBSIs occurred in a pediatric or neonatal intensive-care unit (ICU). The most frequent underlying conditions were malignancy, in 95 patients (27.8%). Among the potential factors predisposing patients to BSI, central venous catheters were the most frequent (66.4%). Methicillin resistance was detected in 37 S. aureus isolates (27.1%). Of the Klebsiella spp. isolates, 43.2% were resistant to ceftriaxone. Of the Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, 42.9% and 21.4%, respectively, were resistant to imipenem. CONCLUSIONS: In our multicenter study, we found a high mortality and a large proportion of gram-negative bacilli with elevated levels of resistance in pediatric patients.

ASPECTOS EPIDEMIOLÓGICOS, CLÍNICOS E EVOLUTIVOS DA TUBERCULOSE EM IDOSOS DE UM HOSPITAL UNIVERSITÁRIO DE BELÉM, PARÁ / EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, CLINICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN ELDERLY PATIENTS AT AN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL IN BELÉM ­ PARÁ / ASPECTOS EPIDEMIOLOGICOS, CLÍNICOS Y EVOLUTIVOS DE LA TUBERCULOSIS EN PACIENTES DE EDAD AVANZADA EN UN HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO EN BELÉM ­ PARÁ

As alterações fisiológicas, principalmente as imunológicas, tornam o idoso mais vulnerável a infecções, como a tuberculose, doença que, nesse grupo, apresenta especificidade tanto em sua apresentação clínica quanto no seu manejo terapêutico. O objetivo consistiu em avaliar os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e evolutivos da tuberculose em idosos em um Hospital Universitário de Belém, Pará, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo coorte retrospectivo, realizado no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, onde foram analisados 82 prontuários de casos de tuberculose em idosos diagnosticados no período de 2009 a 2013. Como forma complementar de obtenção de informações, foi consultado o banco de dados do Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde Pública. Para a análise estatística, utilizou-se o programa eletrônico Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) versão 22.0, e aplicou-se o Teste G, admitindo-se nível α = 0,05 (5%) e valor de P ≤ 0,05. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa do Núcleo de Medicina Tropical sob Parecer n. 1.081.347. A maioria dos idosos era do sexo masculino (n = 53; 64,6%), com faixa etária de 60-69 anos, tanto entre os homens (n = 34; 64,2%) quanto entre as mulheres (n = 13; 44,8%), sendo essa diferença estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,009), casos novos de tuberculose (n = 78; 95,1%), apresentando forma clínica pulmonar (n=62; 75,6%), agravos associados (n = 57; 69,5%) e tempo de internação superior a 21 dias (n = 38; 46,3%). Febre (n = 55; 67,1%), dispneia (n = 53; 64,6%), emagrecimento (n = 50; 61,0%), tosse produtiva (n = 49; 59,8%) e dor torácica (n = 42; 51,2%) foram os principais sinais e sintomas evidenciados. Em relação ao tratamento, houve elevado percentual de reações adversas (n = 41; 50%), destacando-se as manifestações gastrointestinais (n = 29; 70,7%). A maioria dos idosos evoluiu com cura (n = 49; 59,8%), contudo ressalta-se que o óbito por tuberculose foi considerável no grupo estudado (n = 13; 15,9%), ocorrendo principalmente no período de internação até 7 dias. Na relação das variáveis de exposição com o desfecho, verifica-se que a cura ocorreu mais frequentemente nos idosos da faixa etária de 60-69 anos, enquanto que o óbito entre os que tinham 70-79 anos, havendo significância estatística nessa relação (p = 0,017). Pacientes que evoluíram a óbito por tuberculose apresentaram menor tempo de internação (≤ 7 dias; p = 0,000) e reação adversa (p = 0,018). Concluiu-se que a apresentação clínica e o manejo terapêutico da tuberculose no idoso são diferenciados, por isso faz-se necessário o fortalecimento de estratégias que propiciem a identificação precoce dos idosos suspeitos de tuberculose na comunidade, o que deve ocorrer principalmente por meio da Atenção Básica.

Physiological changes, especially immunological, make the elderly vulnerable to infections such as tuberculosis, a disease that has specificities both in clinical presentation and in its therapeutic management for this group. The objective was to evaluate the epidemiological, clinical and evolutionary aspects of tuberculosis in elderly patients at an university hospital in Belém - Pará. It is a retrospective cohort study, conducted at the University Hospital João de Barros Barreto, where 82 records of tuberculosis cases in elderly patients diagnosed from 2009 to 2013 were analyzed. As a complementary source of information the database of the National System for Notifiable Diseases of the State Department of Public Health was consulted. For statistical analysis we used the electronic program Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0, and applied the test G, assuming level α = 0,05 (5%) and value P≤0,05. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Tropical Medicine Center under the Opinion No. 1.081.347. Most elderly were male (n = 53; 64,6%), aged 60-69 years, both among men (n = 34; 64,2%) and among women (n = 13; 44,8%), with a statistically significant difference (p = 0,009), new cases of tuberculosis (n = 78; 95,1%), with pulmonary clinical form (n = 62; 75,6%), associated diseases (n = 57; 69,5%) and length of stay greater than 21 days (n = 38; 46,3%). Fever (n = 55; 67,1%), dyspnea (n = 53; 64,6%), weight loss (n = 50; 61,0%), productive cough (n = 49; 59,8%) and chest pain (n = 42; 51,2%) were the primary signs and symptoms evidenced. Regarding treatment, there was a high percentage of adverse events (n = 41; 50%), especially gastrointestinal symptoms (n = 29; 70,7%). Most seniors evolved with cure (n = 49; 59,8%), but emphasizes that death from tuberculosis was considerable in the study group (n = 13; 15,9%), mainly occurring during hospitalizations up to 7 days. In respect of the exposure variables with the outcome it turns out that healing occurred more often in the elderly age group of 60-69 years, while death among those who had 70-79 years, with statistical significance in this relationship (p = 0,017). Patients who progressed to death by tuberculosis had shorter hospital stays (≤ 7 days; p = 0,000) and adverse reactions (p = 0,018). We conclude that the clinical presentation and therapeutic management of tuberculosis in the elderly is different, so it is necessary to strengthen strategies that facilitate early identification of elderly TB suspects in the community, which should take place mainly through Primary Care.Keywords: Aged. Tuberculosis. Diagnosis. Drug therapy.

Los cambios fisiológicos, especialmente en el sistema inmune, hacen los ancianos más vulnerables a infecciones como la tuberculosis, una enfermedad que, en este grupo, tiene especificidades tanto en la presentación clínica y en su manejo terapéutico. El objetivo fue evaluar los aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos y evolutivos de la tuberculosis en pacientes de edad avanzada en un hospital universitario en Belem -. Pará. Es un estudio de un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, realizado en el Hospital Universitario de João de Barros Barreto, donde se analizaron 82 registros médicos de los casos de tuberculosis en pacientes ancianos diagnosticados desde 2009 hasta 2013, y como una forma complementaria para la obtención de informaciones fue consultada la base de datos del Sistema Nacional de Enfermedades de Declaración del Departamento de Salud Pública del Estado. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el programa electrónico de Paquete Estadístico para Ciencias Sociales (SPSS) versión 22.0, y se aplicó la prueba de G, suponiendo que el nivel α = 0,05 (5%) y el valor P≤0, 05. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética e Investigación del Núcleo de Medicina Tropical bajo el Parecer Nº 1.081.347. La mayoría eran hombres de edad avanzada (n = 53; 64,6%), de 60-69 años, tanto entre los hombres (n = 34; 64,2%) y entre las mujeres (n = 13; 44,8%), Revista Baiana de Saúde Públicav. 40, n. 3, p. 808-811 jul./set. 2016811con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,009), los nuevos casos de tuberculosis (n = 78; 95,1%), con forma clínica pulmonar (n = 62; 75,6%), las enfermedades asociadas (n = 57; 69,5%) y la duración de la internación hospitalaria superior a 21 días (n = 38; 46,3%). fiebre (n = 55; 67,1%), disnea (n = 53; 64,6%), pérdida de peso (n = 50; 61,0%), tos productiva (n = 49; 59,8%) y dolor en el pecho (n = 42; 51,2%) fueron los principales signos y síntomas evidenciados. Con respecto al tratamiento, hubo un alto porcentaje de eventos adversos (n = 41; 50%), síntomas gastrointestinales especialmente (n = 29; 70,7%). La mayoría de los ancianos evolucionaron con el curación (n = 49; 59,8%), pero hay que resaltar que la muerte por tuberculosis fue considerable en el grupo de estudio (n = 13; 15,9%), ocurriendo principalmente durante el período de hospitalización hasta 7 días. Con respecto a las variables de exposición con el resultado, verificase que se produjo la curación con más frecuencia en el grupo de edad de personas mayores de 60-69 años, mientras la muerte entre los que tenían 70-79 años, con significación estadística en esta relación (p = 0,017). Los pacientes que progresaron a muerte por tuberculosis tuvieron internaciones hospitalarias más cortas en el hospital (≤ 7 días; p = 0,000) y reacciones adversas (p = 0,018). Llegamos a la conclusión de que la presentación clínica y el manejo terapéutico de la tuberculosis en ancianos es diferente, por lo que es necesario fortalecer estrategias que faciliten la identificación temprana de los ancianos sospechosos de tuberculosis en la comunidad, que debe llevarse a cabo principalmente a través de Atención Primaria a la Salud.

Epidemiological, clinical and evolutionary aspects of tuberculosis among elderly patients of a university hospital in Belém, Pará / Aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e evolutivos da tuberculose em idosos de um hospital universitário em Belém, Pará

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the epidemiological, clinical and evolutionary aspects of tuberculosis in elderly patients of a university hospital in Belém, Pará. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a university hospital, where 82 records of cases of tuberculosis in elderly patients were analyzed. The data was analyzed by applying the G-test, assuming a level of α=0.05 (5%) and a value of p=0.05. Results: Most of the elderly patients were male (64.6%), aged 60-69 years, especially among men (64.2%). Most were new cases of tuberculosis (95.1%), with a pulmonary clinical form (75.6%), associated diseases (69.5%) and a length of stay exceeding 21 days. Fever (67.1%), dyspnea (64.6%), weight loss (61.0%), productive cough (59.8%), chest pain (51.2%) were the main signs and symptoms. Regarding treatment, there was a high percentage of adverse reactions (50%), predominantly gastrointestinal events (70.7%). Most patients were cured (59.8%), but mortality from tuberculosis was considered high (15.9%). In terms of the exposure variables and outcome, there was a statistically significant difference for the age group (p=0.017), length of stay (p=0.000) and adverse reactions (p=0.018) only. Conclusion: The clinical presentation and therapeutic management of tuberculosis among the elderly has characteristics peculiar to this group, making it important to strengthen strategies that facilitate early identification of suspected cases of TB among elderly persons in the community, which should take place mainly through the primary care system. AU

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e evolutivos da tuberculose em idosos em um Hospital Universitário na cidade de Belém, Pará. Método: Trata-se de um estudo do tipo transversal, realizado em um hospital universitário, onde foram analisados 82 prontuários de casos de tuberculose em idosos. Os dados foram analisados através da aplicação do Teste G, admitindo-se nível α=0,05 (5%) e valor de p≤0,05. Resultados: A maioria dos idosos era do sexo masculino (64,6%), com faixa etária de 60 a 69 anos, mais destacadamente entre os homens (64,2%), casos novos de tuberculose (95,1%), apresentando forma clínica pulmonar (75,6%), agravos associados (69,5%) e tempo de internação superior a 21 dias. Febre (67,1%), dispneia (64,6%), emagrecimento (61,0%), tosse produtiva (59,8%) e dor torácica (51,2%) foram os principais sinais e sintomas. Em relação ao tratamento, houve elevado percentual de reações adversas (50%), predominando as manifestações gastrointestinais (70,7%). A maioria dos pacientes curou (59,8%), contudo, o óbito por tuberculose foi considerado alto (15,9%). Quanto às variáveis de exposição e o desfecho, houve diferença estatisticamente significativa apenas para a faixa de idade (p=0,017), tempo de internação (p=0,000) e reação adversa (p=0,018). Conclusão: a apresentação clínica e manejo terapêutico da tuberculose no idoso é diferenciado, fazendo-se necessário o fortalecimento de estratégias que propiciem a identificação precoce dos idosos suspeitos de tuberculose na comunidade, o que deve ocorrer principalmente através da Atenção Básica. AU

Parapneumonic pleural effusion: reality and strategies in an Amazon university hospital / Derrame pleural parapneumônico: realidade e estratégias em um hospital universitário na Amazônia

ABSTRACT Objective: to define the profile and analyze the postoperative evolution of children with parapneumonic pleural effusion (PPE), and to evaluate strategies used in the presence of diagnostic and therapeutic limitations, emphasizing the open thoracic drainage (OTD) . Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional, prospective, analytical study in which we followed children admitted in an Amazon university hospital with surgically addressed PPE, from October 2010 to October 2011. Results: we studied 46 patients, most children under three years of age (74%), with no gender predominance. A significant portion of the sample (28%) had inappropriate body mass index. We found short stature in five patients (11%), which tended, in general, to a worst postoperative outcome when compared with children of normal height (p=0.039). The average duration of symptoms till admission was 16.9 days. Empyema was a common diagnosis in the first surgery (47.8%), and its bearers had longer duration of chest tube drainage (p=0.015). Most children (80.4%) were operated only once. The mean length of hospital stay was 25.9 days. Thoracic drainage (water-sealed) was the most common procedure (85%), with conversion to OTD in 24% of the sample, thoracotomy being rare (4%). There were no deaths. Conclusion: the studied individuals often had advanced disease and nutritional disorders, affecting outcome. OTD remains a valid option for specific situations, and further studies are needed for confirmation.

RESUMO Objetivo: definir o perfil e analisar a evolução pós-operatória de crianças com derrame pleural parapneumônico (DPP), bem como, avaliar estratégias utilizadas na vigência de limitações diagnóstico-terapêuticas, enfatizando a drenagem torácica aberta (DTA) . Métodos: estudo transversal, prospectivo, analítico, no qual foram acompanhadas as crianças admitidas em um hospital universitário da Amazônia com o diagnóstico de DPP abordado cirurgicamente, no período entre outubro de 2010 a outubro de 2011. Resultados: foram estudados 46 pacientes, a maioria menor de três anos de idade (74%), sem predominância de sexo. Significativa parcela da amostra (28%) possuía índice de massa corpórea inadequado. Baixa estatura foi encontrada em cinco pacientes (11%), que tenderam, em geral, à pior evolução pós-operatória, quando comparados com as crianças de estatura normal (p=0,039). A duração média dos sintomas à admissão foi 16,9 dias. O empiema foi diagnóstico comum na primeira intervenção cirúrgica (47,8%), e seus portadores apresentaram maior duração da drenagem torácica (p=0,015). A maioria das crianças (80,4%) foi operada apenas uma vez. A média de dias de internação hospitalar foi 25,9 dias. A drenagem torácica fechada em selo d'água foi a cirurgia mais realizada (85%), precisando ser convertida em DTA em 24% da amostra e toracotomias foram raras (4%). Não houve óbitos. Conclusão: os indivíduos estudados possuíam frequentemente doença avançada e distúrbios nutricionais, repercutindo na evolução clínica. A DTA permanece como uma opção válida para situações específicas, e novos estudos ainda são necessários para confirmação.

Clinical and microbiological features of infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients hospitalized in intensive care units

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The spread of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Brazilian hospitals has greatly impacted upon the morbidity and mortality of individuals in intensive care units. Given the lack of information regarding the dynamics of multidrug resistance in northern Brazil, we analyzed the clinical and microbiological features of nosocomial infections caused by P. aeruginosa. METHODS Between January 2010 and March 2012, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of P. aeruginosa isolates from 54 patients who were hospitalized in intensive care units. The clinical and epidemiologic variables were analyzed, including the patients' demographic data and comorbidities, and the lengths of the intensive care unit stays, the classification of the infections as nosocomial, the use of invasive procedures, antimicrobial therapy, and the patients' outcomes. We undertook susceptibility tests, molecular detection of the metallo-β-lactamase genes, and genotypic analyses of the isolates using the repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Multidrug resistance occurred most frequently among isolates from adults who had been hospitalized for an average of 87.1 days. The use of mechanical ventilation and urinary catheters were risk factors for infection. The four isolates that harbored the blaSPM-1-like gene showed >95% genetic similarity. CONCLUSIONS This study's findings show that P. aeruginosa has a high death rate, and that inadequate treatment and invasive procedures are risk factors for infection. This is the first report describing the detection of the blaSPM-1-like gene in northern Brazil. These results highlight the need for better monitoring and a greater understanding of nosocomial infections and their public health impacts.

Outbreak of neonatal infection by an endemic clone of Serratia marcescens.

INTRODUCTION: The outbreak occurred between February and June 2006 and included identification of the cases, analysis of medical records, cultures from environmental sources, resistance analyses and genotyping profile of Serratia marcescens. METHODS: The cultures were composed of 13 blood isolates, 17 rectal and hand swabs and air sampling. RESULTS: The data obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis exhibited three strains that contaminated 24 patients. Systemic infection was the most common in neonates with lower weight, long periods of hospitalization, premature delivery and the use of mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation revealed the multifactorial nature of the outbreak. An endemic clone of S. marcescens was detected.

Prevalência de agentes microbianos e sensibilidade da Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Prevalence of microbial agents and sensitivity Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Objetivo: descrever a ocorrência de agentes microbianos e avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade de Pseudomonas aeruginosa provenientes de pacientes internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva UTI de hospital sentinela em Belém, Pará no período de 2005 a 2010. Método: abordagem retrospectiva e quantitativo-descritiva com dados oriundos da consulta das fichas dos pacientes, dos arquivos da comissão de controle de infecção hospitalar. Resultados: dentre os micro-organismos isolados obteve-se 40,8% de Staphylococus coagulase negativo, 11,4% de P. aeruginosa e 7,4% de Staphylococcus aureus. A ocorrência de infecções por P. aeruginosa foi maio na UTI adulto. A infecção respiratória foi predominante na UTI adulto e a infecção de corrente sanguínea predominante nas UTI pediátrica e neonatal. Conclusões: foram encontrados 49 grupos de micro-organismos na população estudada, sendo o Staphylococcus sp coagulase negativo, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, Candida albicans, Acinetobacter baumanni e Klebsiella pneumoniae os mais predominantes. A P. aeruginosa apresentou elevada resistência aos antibióticos tradicionais. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho destacam a importância de estudos epidemiológicos contínuos com a finalidade de se evitar a instalação de surtos.

Objective: to describe the occurrence of microbial agents and evaluate the sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients hospitalized en the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of sentinel hospital in Belém (Pará), on the period 2005-2010. Methods: retrospective and quantitative approach - with descriptive data from the query of patient records, the files of the hospital infection control committee. Results: among the isolated microorganisms got 40,8% of coagulase-negative staphylococci, 11,4% of P. aeruginosa 7,4% of Staphylococcus aureus. The occurrence of P. aeruginosa infections was higher in the adult ICU. The respiratory infection was predominant in the adult ICU and bloodstream infection prevalent in pediatric and neonatal ICU. Conclusions: 49 groups of microorganisms were found in the population studied, coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, Candida albicans, A. baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae the most prevalent. P. aeruginosa was highly resistant to traditional antibiotics. The results of this study highlight the importance of ongoing epidemiological studies in order to avoid the installation of outbreaks.

Colonização por Pseudomonas aeruginosa em pacientes com fibrose cística na região amazônica: efeito na função respiratória / Colonization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis in Amazonregion: effect on respiratory function

Objetivo: descrever as características espirométricas e clínicas dos pacientes com fibrose císticacolonizados por Pseudomonas aeruginosa atendidos no Hospital Universitário João de BarrosBarreto (HUJBB), no estado do Pará, Brasil. Método: estudo retrospectivo nos prontuários de 44pacientes, período de 1997-2007, que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, sendo 14 colonizadospor P. aeruginosa. Resultados: no grupo colonizado 10 eram do sexo feminino; a idade média dossintomas iniciais foi de 0.3±0.6 anos, com diferença significativa quando comparado com pacientesnão colonizados (p<0.05). A idade média ao diagnóstico foi de 13.1±10.8 nos colonizados, todosapresentando sintomas respiratórios persistentes ao diagnóstico. A média dos valores percentuaispreditos das espirometrias, referentes à avaliação inicial e final, do grupo colonizado foiVEF1(60.0± 25.0%) e (47,82±16.1%) e FEF25-75%(42.5± 22.9%) e (26,5±17.9%) e no grupo nãocolonizado foi VEF1(79.2± 21.0%) e (79,6±18.0%) e FEF25-75%(69.2± 26.7%) e (68,9±26.8%),respectivamente (p<0.005). A média do escore de Shwachman inicial nos colonizados foi de42.9±13.5 e nos não colonizados foi de 68.4±15.1(p<0.0001) e na avaliação final foi de 36.6±18.7 e73.6±12.3 (p<0.0001), respectivamente. Os fatores relacionados aos óbitos foram: colonização porP. aeruginosa, estado nutricional deficiente e VEF1 reduzido. Conclusões: o comprometimento dafunção pulmonar foi maior entre os pacientes com fibrose cística colonizados por P. aeruginosa,apresentando idade média mais elevada ao diagnóstico do que em outros estados brasileiros. Hánecessidade de ações para diagnóstico precoce no estado do Pará, propiciando abordagemterapêutica eficaz com aumento da sobrevida e qualidade de vida destes indivíduos.

Objective: to evaluate spirometric and clinic characteristics of patients who present cystic fibrosisand who are attended at João de Barros Barreto University Hospital (HUJBB), in the State of Pará,Brazil. Methods: a retrospective study was performed with 44 patient records that were attended atHUJBB during the 1997 to 2007; these patients fit into inclusion criteria, in which 14 presented P.aeruginosa bacteria colony. Results: within the group, who was colonized by P. aeruginosa, tenpatients were women and the median age for their initial symptoms was of 0.3 ± 0.6 year which wassignificantly different when compared with patients who didn?t present the bacteria colony (p?0.05). The median age for diagnosis was of 13.1 ± 10.8 in colonized patients and all of thempresented respiratory symptoms pertaining to the diagnosis. The median of the predicted percentagevalues of spirometries for initial and final evaluation of the colonized group was VEF1 (60.0 ±25.0%) and (47,82 ± 16.1%) and FEF 25-75% (42.5 ± 22.9%) and (26.5 ± 17.9%), and in the noncolonizedgroup, the median was VEF1 (79.2 ± 21.0%) and (79,6 ± 18.0%) and FEF 25-75% (69.2± 26.7%) and (68.9 ± 26.8%), respectively (p? 0.005). The median initial Shwachman score in thecolonized patients was 42.9 ± 13.5 and in the non-colonized patients it was 68.4 ± 15.1 (p? 0.0001),and at the final evaluation the median was 36.6 ± 18.7 and 73.6 ± 12.3 (p? 0.0001), respectively.Factors related to deaths found in the study were related to P. aeruginosa colonization, inadequatenutritional status and reduced VEF1. Conclusions: in the studied casuistry, a larger damage torespiratory function in P. aeruginosa colonized group and older median age for diagnosis werefound in the State of Pará when compared to other Brazilian States. There is the need for actiontowards precocious diagnosis in the State of Pará so that an efficient therapeutic approach is put intopractice guiding to survival increase and quality of life for these individuals.

Outbreak of neonatal infection by an endemic clone of Serratia marcescens / Surto de infecção neonatal a partir de clone endêmico de Serratia marcescens

INTRODUCTION: The outbreak occurred between February and June 2006 and included identification of the cases, analysis of medical records, cultures from environmental sources, resistance analyses and genotyping profile of Serratia marcescens. METHODS: The cultures were composed of 13 blood isolates, 17 rectal and hand swabs and air sampling. RESULTS: The data obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis exhibited three strains that contaminated 24 patients. Systemic infection was the most common in neonates with lower weight, long periods of hospitalization, premature delivery and the use of mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation revealed the multifactorial nature of the outbreak. An endemic clone of S. marcescens was detected.

INTRODUÇÃO: O surto ocorreu entre fevereiro a junho de 2006 e incluiu identificação de casos, análise dos prontuários, culturas ambientais, análise de resistência e genotipagem dos isolados de Serratia marcescens. MÉTODOS: Os cultivos foram compostos de 13 isolados de sangue e 17 swabs de reto e mãos e amostras do ar. RESULTADOS: Os dados obtidos por eletroforese de campo pulsado evidenciaram três cepas que contaminaram 24 pacientes. Infecção sistêmica foi mais comum em neonatos com menor peso, longo tempo de internação, nascimento prematuro e uso de respiração mecânica. CONCLUSÕES: Foi evidenciada a natureza multifatorial do surto. Foi encontrado um clone endêmico de S. marcescens.

Caracterização fenotípica e genotípica de Serratia marcescens provenientes de Unidade Neonatal de Referência em Belém, Pará, Brasil / Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Serratia marcescens from a Neonatal Unit in Belém, Pará State, Brazil

A Serratia marcescens tem sido relatada como importante agente de infecções relacionadas à saúde, destacando-se por apresentar elevado nível de resistência intrínseca aos antimicrobianos usados em neonatologia, além de persistir por longos períodos no ambiente hospitalar. Neste trabalho foram avaliadas, por métodos fenotípicos e moleculares, S. marcescens recuperadas a partir de colonização do trato gastrointestinal ou sepse tardia em neonatos internados em Unidade Neonatal em Belém. A identificação das S. marcescens e o teste de sensibilidade foram realizados por meio de sistema automatizado Vitek (BioMérieux); a suscetibilidade ao ertapenem foi avaliada com auxílio de disco contendo 10 μg da droga (Oxoide). A genotipagem foi feita por ERIC-PCR usando os primers ERIC1 (5'-TGAATCCCCAGGAGCTTACAT-3')e ERIC2 (5'-AAGTAAGTGACTGGGGTGAGCG-3'). Foram obtidas 22 cepas de S. marcescens, sendo 15 recuperadas de hemoculturas, e sete de vigilância (swab retal); todas apresentaram resistência a: ampicilina, ampicilina-sulbactam, gentamicina e cefalotina. Não foi observada resistência a: ciprofloxacina, imipenem, meropenem e ertapenem. Quanto aos demais antibióticos avaliados, o perfil de suscetibilidade foi variável. Foram obtidos 11 padrões de amplificação por ERIC-PCR, dois foram compartilhados por 14 isolados. Foi possível observar um padrão polimórfico característico para as cepas provenientes de colonização gastrointestinal, exceto em dois casos, que apresentaram padrões genotípicos relacionadas a casos de sepse. Os dados obtidos neste trabalho confirmam o elevado índice de resistência da S. marcescens aos antimicrobianos; no entanto, todos os isolados apresentaram sensibilidade à ciprofloxacina e aos carbapenêmicos. A tipagem por meio de antibiograma e ERIC-PCR sugere dispersão de clones associados à colonização ou sepse entre alas na Unidade Neonatal do hospital estudado.

Serratia marcescens has been reported as an important agent of health care-related infections and has been highlighted for presenting a high level of intrinsic resistance to antimicrobials used in neonatology, besides persisting in hospital environments for long periods. In this work, S. marcescens was recovered from colonies in the gastrointestinal tract or late sepsis in newborn infants hospitalized in a Neonatal Unit in Belém. The identification of S. marcescens and the sensitivity test was carried out using a Vitek (BioMérieux) automated system; susceptibility to ertapenem was assessed using e-test strips (Oxoid). Genotyping was executed by ERIC-PCR using the primers ERIC1 (5’-TGAATCCCCAGGAGCTTACAT-3’) and ERIC2 (5’-AAGTAAGTGACTGGGGTGAGCG-3’). Twenty-two strains of S. marcescens were recovered: 15 from hemocultures and seven from surveillance (rectal swab culture). All presented resistance to ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, gentamicin and cephalothin. There were no indications of resistance to ciprofloxacin, imipenem, meropenemor ertapenem. The susceptibility profiles varied for other antibiotics. Eleven amplification patterns by ERIC-PCR were obtained, and two were shared by 14 isolates. It was possible to observe a characteristic polymorphic pattern in the strains from gastrointestinal colonization, except for two cases, which presented genotypic patterns related to cases of sepsis. The data obtained in this work confirm the high level of resistance of S. marcescens against antimicrobials; however, all isolates displayed sensitivity to ciprofloxacin and carbapenemics. Antibiogram and ERIC-PCR typing suggest a dispersion of clones associated with colonization or sepsis among the wards of the Neonatal Unit in the surveyed hospital.