RESUMO
Lead ammunition stands out as one of the most pervasive pollutants affecting wildlife. Its impact on bird populations have spurred efforts for the phase-out of leaded gunshot in several countries, although with varying scopes and applications. Ongoing and future policy changes require data to assess the effectiveness of adopted measures, particularly in the current context of biodiversity loss. Here, we assessed the long-term changes in blood lead (Pb) levels of Egyptian vultures from the Canary Islands, Spain, which have been severely affected by Pb poisoning over the past two decades. During this period, the reduction in hunting pressure and changes in legislation regarding firearms usage for small game hunting likely contributed to a decrease in environmental Pb availability. As anticipated, our results show a reduction in Pb levels, especially after the ban on wild rabbit hunting with shotgun since 2010. This effect was stronger in the preadult fraction of the vulture population. However, we still observed elevated blood Pb levels above the background and clinical thresholds in 5.6% and 1.5% of individuals, respectively. Our results highlight the positive impact of reducing the availability of Pb from ammunition sources on individual health. Nonetheless, the continued use of Pb gunshot remains an important source of poisoning, even lethal, mainly affecting adult individuals. This poses a particular concern for long-lived birds, compounding by potential chronic effects associated with Pb bioaccumulation. Our findings align with recent studies indicating insufficient reductions in Pb levels among European birds of prey, attributed to limited policy changes and their uneven implementation. We anticipated further reductions in Pb levels among Egyptian vultures with expanded restrictions on hunting practices, including a blanket ban on Pb shot usage across all small game species.
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Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Poluentes Ambientais , Falconiformes , Chumbo , Animais , Chumbo/sangue , Falconiformes/sangue , Espanha , Poluentes Ambientais/sangue , Armas de Fogo/legislação & jurisprudência , Monitoramento Ambiental , Intoxicação por Chumbo/veterinária , Intoxicação por Chumbo/sangue , Masculino , FemininoRESUMO
While direct detrimental effects of parasites on hosts are relatively well documented, other more subtle but potentially important effects of parasitism are yet unexplored. Biological activity of ectoparasites, apart from skin injuries and blood-feeding, often results in blood remains, or parasite faeces that accumulate and modify the host environment. In this way, ectoparasite activities and remains may increase nutrient availability that may favour colonization and growth of microorganisms including potential pathogens. Here, by the experimental addition of hematophagous flies (Carnus hemapterus, a common ectoparasite of birds) to nests of spotless starlings Sturnus unicolor during incubation, we explore this possible side effect of parasitism which has rarely, if ever, been investigated. Results show that faeces and blood remains from parasitic flies on spotless starling eggshells at the end of incubation were more abundant in experimental than in control nests. Moreover, eggshell bacterial loads of different groups of cultivable bacteria including potential pathogens, as well as species richness of bacteria in terms of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs), were also higher in experimental nests. Finally, we also found evidence of a link between eggshell bacterial loads and increased embryo mortality, which provides indirect support for a bacterial-mediated negative effect of ectoparasitism on host offspring. Trans-shell bacterial infection might be one of the main causes of embryo death and, consequently, this hitherto unnoticed indirect effect of ectoparasitism might be widespread in nature and could affect our understanding of ecology and evolution of host-parasite interactions.
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Bactérias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Aves/microbiologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/fisiologia , Óvulo/microbiologia , Experimentação Animal , Animais , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/patogenicidade , Carga Bacteriana , Biodiversidade , Evolução Biológica , Doenças das Aves/microbiologia , Doenças das Aves/mortalidade , Doenças das Aves/parasitologia , Aves/classificação , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Dípteros/microbiologia , Ecologia , Casca de Ovo/microbiologia , Microbiologia Ambiental , Fezes/microbiologia , Microbiota , Comportamento de Nidação , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
A collection of systematically substituted 3-cyclo-butylcarbamoyl hydantoins was synthesized by a regioselective multicomponent domino process followed by easy coupling reactions. Calculations, NMR studies and X-ray analysis show that these scaffolds are able to project their side chains similar to common secondary structures, such as the α-helix and ß-turn, with favourable enthalpic and entropic profiles.
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Ciclobutanos/química , Hidantoínas/química , Peptidomiméticos/química , Ciclobutanos/síntese química , Hidantoínas/síntese química , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Modelos Químicos , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Molecular , Peptidomiméticos/síntese químicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To review the radio-pathologic features of symptomatic breast cancers not detected at digital mammography (DM) and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 169 lesions from symptomatic patients with breast cancer that were studied with DM, DBT, ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance (MR). We identified occult lesions (true false negatives) in DM and DBT. Clinical data, density, US and MR findings were analyzed as well as histopathological results. RESULTS: We identified seven occult lesions in DM and DBT. 57% (4/7) of the lesions were identified in high-density breasts (type c and d), and the rest of them in breasts of density type b. Six carcinomas were identified at US and MR (BI-RADS 4 masses); the remaining lesion was only identified at MR. The tumor size was larger than 3cm at MRI in 57% of the lesions. All tumors were ductal infiltrating carcinomas, six of them with high stromal proportion. According to molecular classification, we found only one triple-negative breast cancer, the other lesions were luminal-type. We analyzed the tumor margins of two resected carcinomas that were not treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, both lesions presented margins that displaced the adjacent parenchyma without infiltrating it. CONCLUSION: Occult breast carcinomas in DM and DBT accounted for 4% of lesions detected in patients with symptoms. They were mostly masses, all of them presented the diagnosis of infiltrating ductal carcinoma (with predominance of the luminal immunophenotype) and were detected in breasts of density type b, c and d.
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Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Mamografia , Adulto , Reações Falso-Negativas , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Experimental studies of antimicrobial peptides interacting with lipid membranes recently attracted growing interest due to their numerous biomedical applications. However, the influence of such peptides on the structural organisation of lipid membranes in connection with the actual cell response still remains an elusive issue. METHODS: X-ray diffraction was employed on detecting the sensitivity of the periodical spacing of dipalmitoyl-phosphatidyl-choline stacked as solid-supported bilayers to the presence of varying amounts of the peptide alamethicin in a wide range of peptide-to-lipid molar ratios. These results were then correlated with the effects of alamethicin on biological membranes in vitro as observed by optical microscopy and microculture tetrazolium assay on the tumour cells HeLa to provide a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of these effects, based on a dose-response relationship. RESULTS: The experiments allowed correlating the periodical spacing and the peptide-to-lipid molar ratio on alamethicin-dipalmitoyl-phosphatidyl-choline samples. Two different trends of periodical spacing vs. peptide-to-lipid molar ratio clearly appeared at low and high hydration levels, showing intriguing non-linear profiles. Unexpected correspondences were observed between the peptide-to-lipid molar ratio range where the changes in dipalmitoyl-phosphatidyl-choline structure occur and the alamethicin doses which alter the viability and the plasma membrane morphology of HeLa. CONCLUSIONS: Alamethicin might induce either mechanical or phase changes on dipalmitoyl-phosphatidyl-choline bilayers. Such easily accessible ordering information was well-calibrated to predict the alamethicin doses necessary to trigger cell death through plasma membrane alterations. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: This benchmark combined study may be valuable to predict bioeffects of several antimicrobial peptides of biomedical relevance.
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1,2-Dipalmitoilfosfatidilcolina/química , Alameticina/farmacologia , Bicamadas Lipídicas/química , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células HeLa , Humanos , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
Our primary objective in this study was to quantify whole brain and regional cerebral metabolic rates of glucose (CMRg) in young and older adults in order to determine age-normalized reference CMRg values for healthy older adults with normal cognition for age. Our secondary objectives were to--(i) report a broader range of metabolic and endocrine parameters including body fat composition that could form the basis for the concept of a 'metabolic phenotype' in cognitively normal, older adults, and (ii) to assess whether medications commonly used to control blood lipids, blood pressure or thyroxine affect CMRg values in older adults. Cognition assessed by a battery of tests was normal for age and education in both groups. Compared to the young group (25 years old; n = 34), the older group (72 years old; n = 41) had ~14% lower CMRg (µmol/100 g/min) specifically in the frontal cortex, and 18% lower CMRg in the caudate. Lower grey matter volume and cortical thickness was widespread in the older group. These differences in CMRg, grey matter volume and cortical thickness were present in the absence of any known evidence for prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD). Percent total body fat was positively correlated with CMRg in many brain regions but only in the older group. Before and after controlling for body fat, HOMA2-IR was significantly positively correlated to CMRg in several brain regions in the older group. These data show that compared to a healthy younger adult, the metabolic phenotype of a cognitively-normal 72 year old person includes similar plasma glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides and TSH, higher hemoglobin A1c and percent body fat, lower CMRg in the superior frontal cortex and caudate, but the same CMRg in the hippocampus and white matter. Age-normalization of cognitive test results is standard practice and we would suggest that regional CMRg in cognitively healthy older adults should also be age-normalized.
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Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Cognição/fisiologia , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Glucose/metabolismo , Hormônios/sangue , Tecido Adiposo/fisiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Taxa de Depuração Metabólica , Especificidade de Órgãos/fisiologia , Fenótipo , Valores de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Obtenção de Tecidos e ÓrgãosRESUMO
Although little is known on the impact of environment on telomere length dynamics, it has been suggested to be affected by stress, lifestyle and/or life-history strategies of animals. We here compared telomere dynamics in erythrocytes of hatchlings and fledglings of the brood parasite great spotted cuckoos (Clamator glandarius) and of magpies (Pica pica), their main host in Europe. In magpie chicks, telomere length decreased from hatching to fledging, whereas no significant change in telomere length of great spotted cuckoo chicks was found. Moreover, we found interspecific differences in the association between laying date and telomere shortening. Interspecific differences in telomere shortening were interpreted as a consequence of differences in lifestyle and life-history characteristics of magpies and great spotted cuckoos. In comparison with magpies, cuckoos experience reduced sibling competition and higher access to resources and, consequently, lower stressful environmental conditions during the nestling phase. These characteristics also explain the associations between telomere attrition and environmental conditions (i.e. laying date) for magpies and the absence of association for great spotted cuckoos. These results therefore fit expectations on telomere dynamics derived from interspecific differences in lifestyle and life history of brood parasites and their bird hosts.
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Aves/fisiologia , Passeriformes/parasitologia , Encurtamento do Telômero , Animais , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/genética , Especificidade da Espécie , Homeostase do Telômero , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Gold metallodrugs form a class of promising antiproliferative agents showing a high propensity to react with proteins. We exploit here X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) methods [both X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS)] to gain insight into the nature of the adducts formed between three representative gold(I, III) metallodrugs (i.e., auranofin, [Au(2,2'-bipyridine)(OH)(2)](PF(6)), Aubipy, and dinuclear [Au(2)(6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine)(2)(µ-O)(2)](PF(6))(2), Auoxo6) and two major plasma proteins, namely, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum apotransferrin (apoTf). The following metallodrug-protein systems were investigated in depth: auranofin/apoTf, Aubipy/BSA, and Auoxo6/apoTf. XANES spectra revealed that auranofin, upon protein binding, conserves its gold(I) oxidation state. Protein binding most probably takes place through release of the thiosugar ligand and its subsequent replacement by a thiol (or a thioether) from the protein. This hypothesis is independently supported by EXAFS results. In contrast, the reactions of Aubipy with serum albumin and of Auoxo6 with serum apoTf invariantly result in gold(III) to gold(I) reduction. Gold(III) reduction, clearly documented by XANES, is accompanied, in both cases, by release of the bipyridyl ligands; for Auoxo6 cleavage of the gold-gold dioxo bridge is also observed. Gold(III) reduction leads to formation of protein-bound gold(I) species, with deeply modified metal coordination environments, as evidenced by EXAFS. In these adducts, the gold(I) centers are probably anchored to the protein through nitrogen donors. In general, these two XAS methods, i.e., XANES and EXAFS, used here jointly, allowed us to gain independent structural information on metallodrug/protein systems; detailed insight into the gold oxidation state and the local environment of protein-bound metal atoms was achieved in the various cases.
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Apoproteínas/química , Compostos de Ouro/química , Soroalbumina Bovina/química , Transferrina/química , Espectroscopia por Absorção de Raios X/métodos , Animais , Auranofina/química , Bovinos , HumanosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether breast density influences the sensitivity of a computer-assisted detection (CAD) system for the detection of breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We prospectively studied 8750 digital mammograms with an associated CAD system. We used BI-RADS criteria to classify breast density. We calculated the overall sensitivity of the radiologist and of the CAD system, as well as the sensitivity for each projection and type of finding in relation to the mammographic density of the breast. Finally, we analyzed the interval carcinomas. We used SPSS 11 for all statistical analyses. RESULTS: The overall sensitivity of the CAD system was 88.5% (95% CI: 83.2-92.7%), and the overall sensitivity of the radiologist was 93.5% (95% CI: 84.4%-95.5%). The sensitivity of the craniocaudal view was 81.6% (95% CI: 76.5-90.7%) vs 76.5% (95% CI: 69.3-89.3%) for the mediolateral oblique view. The sensitivity for microcalcifications was 98.6% (95% CI: 96.5-99.7%), and the sensitivity for masses 83.4% (95% CI: 81.2-91.7%). We detected discrepancies smaller than 20% both for microcalcifications present in the four types of densities and for masses with densities 1 and 2. In masses with density 3 the discrepancy was 20.8% and in those with density 4 it was 55%. The CAD system failed to mark only 9.1% (9/94) of the cancers presenting as masses. Half of the interval carcinomas were found in type 4 density and 75% manifested as masses, asymmetries, and distortions. The CAD system had marked 35.7% of the carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS: The craniocaudal view was more sensitive, although this difference was not statistically significant. The sensitivity of CAD was high for microcalcifications in all four density types; however, CAD's sensitivity for masses was low in density types 3 and 4. The CAD system only failed to mark 9.1% of the cancers presenting as masses but was not sensitive for the other two radiological findings included in this marking. Half of the interval carcinomas occurred in type 4 densities and 35.7% had been marked by the CAD system.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Mamografia/métodos , Interpretação de Imagem Radiográfica Assistida por Computador , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Departamentos Hospitalares , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
PURPOSE: We aimed to evaluate and compare the Short Form of the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA-SF) as a nutritional screening tool with the new Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) diagnostic criteria for malnutrition (the most current reference standard) among older patients with cancer. METHODS: Patients ≥ 70 years old, with a G8 screening tool ≤ 14, referred to an oncogeriatric clinic. MNA-SF and GLIM criteria were obtained. RESULTS: 40 patients were included (mean age 84.8 ± 5.5, 60% male). According to the GLIM diagnostic criteria, 57.5% were malnourished. The MNA-SF classified 80% as being malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. MNA-SF showed a high sensitivity (100%) and a low specificity (50%) to detect GLIM-defined malnutrition. The AUC of the ROC curve was 0.75. CONCLUSION: The MNA-SF scale is useful as a screening tool to detect malnutrition in older cancer outpatients.
Assuntos
Desnutrição , Neoplasias , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Desnutrição/diagnóstico , Neoplasias/complicações , Avaliação Nutricional , Estado NutricionalRESUMO
This multi-disciplinary work provides an updated assessment of possible future eruptive scenarios for the city of Rome. Seven new 40Ar/39Ar ages from selected products of the Monti Sabatini and Vulsini volcanic districts, along with a compilation of all the literature ages on the Colli Albani and Vico products, are used to reconstruct and compare the eruptive histories of the Monti Sabatini and Colli Albani over the last 900 ka, in order to define their present state of activity. Petrographic analyses of the dated units characterize the crystal cargo, and Advanced-InSAR analysis highlights active deformation in the MS. We also review the historical and instrumental seismicity affecting this region. Based on the chronology of the most recent phases and the time elapsed between the last eruptions, we conclude that the waning/extinguishment of eruptive activity shifted progressively from NW to SE, from northern Latium toward the Neapolitan area, crossing the city of Rome. Although Monti Sabatini is unaffected by the unrest indicators presently occurring at the Colli Albani, it should be regarded as a dormant volcanic district, as the time of 70 kyr elapsed since the last eruption is of the same order of the longest dormancies occurred in the past.
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INTRODUCTION: Deteriorating brain glucose metabolism precedes the clinical onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and appears to contribute to its etiology. Ketone bodies, mainly ß-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, are the primary alternative brain fuel to glucose. Some reports suggest that brain ketone metabolism is unchanged in AD but, to our knowledge, no such data are available for MCI. OBJECTIVE: To compare brain energy metabolism (glucose and acetoacetate) and some brain morphological characteristics in cognitively healthy older adult controls (CTL), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early AD. METHODS: 24 CTL, 20 MCI and 19AD of similar age and metabolic phenotype underwent a dual-tracer PET and MRI protocol. The uptake rate constants and cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (KGlu, CMRGlu) and acetoacetate (KAcAc, CMRAcAc) were evaluated with PET using [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]-FDG), a glucose analogue, and [11C]-acetoacetate ([11C]-AcAc), a ketone PET tracer. Regional brain volume and cortical thickness were evaluated by T1-weighted MRI. RESULTS: In AD compared to CTL, CMRGlu was ~11% lower in the frontal, parietal, temporal lobes and in the cingulate gyrus (p<0.05). KGlu was ~15% lower in these same regions and also in subcortical regions. In MCI compared to CTL, ~7% glucose hypometabolism was present in the cingulate gyrus. Neither regional nor whole brain CMRAcAc or KAcAc were significantly different between CTL and MCI or AD. Reduced gray matter volume and cortical thinning were widespread in AD compared to CTL, whereas, in MCI compared to CTL, volumes were reduced only in the temporal cortex and cortical thinning was most apparent in temporal and cingulate regions. DISCUSSION: This quantitative kinetic PET and MRI imaging protocol for brain glucose and acetoacetate metabolism confirms that the brain undergoes structural atrophy and lower brain energy metabolism in MCI and AD and demonstrates that the deterioration in brain energy metabolism is specific to glucose. These results suggest that a ketogenic intervention to increase energy availability for the brain is warranted in an attempt to delay further cognitive decline by compensating for the brain glucose deficit in MCI and AD.
Assuntos
Acetoacetatos/metabolismo , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Disfunção Cognitiva/metabolismo , Glucose/metabolismo , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Disfunção Cognitiva/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos Transversais , Metabolismo Energético , Feminino , Fluordesoxiglucose F18 , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Tomografia por Emissão de PósitronsRESUMO
Avian c-erbB is activated to a leukemia oncogene following truncation of its amino-terminal ligand-binding domain by retroviral insertion. The insertionally activated transcripts encode protein products which have constitutive tyrosine kinase activity and can induce erythroleukemia but not sarcomas. We have previously found that a valine-to-isoleucine point mutation at position 157 (V157I mutant) within the tyrosine kinase domain of this truncated erbB can dramatically activate the sarcomagenic potential of the oncogene and increase the kinase activity of this oncoprotein. This mutation lies at position 157 of the insertionally activated c-erbB product, affecting a highly conserved valine residue of the glycine loop involved in ATP binding and phosphate transfer. To investigate the functional importance of this residue in the catalytic activity of kinases, we have introduced at this position, by site-directed mutagenesis, codons representing the remaining 18 amino acid residues. Most of the mutants have diminished activity, with six of them completely devoid of kinase activity, indicating the sensitivity of this region to conformational changes. Some of these mutants displayed increased kinase activity and greater transforming potential in comparison with IA c-erbB, but none had levels as high as those of the V157I mutant. In general, the sarcomagenic potential of the various erbB mutants correlated with their autophosphorylation state and their ability to cause phosphorylation of MAP kinase. However, there are important exceptions such as the V157G mutant, which lacks enhanced autophosphorylation but is highly sarcomagenic. Studies of this and other autophosphorylation site mutants point to the existence of an autophosphorylation-independent pathway in sarcomagenesis. The requirement for leukemogenic potential is much less stringent and correlates with positivity of kinase activity. When the valine-to-isoleucine substitution was put in context of the full-length erbB protein, the mutation relaxed the ligand dependence and had a positive effect on the transforming potential of the full-length c-erbB.
Assuntos
Transformação Celular Neoplásica/genética , Leucemia Eritroblástica Aguda/genética , Leucemia Experimental/genética , Receptor ErbB-2/genética , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Catálise , Células Cultivadas , Embrião de Galinha , Fibroblastos/citologia , Leucemia Eritroblástica Aguda/enzimologia , Leucemia Experimental/enzimologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fosforilação , Mutação Puntual , Especificidade por Substrato , Valina/genéticaRESUMO
The current study unveils the structural origin of the magnetic transition of the ε-Fe2O3 polymorph from an incommensurate magnetic order to a collinear ferrimagnetic state at low temperature. The high crystallinity of the samples and the absence of other iron oxide polymorphs have allowed us to carry out temperature-dependent x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy experiments out. The deformation of the structure is followed by the Debye-Waller factor for each selected Fe-O and Fe-Fe sub-shell. For nanoparticle sizes between 7 and 15 nm, the structural distortions between the Fete and Fe-D1oc sites are localized in a temperature range before the magnetic transition starts. On the contrary, the inherent interaction between the other sub-shells (named Fe-O1,2 and Fe-Fe1) provokes cooperative magneto-structural changes in the same temperature range. This means that the Fete with Fe-D1oc polyhedron interaction seems to be uncoupled with temperature dealing with these nanoparticle sizes wherein the structural distortions are likely moderate due to surface effects.
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BACKGROUND: The contribution of fat loss versus muscle wasting to the loss of body weight seen in hyperthyroid cats is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To investigate body weight, body condition score (BCS), and muscle condition score (MCS) in hyperthyroid cats. ANIMALS: Four hundred sixty-two cats with untreated hyperthyroidism, 117 of which were reevaluated after treatment. METHODS: Prospective cross-sectional and before-after studies. Untreated hyperthyroid cats had body composition evaluated (body weight, BCS, and MCS). A subset of these cats were reevaluated 3-12 months after treatment when euthyroid. RESULTS: Pretreatment body weight (median, 4.36 kg; IQR, 3.5 to 5.2 kg) was lower than premorbid weight (5.45 kg; IQR, 4.6 to 6.4 kg, P < .0001) recorded 1-2 years before diagnosis. 154 (35.3%) cats were thin or emaciated; 357 (77.3%) had loss of muscle mass. Cats showed increases in body weight (median, 4.1 kg to 5.0 kg), BCS (median, 3/5 to 3.5/5), and MCS (2/3 to 3/3) after treatment (P < .001), but mild-to-moderate muscle wasting persisted in 45% of treated cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Most hyperthyroid cats lose body weight but maintain an ideal or overweight BCS, with only a third being underweight. As in human hyperthyroid patients, this weight loss is associated with muscle wasting, which affects >75% of hyperthyroid cats. Successful treatment leads to weight gain and increase of BCS in most cats, but almost half fail to regain normal muscle mass.
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Peso Corporal , Doenças do Gato/patologia , Hipertireoidismo/veterinária , Atrofia Muscular/veterinária , Animais , Composição Corporal , Doenças do Gato/fisiopatologia , Doenças do Gato/radioterapia , Gatos , Estudos Controlados Antes e Depois , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Hipertireoidismo/patologia , Hipertireoidismo/radioterapia , Radioisótopos do Iodo/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Atrofia Muscular/patologia , Atrofia Muscular/fisiopatologia , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
A celiac disease update review and a case report are presented, especially concerning a Clinical Pathology Laboratory approach. Implemented basic research, case finding strategy and information technologies are the key tools for a better understanding of the multi-etiological features of this disease. By these tools it will be achieved appropriateness in diagnosing and monitoring of the related clinical pictures.
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Doença Celíaca/diagnóstico , Doença Celíaca/etiologia , Adulto , Autoanticorpos/análise , Autoantígenos/análise , Biomarcadores/análise , Doença Celíaca/enzimologia , Doença Celíaca/genética , Doença Celíaca/imunologia , Criança , Cromossomos Humanos Par 6/genética , Feminino , Gliadina/imunologia , Antígenos HLA-DQ/genética , Humanos , Imunoglobulina A/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Transglutaminases/análiseAssuntos
Diabetes Mellitus , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas , Abscesso , Firmicutes , HumanosRESUMO
Inappropriate use of drugs in older patients may have an adverse impact on several individual health outcomes, such as increasing the prevalence of adverse drug reactions, morbidity and mortality, and geriatric syndromes, as well as on health care systems, such as increased costs and longer hospital stays. Explicit criteria of drug appropriateness are increasingly used to detect and prevent inappropriate use of drugs, either within a comprehensive geriatric assessment or as tool used by different multidisciplinary geriatric teams. STOPP-START criteria, first published in 2008 (in Spanish in 2009), are being adopted as reference criteria throughout Europe. The Spanish version of the new 2014 edition (recently published in English) of the STOPP-START criteria is presented here. A review of all the papers published in Spain using the former version of these criteria is also presented, with the intention of promoting their use and for research in different health care levels.
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Prescrições de Medicamentos/normas , Lista de Medicamentos Potencialmente Inapropriados , Idoso , HumanosRESUMO
Neuromodulatory systems activated by training experiences appear to play a role in influencing memory storage processes. The research summarized in this paper examined the effects, on memory, of posttraining administration of treatments affecting adrenergic, opioid peptidergic and GABAergic systems. When administered after training, drugs affecting these systems all produce dose- and time-dependent effects on memory storage. The drug effects on memory are blocked by lesions of the amygdaloid complex as well as lesions of the stria terminalis, a major amygdala pathway. The effects of drugs affecting these neuromodulatory systems are also blocked by injections of beta-adrenergic antagonists administered to the amygdaloid complex. Thus, the findings suggest that the neuromodulatory systems affect memory storage through influences involving the activation of beta-adrenergic receptors within the amygdala. These findings are consistent with the view that the amygdala is involved in regulating the storage of memory in other brain regions.
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Tonsila do Cerebelo/fisiologia , Memória/fisiologia , Neurotransmissores/fisiologia , Animais , HumanosRESUMO
In the first part of this review studies are considered in which pre- or post-training peripheral or intracerebroventricular administrations of competitive or noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists were carried out in a variety of animal species tested in different experimental conditions, in order to investigate the effects of these drugs on acquisition and memory processes. In particular, post-training treatments, which are known to affect memory consolidation, ruling out the possible "aspecific effects" linked to the pre-training administrations, show that the NMDA receptor antagonists impair memory in animals tested in various tasks. Memory impairments are also evident when the NMDA antagonists (in particular AP5) are injected into different brain structures, including amygdala and hippocampus. In a second part of this review some recent studies are considered showing the existence of: a) cholinergic-glutamatergic interactions; b) interactions between NMDA receptors and opioid system, and c) interactions between NMDA receptor antagonists (MK-801) and cocaine, in the modulation of memory processes of laboratory animals. The results of some studies showing the involvement of glutamatergic mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease are finally reported, and the therapeutic efficacy of glutamatergic drugs in the treatment of this disease is considered.