Salmonella Prevalence and Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Dual-Purpose Cattle Operations in the Eastern Region of Zulia State, Venezuela.

To evaluate the Salmonella prevalence and its antimicrobial susceptibility in dual-purpose cattle farms, fecal (n = 3964; from cows and calves) and environmental samples (n = 334; personnel, feed, and water sources) were collected over a 1-year period at six farms in the eastern region of Zulia State, Venezuela. Salmonella detection was carried out using standard microbiological culture methods. From 453 isolated Salmonella, antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using a panel of 10 antibiotics by the disk diffusion test method. Overall, the prevalence of Salmonella at the farm was 10.4% (n = 410/3964), being positive for Salmonella in at least in one sample. Salmonella was found in 11% (222/2009) of cows and 9.7% (188/1937) of calves. The prevalence of environmental samples was 10.78% (36/334), where water sources and milkers' hands showed higher occurrence (p < 0.01). Among the Salmonella isolates recovered, 10.2% displayed resistance to tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, penicillins, sulfonamides, quinolones and fluoroquinolones. Overall, multidrug resistance was 9.1%, and the most common combination was cephalothin-gentamicin-tetracycline, followed by gentamicin-norfloxacin-tetracycline. Over the course of this study, it was found that 100% of the evaluated farms had cattle shedding Salmonella and that the surrounding farm environments were contaminated, which contributed to the cycling of the pathogen at the farms and further contamination of the milk. However, only a low percentage of isolates exhibited significant antimicrobial resistance.

Molecular characterization of porcine picobirnaviruses and development of a specific reverse transcription-PCR assay.

The molecular characterization of partial- length genomic segment 2 of porcine picobirnavirus (PBV) strains and the development of a specific reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assay for detection of virus in feces are reported. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the studied porcine isolates were more closely related (>85% identity) to human PBV belonging to genogroup I than to the other porcine PBV described so far. Analysis by RT-PCR and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of fecal samples collected in Venezuela and Argentina showed that PBV circulate at high frequencies in piglets.

Dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene using Pt, Mo, and Pt-Mo catalysts supported on clay nanocomposites.

A synthetic clay (TS-1) was modified with a nonionic surfactant (IGEPAL CO-720) and magnesium oxide. The resulting solid was used as a support of Pt, Mo, and Pt-Mo catalysts. The catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation with aqueous solutions of H(2)PtCl(6)6H(2)O and (NH(4))(6)-Mo(7)O(24)4H(2)O. In both monometallic and bimetallic catalysts, the molybdenum content was 3 wt% and the platinum content was 0.5 or 1 wt%. The surface area of the starting material was 454 m(2)/g and after the modification treatment with IGEPAL it increased up to 649 m(2)/g, while platinum and molybdenum catalysts showed surface areas between 495 and 550 m(2)/g. The reduction profiles showed different Pt and Mo species and the existence of metal-support interactions. The reduced catalysts were more active than those in the unreduced form. The most active catalysts for the ethylbenzene dehydrogenation were those of monometallic Pt (0.5 and 1 wt%) with a maximum styrene conversion around 50%. The presence of Mo species masked Pt atoms and reduced the activity.

Molecular detection of porcine enteric caliciviruses in Venezuelan farms.

Caliciviruses are a well-established cause of respiratory, vesicular and hemorrhagic diseases in animals. In addition, these viruses are an important cause of enteric diseases in humans. Recently, molecular analysis of several porcine enteric caliciviruses indicated that they are closely related to human enteric caliciviruses. The objective of this work was to determine the frequency, age distribution, and association with diarrhea of enteric calicivirus infections in piglets and to partially characterize the detected isolates. A total of 203 stool samples from animals 0 to 9 weeks of age, collected between 1993 and 2003 in seven porcine farms located in the central region of Venezuela were tested for enteric caliciviruses by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification using primers designed to detect both norovirus and sapovirus. Selected amplicons were sequenced to establish phylogenetic relationships with reference strains. Calicivirus were detected in 18% (36/204) of the samples. Viruses were detected more frequently in animals between 3 and 4 weeks of age, and were detected in samples from animals with diarrhea and without diarrhea with equal frequencies (14 versus 19%, p>0.5). Phylogenetic studies based on partial RNA polymerase gene sequences indicated that the Venezuelan isolates were most closely related (75-95% identity) to the sapovirus Cowden reference strain. These results provide evidence that caliciviruses of the genus sapovirus circulate frequently in piglets but further studies are needed to clarify their importance as cause of diarrhea.

Salmonella on feces, hides and carcasses in beef slaughter facilities in Venezuela.

This study determined Salmonella prevalence at different stages during the slaughtering in three beef slaughter plants (A, B and C) located in the western region of Venezuela (Zulia and Lara states). Each facility was visited three times at monthly intervals, from the months October through December of 2006. Samples were collected from hides (n=80), fecal grabs (n=80) and carcasses (n=80) at the phases of pre-evisceration, after-evisceration and pre-cooler at three sampling sites on the animals (rump, flank and brisket). Salmonella prevalence was higher on hides (36.3%) than on feces (13.8%) (P<0.05). Differences among slaughter plants for overall Salmonella prevalence were observed (P=0.001; A: 3.5%, B: 11.1%, C: 4.4%). From the isolated strains, Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica ser. Saintpaul, Salmonella ser. Javiana and Salmonella ser. Weltevreden were identified. Cattle feces and hides might be considered as important sources of Salmonella for carcass contamination at different slaughter stages. The presence of potentially pathogenic Salmonella serotypes at the slaughtering stages is an evidence of the circulation of this pathogen in the food environment; its presence could increase consumers' risks of infection if proper food handling and preparation techniques are not followed. These data should serve as a baseline for future comparisons in Salmonella prevalence on beef carcasses to be used by the government and industry in order to establish preventive measures and to better address the risks of Salmonella contamination.

Picobirnavirus causes persistent infection in pigs.

A study aimed to further understand the biology of porcine picobirnaviruses (PBV) was conducted between November 2003 and January 2008, on a farm located in the outskirts of Córdoba City, Argentina. PBV prevalence was examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining (PAGE S/S) on a total of 265 samples collected from pigs divided into four groups, according to age and physiological status. PBV detection rate was highest in the group of sows sampled within the lactogenic period (38.02%; p<0.05), followed by pregnant sows (15.09%), piglets aged 2-5 months of age (18.42%) and adult (> or =50 weeks) male pigs (0%). In addition, 103 samples collected in 3 follow-up studies were analyzed by PAGE S/S and reverse transcription followed by PCR (RT-PCR). Two of these studies followed female pigs from weaning up to slaughter and a third one from weaning up to 4 pregnancy periods. The results provide evidence that PBV establishes a persistent infection in the host with periods of silence intermingled with periods of low and high viral excretion. High PBV excretion levels were detected by PAGE S/S and were conditioned by age (primary infection) and host physiological status. Low PBV excretion levels were detected by RT-PCR throughout the entire study period. Sequence analysis of selected amplicons indicated that the virus excreted through the follow-up study was the same. These results suggest that porcine PBV is maintained in nature by transmission from infected asymptomatic individuals to susceptible ones.

Relationship among damaged chromatin, motility and viability in cryopreserved spermatozoa from Brahman bulls / Relación entre la alteración de la cromatina, movilidad y viabilidad en espermatozoides criopreservados de toros Brahman / Relação entre a alteração da cromatina, motilidade e viabilidade dos espermaotozoides criopreservados de touros Brahman

The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of sperm with damaged chromatic measure with toluidine blue stain and it´s relationship with motility and viability in criopreserverd semen from Brahman bulls. Three ejaculates from six Brahman bulls were used. Immediately after thawing, sperms were stained with toluidine blue to establish chromatin integrity (sperms with normal chromatin were light blue or green while sperms with damaged chromatin were dark blue or violet). Sperms were also stained with eosin-nigrosin to determine viability (live sperms were unstained while dead sperms were pink). Motility was measured under light microscope. Effects of bull, ejaculate, and the interaction between variables were assessed. The percentage of live sperms was 50.02 ( ± 14.13%). The mean motility was 33.88 (± 12.43%), while the percentage of sperms with damaged chromatin was 4.17 ( ± 2.96%). Viability was positively correlated with motility (r=0.77217, p=0.0002), and negatively correlated with damaged chromatin sperms (r= -0.43104, p=0.0087). Motility percentage was negatively correlated with the percentage of sperms with damaged chromatin (r=-0.48337, p=0.0421). In conclusion, cryopreserved semen of Brahman bulls presented a low level of chromatin damage, and this trait was negatively correlated with sperm motility and viability.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el porcentaje de espermatozoides con cromatina dañada medida con la tinción de azul de toluidina, y su relación con la motilidad y la vitalidad del semen criopreservado de toros Brahma. Para ello, se utilizó semen de tres eyaculados de seis toros Brahman, el cual una vez descongelado se procedió a teñir con azul de toluidina para determinar la integridad de la cromatina (espermatozoides con cromatina normal teñidos de azul o verde claro; espermatozoides con cromatina anormal teñidos de azul oscuro o violeta), también se tiñeron con eosinanigrosina para determinar la viabilidad (espermatozoides vivos permanecen blancos; espermatozoides muertos se tiñen de rosado) y se estimó la motilidad espermática mediante microscopía óptica. Se evidenciaron las diferencias en todos los parámetros evaluados debidas al efecto toro y al eyaculado, así como a la interacción entre estas dos variables. El porcentaje de espermatozoides vivos fue de 50.02 ± 14.13% y la motilidad espermática promedió un 33.88 ± 12.43%, mientras que el porcentaje de espermatozoides con cromatina dañada fue de 4.17 ± 2.96%. El porcentaje de espermatozoides vivos se correlacionó positivamente con la motilidad (r=0.77217, p=0.0002), y negativamente con el porcentaje de espermatozoides con cromatina dañada (r= -0.43104, p=0.0087), mientras que el porcentaje de motilidad se correlacionó negativamente con el porcentaje de espermatozoides con cromatina anormal (r= -0.48337, p=0.0421). En conclusión, el semen criopreservado de toros Brahman presenta un bajo nivel de espermatozoides con daño en la cromatina, lo cual se correlaciona negativamente con la motilidad y la vitalidad espermática.

O objectivo deste estudo foi determinar a percentagem de espermatozóides com cromatina danificada, determinada pela coloração com azul de toluidina e sua relação com a viabilidade e a mobilidade do esperma cripreservado de touros Brahman. Para isso, foram utilizados três ejaculados de sêmen de seis touros Brahman, que uma vez descongelado foram coradas com azul de toluidina para determinar a integridade da cromatina (espermatozóides com cromatina normal coloream de azul ou verde; cromatina de espermatozóides con cromatina danificada, coloream de azul escuro ou violeta). Também foram corados com eosina nigrosina para determinar a viabilidade (espermatozóides vivos permanecem brancos e os mortos de cor rosa) e a motilidade espermática foi estimada por microscopia de luz. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas em todos os parâmetros, devido ao efeito de touro e o ejaculado, bem como a interacção entre essas duas variáveis. A percentagem de espermatozóides vivos foi de 50.02 ± 14.13% e motilidade espermática média de 33.88 ± 12.43%, enquanto a percentagem de espermatozóides com cromatina danificada foi de 4.17 ± 2.96%. A percentagem de espermatozóides vivos foi positivamente correlacionada com a motilidade (r=0.77217, p=0.0002) e negativamente com a porcentagem de espermatozóides com cromatina danificada (r = -0.43104, p= 0.0087), enquanto que a percentagem de motilidade correlacionou negativamente com a percentagem de espermatozóides com cromatina danificada (r = -0.48337, p=0.0421). Em conclusão, o sêmen de touros Brahman criopreservados tem um baixo nível de dano da cromatina, que está correlacionada negativamente com a motilidade e a vitalidade do esperma.