Migraine associated with tinnitus and hearing loss in adults: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To describe evidence of migraine-associated tinnitus and hearing loss. DESIGN: This study was registered in PROSPERO and followed the PRISMA guidelines. The inclusion criteria were observational studies with subjects aged ≥18 years, in which the association between migraine and tinnitus and/or hearing loss was evaluated. Reviews, case reports, commentaries, letters to the editor, and studies that included individuals with some diseases were excluded. STUDY SAMPLE: The search yielded 698 articles from electronic databases. Six studies were eligible for this review with 26,166 participants. RESULTS: Most studies have shown an association between migraine and tinnitus, and between migraine and hearing loss. Studies have concluded that migraine presented high odds ratio, and hazard ratio for tinnitus. Another study found a strong association between these conditions (p < 0.001), and two investigations detected the presence of migraine in 10.1 and 22.5% of tinnitus patients. Migraine presented high odds ratio and hazard ratio for hearing loss. Additionally, the studies included were of good quality, adhering to most of the requirements on the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist. However, a limitation of this review is the small number of studies included. CONCLUSIONS: Associations between migraine, tinnitus, and hearing loss were observed in the included studies.

Maternal and child predictors associated with loss to follow-up in the newborn hearing screening program: a cohort study in maternity hospitals in northeastern Brazil.

PURPOSE: Analyze maternal and child predictors associated with loss to follow-up in the newborn hearing screening program at maternity hospitals in northeastern Brazil. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study, including secondary data from infants (n=604) referred to the newborn hearing screening program in two maternity hospitals for monitoring and/or diagnosis. The predictors evaluated included socioeconomic factors, such as maternal age, marital status, income, schooling, place of residence, number of children and number of prenatal visits. In addition, maternal and child health factors, such as smoking and drug intake during pregnancy, consanguinity, congenital infections, craniofacial malformations, use of ototoxic drugs, syndromes and a history of hearing loss in the family. Statistical analysis was performed based on binary logistic regression models, using the stepwise method. RESULTS: The logistic regression model containing the number of prenatal visits and the history of hearing loss in the family was significant [χ2(2) =34.271; p<0.001]. The number of prenatal visits (OR = 2.343; 95% CI = 1.626 - 3.376) and family history of hearing loss (OR = 2.167; 95% CI = 1.507 - 3.115) were significant predictors. The other predictors were not significant. CONCLUSION: The results reveal that newborns whose mothers had ≤ 5 prenatal visits and those with a family history of hearing loss increased their likelihood of loss to follow-up by 2.3 and 2.1 times, respectively. It is important to provide subsidies for public health improvements in order to help advise, guide and educate mothers, especially during prenatal care.

Accuracy of smartphone-based hearing screening tests: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: To verify the accuracy of smartphone apps to identify hearing loss. RESEARCH STRATEGIES: A systematic review followed the PRISMA-DATA checklist. The search strategies were applied across four databases (Lilacs, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) and grey literature (Google Scholar, OpenGrey, and ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis). SELECTION CRITERIA: The acronym PIRD was used in review. This included populations of any gender and all age groups. The Index test is the smartphone-based hearing screening test; the Reference test is the pure-tone audiometry, which is considered the gold reference for hearing diagnostics; the diagnosis was performed via validity data (sensitivity and specificity) to identify hearing loss and diagnostic studies. DATA ANALYSIS: Two reviewers selected the studies in a two-step process. The risk of bias was assessed according to the criteria of the QUADAS-2. RESULTS: Of 1395 articles, 104 articles were eligible for full-text reading and 17 were included. Only four met all criteria for methodological quality. All of the included studies were published in English between 2015 and 2020. The applications Digits-in noise Test (5 articles), uHear (4 articles), HearScreen (2 articles), hearTest (2 articles) and Hearing Test (2 articles) were the most studied. All this application showed sensitivity and specificity values between 75 and 100%. The other applications were EarScale, uHearing Test, Free field hearing (FFH) and Free Hearing Test. CONCLUSION: uHear, Digit-in-Noise Test, HearTest and HearScreen have shown significant values of sensitivity and specificity and can be considered as the most accurate methods for screening of hearing impairment.

Digits-in-noise test in Brazilian Portuguese: how demographic and socioeconomic variables influence normal-hearing subjects. / Teste de dígitos no ruído no Português Brasileiro: influência das variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas em normo-ouvintes.

PURPOSE: Verify how demographic and socioeconomic variables on the in-noise speech recognition threshold (SRT) from the digits-in-noise test (DIN) in Brazilian Portuguese influence normal-hearing subjects. METHODS: Cross-sectional, prospective study. The convenience sample had 151 normal-hearing subjects between 12 and 79 years (mean=34.66) who underwent pure tone audiometry and digits-in-noise test with white noise using a sequence of three numbers in diotic stimulus (in-phase) on the same day. The DIN was performed using a Motorola Z3 Play smartphone with internet access and in-ear headphones. In-noise digit speech recognition threshold (SRT) was analyzed for gender, age, educational levels, and socioeconomic status. We used the non-parametric version of the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests to compare independent samples adopting a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The mean SRT was -8.47 dBNA (SD -3.89) with a median of -9.6 dBNA. The SRT was proportionally inverse to educational levels and socioeconomic status and more negative (better) with lower age groups. Gender did not influence the DIN SRT. CONCLUSION: Age, educational levels, and socioeconomic status influenced the DIN threshold. These variables must be considered when analyzing DIN performance in Brazilian Portuguese in normal-hearing subjects.

OBJETIVO: Verificar a influência das variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas no limiar de reconhecimento de fala no ruído (LRF) obtidos no teste de dígitos no ruído (TDR) no Português Brasileiro em normo-ouvintes. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal e prospectivo. A amostra de conveniência foi composta por 151 sujeitos normo-ouvintes com idade entre 12 e 79 anos (média =34,66) que realizaram audiometria tonal liminar e teste de dígitos no ruído branco com sequência de trios numéricos em estímulo diótico (inphase) no mesmo dia. O TDR foi realizado com um smartphone Motorola Z3 play com acesso à internet com fones de ouvido intra-auriculares. Os limiares de reconhecimento dos dígitos no ruído (LRF) foram analisados em função do sexo, idade, escolaridade e nível socioeconômico. Foi utilizado para comparar as amostras independentes, o teste não-paramétrico Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: A média do LRF foi de -8,47 dBNA (dp -3,89), com mediana de -9,6 dBNA. O LRF foi proporcionalmente inverso à escolaridade e nível socioeconômico e mais negativo (isto é, melhor) com menor faixa-etária. Não houve evidência de influência do sexo no LRF do TDR. CONCLUSÃO: Idade, escolaridade e nível socioeconômico mostraram influenciar o limiar no TDR; essas variáveis devem ser consideradas na análise de desempenho do TDR no Português Brasileiro em sujeitos normo-ouvintes.

Newborn Hearing Screening: association between coverage, and the availability of speech therapists and equipment in Brazil. / Triagem Auditiva Neonatal: associação entre a cobertura, oferta de fonoaudiólogos e equipamentos no Brasil.

PURPOSE: To determine the coverage of newborn hearing screening (NHS) and its association with the availability of speech therapists in the National Health System (SUS) and equipment in the states of Brazil in 2012 and 2018. METHODS: This is a descriptive ecological time series study with the Brazilian states and live births as units of analysis. An exploratory analysis of newborn hearing screening coverage and descriptive data analysis were performed. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to measure the strength and direction of the association between two ranked variables. RESULTS: Coverage in Brazil increased from 24.1% to 67.6%. Better coverage was observed in the South and Southeast regions in 2012, and in the former and Mato Grosso state (MS) in 2018. The average number of speech therapists was 4.79 and 8.9 / 100,000 inhabitants in 2012 and 2018, respectively. The index of "transient evoked otoacoustic emission" equipment was below 1 / 100,000 inhabitants in the two years in all the states of the country. CONCLUSION: Screening coverage increased in Brazil, albeit below the recommended level, and is related to rising number of speech therapists in the SUS. Spatial distribution is heterogeneous throughout the country.

OBJETIVO: Verificar a cobertura da triagem auditiva neonatal e sua associação com a quantidade de Fonoaudiólogos no SUS e de equipamentos disponíveis nas unidades federativas do Brasil nos anos de 2012 e 2018. MÉTODO: O estudo é do tipo ecológico descritivo de séries temporais tendo como unidade de análise as Unidades de Federação do Brasil e os nascidos-vivos. Foi realizada a análise exploratória da cobertura da triagem auditiva neonatal e análise descritiva dos dados. O coeficiente de correlação do ranking de Spearman foi usado para medir a força e direção de associação entre duas variáveis ranqueadas. RESULTADOS: A COB no Brasil apresentou evolução de 24,1% para 67,6%. Observaram-se melhores coberturas estão nas Regiões Sul e Sudeste em 2012 e no ano de 2018 destacando-se a Região Sul e o estado do MS. A média do índice de fonoaudiólogos foi de 4,79 e 8,9/100.000 habitantes, respectivamente para os anos de 2012 e 2018. O índice da oferta de equipamentos de "Emissões Otoacústicas Evocadas Transientes" se manteve abaixo de 1/100.000 habitantes nos dois anos e em todas as unidades federativas do país. CONCLUSÃO: A cobertura da triagem apresentou um aumento no Brasil, porém ainda abaixo do recomendado e está relacionada com o aumento da inserção de fonoaudiólogos no SUS. A distribuição espacial se apresenta heterogênea em todo seu território.

Early exposure to environment sounds and the development of cortical auditory evoked potentials of preterm infants during the first 3 months of life.

OBJECTIVE: Preterm infants are exposed earlier than their term counterparts to unattenuated sounds from the external environment during the sensitive period of the organization of the auditory cortical circuitry. In the current study, we investigate the effect of preterm birth on the course of development of auditory cortical areas by evaluating how gestational age (GA) correlates with the latency of the P1 component of the cortical auditory evoked potential (CAEP) of two experimental groups measured at 1 or 3 months of age. RESULTS: Our sample consisted of 23 infants delivered at GA ranging from 31.28 to 41.42 weeks and separated into two groups evaluated transversally at 1 or 3 months of corrected age (CA). In the group evaluated at 1-month CA, the latency of the component P1 was similar in both terms and infants classified as late-preterm (GA > 32 weeks). However, in the group evaluated at 3 months CA, P1 latency was significantly smaller in preterms. These preliminary results suggest an acceleration of the development of auditory cortical pathways in preterms, probably due to their early exposure to socially relevant auditory stimuli from the external environment.

Older adults hearing screening strategies: a bibliometric review / Revisão bibliométrica: estratégias de triagem auditiva de idosos

ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze the profile of publications on methods and instruments used to screen older adults hearing. Methods: the scientific production on older adults hearing screening methods, searching for articles published between 2016 and 2022. Data were collected from PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases and the articles were categorized according to their year, study type, authors, and screening instrument. Data were also analyzed to suggest potential aspects to be addressed in future research in the area. Literature Review: altogether, 26 articles were found based on the eligibility criteria. Publications peaked in 2016, followed by 2020. Articles published in the United States predominated (18%), and HHIE-S (hearing handicap inventory for the elderly screening version) was the most used instrument; 90% of the publications were in English, and the most recurrent study type was cross-sectional, followed by instrument validation studies. Conclusion: the review points out the scarcity of scientific production on older adults hearing screening in both national and international research. The studies approached different populations, screening methods, hearing loss definitions, health systems, and public policies in the countries where they were conducted. Better methodologies must be implemented for future research in the area.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o perfil das publicações a respeito dos métodos e instrumentos utilizados para realizar triagem auditiva em idosos. Métodos: esta pesquisa revisou a produção científica sobre métodos de triagem auditiva no idoso. A busca deu-se com artigos publicados entre 2016 e 2022. Os dados foram coletados nas bases de dados: PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, Web of Science e Google Scholar. Os artigos foram categorizados quanto ao ano, tipo de artigo, autores e instrumento de triagem. Além disto, os dados foram analisados com sugestões de aspectos potenciais a serem considerados para futuras pesquisas na área. Revisão da Literatura: foram encontrados 26 artigos com base nos critérios de elegibilidade. O pico de publicações referente ao estudo ocorreu no ano de 2016, seguido por 2020. Predominaram os estudos publicados no Estados Unidos (18%), o instrumento mais utilizado foi o HHIE-S, 90% das publicações estão na língua inglesa, e o tipo de estudo mais realizado é a pesquisa transversal, seguida dos Estudos de validação dos instrumentos. Conclusão: o estudo mostra a escassez de produção científica sobre triagem auditiva do idoso nas pesquisas nacionais e internacionais. Foram observadas variações da população e dos métodos de triagem, diferenças nas definições de perda auditiva entre os estudos elegíveis e diferenças nos sistemas de saúde e políticas públicas dos países em que esses estudos foram realizados. É necessária melhor implementação metodológica em futuras pesquisas na área.

Access to pediatric hearing healthcare in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil / Acesso ao serviço de saúde auditiva infantil no Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

INTRODUCTION: Hearing impairment compromises the child's language development and learning process. Neonatal screening, diagnosis, and hearing intervention are actions that must be carried out for comprehensive hearing healthcare in childhood. OBJECTIVE: To assess access to children's hearing healthcare services and the factors that influence access. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 104 children who underwent neonatal hearing screening and were referred for diagnosis. The sources were the databases, where demographic, social, and variables related to the access and use of health services were collected. Percentage distribution of categorical variables and measures of central tendency and dispersion of continuous variables were performed. To assess the association of dependent and independent variables, the Chi-square test was used with a 5% significance level. RESULTS: Only 56 (53.3%) of screened children attended hearing healthcare services. Of these, 41 went to the studied service, and 24 completed the diagnosis. Three children had hearing loss and were candidates for cochlear implants. The mean age at diagnosis was 211 days and the standard deviation was 155.9 days. The duration of diagnosis was 135 days and the standard deviation was 143.2 days. There was no statistical significance between access to health services and the distance of the service, age, and education of the mother. CONCLUSION: There is a lack of access to the service and completion of the diagnosis and children are not assisted at appropriate ages. The mother's age and education and distance to the service did not influence access to and use of the service.

INTRODUÇÃO: A deficiência auditiva compromete o desenvolvimento da linguagem e o processo de aprendizagem na criança. A triagem neonatal, o diagnóstico e a intervenção auditiva são ações que devem ser realizadas para a atenção integral à saúde auditiva na infância. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o acesso aos serviços de saúde auditiva infantil e os fatores que influenciam no acesso. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 104 crianças que realizaram a triagem auditiva neonatal e foram encaminhadas para diagnóstico. As fontes foram os bancos de dados, onde foram coletadas variáveis demográficas, sociais e relacionadas ao acesso e uso dos serviços de saúde. Foram realizadas a distribuição percentual das variáveis categóricas e medidas de tendência central e dispersão das variáveis contínuas. Para avaliar a associação das variáveis dependentes e independentes foi utilizado o teste Qui-quadrado com nível de 5% de significância. RESULTADOS: Apenas 56 (53,3%) crianças compareceram, dessas 41 foram para o serviço estudado, 24 concluíram o diagnóstico e 3 apresentaram deficiência auditiva. A média de idade no diagnóstico foi de 211 dias, com desvio padrão de 155,9 dias e a duração do diagnóstico foi de 135 dias, com desvio padrão de 143,2 dias. Não houve significância estatística entre o acesso ao serviço de saúde e a distância, idade e escolaridade da mãe. CONCLUSÃO: Existe uma evasão no acesso ao serviço e na conclusão do diagnóstico e as crianças não são assistidas em idades oportunas. A idade e escolaridade da mãe e a distância não influenciaram no acesso e uso ao serviço.

Maternal and child predictors associated with loss to follow-up in the newborn hearing screening program: a cohort study in maternity hospitals in northeastern Brazil / Preditores maternos e infantis associados a perda de seguimento do programa triagem auditiva neonatal: estudo de coorte em maternidades do nordeste do Brasil

ABSTRACT Purpose Analyze maternal and child predictors associated with loss to follow-up in the newborn hearing screening program at maternity hospitals in northeastern Brazil. Methods Retrospective cohort study, including secondary data from infants (n=604) referred to the newborn hearing screening program in two maternity hospitals for monitoring and/or diagnosis. The predictors evaluated included socioeconomic factors, such as maternal age, marital status, income, schooling, place of residence, number of children and number of prenatal visits. In addition, maternal and child health factors, such as smoking and drug intake during pregnancy, consanguinity, congenital infections, craniofacial malformations, use of ototoxic drugs, syndromes and a history of hearing loss in the family. Statistical analysis was performed based on binary logistic regression models, using the stepwise method. Results The logistic regression model containing the number of prenatal visits and the history of hearing loss in the family was significant [χ2(2) =34.271; p<0.001]. The number of prenatal visits (OR = 2.343; 95% CI = 1.626 - 3.376) and family history of hearing loss (OR = 2.167; 95% CI = 1.507 - 3.115) were significant predictors. The other predictors were not significant. Conclusion The results reveal that newborns whose mothers had ≤ 5 prenatal visits and those with a family history of hearing loss increased their likelihood of loss to follow-up by 2.3 and 2.1 times, respectively. It is important to provide subsidies for public health improvements in order to help advise, guide and educate mothers, especially during prenatal care.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar preditores maternos e infantis associados a perda de seguimento do programa de triagem auditiva neonatal em maternidades em maternidades do nordeste do Brasil. Método Estudo de coorte retrospectivo, incluindo dados secundários de lactentes (n=604) que foram encaminhados para o monitoramento e/ou diagnóstico do programa de triagem auditiva neonatal, em duas maternidades do nordeste do Brasil. Preditores avaliados incluíram fatores socioeconômicos, como, idade materna, estado civil, renda, escolaridade, local de residência, número de filhos e número de pré-natais; E fatores de saúde materno e infantil, como, fumo e drogas durante a gestação, consanguinidade, infecções congênitas, malformações craniofaciais, uso de drogas ototóxicas, síndromes e história de perda auditiva na família. Foi realizado análise estatística baseada em modelos de regressão logística binária, método stepwise. Resultados O modelo de regressão logística contendo o número de pré-natais e a história de perda auditiva na família foi significativo [χ2(2) =34,271; p<0,001]. Foram preditores significativos, o número de pré-natais (OR = 2,343; IC 95%= 1,626 - 3,376) e a história de perda auditiva na família (OR =2,167; IC 95% = 1,507 - 3,115), os demais preditores, não apresentaram significância neste estudo. Conclusão Os resultados demonstram que estão associados e aumentam as chances de perda de seguimento do programa, recém-nascidos cuja mães realizaram ≤ 5 pré-natais com 2,3 vezes mais chances e história de perda auditiva na família aumentando os riscos em 2,1 vezes a mais. É importante fornecer subsídios para que sejam implementadas melhorias na saúde pública que visem aconselhar, orientar e conscientizar as mães, principalmente durante os pré-natais.

Time trend of audiological procedures in the Brazilian Public Health System / Tendência temporal de procedimentos audiológicos no Sistema Único de Saúde

ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze the time trend of audiological procedures in the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) between 2008 and 2019 in the geographical regions of Brazil. Methods: a time series ecological study with data on audiological procedures from the SUS Outpatient Information System. The study calculated annual indices of audiological procedures with joinpoint regression for the trend analysis. The progress in the provision of procedures between the initial and final years in the series and the distribution of identified records was calculated. Results: altogether, 38,500,404 records were found in the study period. The South (178.84/10,000 inhabitants) and North of Brazil (130.97/10,000 inhabitants), respectively, had the highest and lowest mean procedure indices. Both were the only regions with a trend towards a significant increase in procedures. In Brazil, they increased by 56.91%, with an emphasis on the increase in "otoacoustic evoked emissions in neonatal hearing screening" and a decrease in "visual reinforcement audiometry (air/bone conduction)." In the distribution, procedures concentrated on basic audiological assessments. Conclusion: audiological procedures have increased at SUS, but there are discrepancies between procedures and geographical regions of Brazil.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a tendência temporal de procedimentos audiológicos no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), entre 2008 e 2019, nas regiões geográficas brasileiras. Métodos: estudo ecológico de série temporal, com dados de procedimentos audiológicos do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do SUS. Foram calculadas taxas anuais de procedimentos audiológicos, utilizando-se a regressão Joinpoint para análise de tendência. Calculou-se a evolução da oferta destes procedimentos entre os anos inicial e final da série e a distribuição dos registros identificados. Resultados: foram localizados 38.500.404 registros no período investigado. Verificou-se que as regiões Sul (178,84/10.000 habitantes) e Norte (130,97/10.000 habitantes) apresentaram a maior e a menor taxa média de procedimentos, respectivamente. Ambas foram as únicas regiões que exibiram tendências de aumento significativo na realização dos procedimentos. No Brasil, a oferta dos procedimentos demonstrou uma evolução positiva de 56,91%, com destaque para crescimento de "emissões otoacústicas evocadas para triagem auditiva (teste da orelhinha)" e queda de "audiometria de reforço visual (via aérea/óssea)". Na distribuição, houve concentração de procedimentos da avaliação audiológica básica. Conclusão: a realização de procedimentos audiológicos no SUS revela aumento, mas evidencia discrepâncias nas regiões geográficas brasileiras e nos procedimentos executados.

[Spatial and temporal analysis of the coverage for neonatal hearing screening in Brazil (2008-2015)]. / Análise espacial e temporal da cobertura da triagem auditiva neonatal no Brasil (2008-2015).

This article seeks to establish the coverage of neonatal hearing screening in Brazil between January 2008 and June 2015. It is an ecological study that uses the country, through the Urban Articulation Regions, as a base. To calculate the screening coverage percentage, the Live Births Information System, the Outpatient Information System and the Beneficiaries of the National Supplementary Health Agency Information System were used. An exploratory analysis of maps and spatial statistical analysis was conducted using TerraView 4.2.2 software. The coverage of neonatal hearing screening saw an increase of 9.3% to 37.2% during the study period. In 2008-2009 it was observed that the percentage of coverage ranged from 0% to 79.92%, but most areas received coverage from 0% to 20%, though in 2014-2015 coverage ranged from 0% to 171.77%, and there was a visible increase in the percentage of coverage in the country, mainly in the Southern Region. The screening coverage has increased over time, but is still low with an uneven distribution in the territory, which may be explained by local laws and policies and by the existence of different types of auditory health service in the country.

O objetivo deste artigo é conhecer a cobertura da triagem auditiva neonatal no Brasil de janeiro de 2008 a junho de 2015. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico que utiliza como base o território nacional, através das Regiões de Articulação Urbana. Para o cálculo da porcentagem da cobertura da triagem foram utilizados o Sistema de Informação de Nascidos Vivos, o Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais e o Sistema de Informações de Beneficiários da Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar. Foi realizada a análise exploratória dos mapas e a análise espacial estatística por meio do programa TerraView 4.2.2. A cobertura da triagem auditiva neonatal apresentou uma evolução de 9,3 para 37,2 % no período estudado. Em 2008-2009 observa-se que a porcentagem da cobertura variou de 0,00 a 79,92% e a maioria das regiões obteve cobertura entre 0,0 e 20%, já em 2014-2015 a cobertura variou entre 0,0 a 171,77% e observou-se um visível aumento da porcentagem da cobertura no país, principalmente na Região do Sul. A cobertura da triagem tem crescido ao longo do tempo, mas ainda é baixa e apresenta uma distribuição desigual no território, o que pode ser explicado pelas leis e políticas locais e pela disposição das diferentes modalidades de serviço de saúde auditiva no país.

Neonatal hearing screening programs: quality indicators and access to health services / Programas de triagem auditiva neonatal: indicadores de qualidade e acesso aos serviços de saúde

Abstract Objectives: to verify the quality indicators of neonatal hearing screening programs, identify the most prevalent risk factors for hearing loss and analyze access to the Hearing Health Care Network. Methods: cross-sectional study using secondary data. The population are children born in public maternity hospitals from 2015 to 2019. Data collection was carried out in the database of programs and hearing health service. The absolute and relative frequencies of all variables collected and the median, the interquartile range and the Mann-Whitney test were calculated to analyze the access. Results: universality increased during the study period, but was not reached (71.9%; CI95%=70.4-73.3) and the referral rate for auditory diagnosis was within the recommended range (0.9%; CI95%=0.8-0.9). The most prevalent risk factors were congenital infections and heredity. There was an evasion of children to the hearing health service of 85.1% and the type of referral interfered with the age of the child at access. Eight children with hearing loss were diagnosed, in which seven had access to therapeutic interventions. Conclusions: hearing screening was not universal. Access to the Hearing Health Care Network presents high evasion and interventions were offered to children with hearing loss.

Resumo Objetivos: verificar os indicadores de qualidade dos programas de triagem auditiva neonatal, identificar os fatores de risco para deficiência auditiva mais prevalentes e analisar o acesso à Rede de Atenção à Saúde auditiva. Métodos: estudo transversal com uso de dados secundários. A população são as crianças nascidas em maternidades públicas no período 2015 a 2019. A coleta de dados foi realizada no banco de dados dos programas e do serviço de saúde auditiva. Foram calculadas as frequências absolutas e relativas de todas as variáveis coletadas e a mediana, o intervalo interquartil e o teste de Mann-Whitney para analisar o acesso. Resultados: a universalidade aumentou no período estudado, porém não foi atingida (71,9%; IC95%=70,4-73,3) e o índice de encaminhamento para diagnóstico auditivo esteve dentro do recomendado (0,9%; IC95%=0,8-0,9). Os fatores de risco mais prevalentes foram: infecções congênitas e hereditariedade. Observou-se uma evasão de 85,1% das crianças ao serviço de saúde auditiva e o tipo de encaminhamento interferiu na idade da criança no acesso. Foram diagnosticadas oito crianças com perda auditiva, na qual sete tiveram acesso as intervenções terapêuticas. Conclusões: A triagem auditiva não foi universal. O acesso à Rede de Atenção à Saúde auditiva apresenta uma alta evasão e as intervenções foram ofertadas às crianças com perda auditiva.

Accuracy of smartphone-based hearing screening tests: a systematic review / Acurácia de testes de triagem auditiva baseados em smartphone: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Purpose To verify the accuracy of smartphone apps to identify hearing loss. Research strategies A systematic review followed the PRISMA-DATA checklist. The search strategies were applied across four databases (Lilacs, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) and grey literature (Google Scholar, OpenGrey, and ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis). Selection criteria The acronym PIRD was used in review. This included populations of any gender and all age groups. The Index test is the smartphone-based hearing screening test; the Reference test is the pure-tone audiometry, which is considered the gold reference for hearing diagnostics; the diagnosis was performed via validity data (sensitivity and specificity) to identify hearing loss and diagnostic studies. Data analysis Two reviewers selected the studies in a two-step process. The risk of bias was assessed according to the criteria of the QUADAS-2. Results Of 1395 articles, 104 articles were eligible for full-text reading and 17 were included. Only four met all criteria for methodological quality. All of the included studies were published in English between 2015 and 2020. The applications Digits-in noise Test (5 articles), uHear (4 articles), HearScreen (2 articles), hearTest (2 articles) and Hearing Test (2 articles) were the most studied. All this application showed sensitivity and specificity values between 75 and 100%. The other applications were EarScale, uHearing Test, Free field hearing (FFH) and Free Hearing Test. Conclusion uHear, Digit-in-Noise Test, HearTest and HearScreen have shown significant values of sensitivity and specificity and can be considered as the most accurate methods for screening of hearing impairment.

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a acurácia dos aplicativos de smartphone para identificar a perda auditiva. Estratégias de pesquisa Uma revisão sistemática seguiu o checklist PRISMA-DATA. As estratégias de busca foram aplicadas nos bancos de dados Lilacs, PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science e na literatura cinzenta (Google Scholar, OpenGrey e ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis). Critérios de seleção O anacrônimo PIRD foi usado na revisão. Incluiu populações de qualquer gênero e todas as faixas etárias. O teste Index foi o de triagem auditiva baseado em smartphone; o teste de referência foi a audiometria tonal; o diagnóstico foi realizado por meio de dados de validade (sensibilidade e especificidade) para identificação da perda auditiva e estudos diagnósticos. Análise de dados Dois revisores selecionaram os estudos em um processo de duas etapas. O risco de viés foi avaliado de acordo com os critérios do QUADAS-2. Resultados De 1395 artigos, 104 artigos foram elegíveis para leitura de texto completo e 17 foram incluídos. Apenas quatro preencheram todos os critérios de qualidade metodológica. Todos os estudos incluídos foram publicados em inglês entre 2015 e 2020. Os aplicativos mais estudados foram: Digits-in-noise (5 artigos), uHear (4 artigos), HearScreen (2 artigos), hearTest (2 artigos) e Hearing Test (2 artigos). Todos apresentaram valores de sensibilidade e especificidade entre 75 e 100%. Os outros aplicativos foram EarScale, uHearing, Free Field Hearing e teste Free Hearing. Conclusão uHear, Digit-in-Noise Test, HearTest e HearScreen apresentaram valores significativos de sensibilidade e especificidade e podem ser considerados os métodos mais precisos para rastreamento de deficiência auditiva.

Teste de dígitos no ruído no Português Brasileiro: influência das variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas em normo-ouvintes / Digits-in-noise test in Brazilian Portuguese: how demographic and socioeconomic variables influence normal-hearing subjects

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a influência das variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas no limiar de reconhecimento de fala no ruído (LRF) obtidos no teste de dígitos no ruído (TDR) no Português Brasileiro em normo-ouvintes. Método Estudo transversal e prospectivo. A amostra de conveniência foi composta por 151 sujeitos normo-ouvintes com idade entre 12 e 79 anos (média =34,66) que realizaram audiometria tonal liminar e teste de dígitos no ruído branco com sequência de trios numéricos em estímulo diótico (inphase) no mesmo dia. O TDR foi realizado com um smartphone Motorola Z3 play com acesso à internet com fones de ouvido intra-auriculares. Os limiares de reconhecimento dos dígitos no ruído (LRF) foram analisados em função do sexo, idade, escolaridade e nível socioeconômico. Foi utilizado para comparar as amostras independentes, o teste não-paramétrico Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados A média do LRF foi de -8,47 dBNA (dp -3,89), com mediana de -9,6 dBNA. O LRF foi proporcionalmente inverso à escolaridade e nível socioeconômico e mais negativo (isto é, melhor) com menor faixa-etária. Não houve evidência de influência do sexo no LRF do TDR. Conclusão Idade, escolaridade e nível socioeconômico mostraram influenciar o limiar no TDR; essas variáveis devem ser consideradas na análise de desempenho do TDR no Português Brasileiro em sujeitos normo-ouvintes.

ABSTRACT Purpose Verify how demographic and socioeconomic variables on the in-noise speech recognition threshold (SRT) from the digits-in-noise test (DIN) in Brazilian Portuguese influence normal-hearing subjects. Methods Cross-sectional, prospective study. The convenience sample had 151 normal-hearing subjects between 12 and 79 years (mean=34.66) who underwent pure tone audiometry and digits-in-noise test with white noise using a sequence of three numbers in diotic stimulus (in-phase) on the same day. The DIN was performed using a Motorola Z3 Play smartphone with internet access and in-ear headphones. In-noise digit speech recognition threshold (SRT) was analyzed for gender, age, educational levels, and socioeconomic status. We used the non-parametric version of the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests to compare independent samples adopting a significance level of 5%. Results The mean SRT was -8.47 dBNA (SD -3.89) with a median of -9.6 dBNA. The SRT was proportionally inverse to educational levels and socioeconomic status and more negative (better) with lower age groups. Gender did not influence the DIN SRT. Conclusion Age, educational levels, and socioeconomic status influenced the DIN threshold. These variables must be considered when analyzing DIN performance in Brazilian Portuguese in normal-hearing subjects.

Triagem Auditiva Neonatal: associação entre a cobertura, oferta de fonoaudiólogos e equipamentos no Brasil / Newborn Hearing Screening: association between coverage, and the availability of speech therapists and equipment in Brazil

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a cobertura da triagem auditiva neonatal e sua associação com a quantidade de Fonoaudiólogos no SUS e de equipamentos disponíveis nas unidades federativas do Brasil nos anos de 2012 e 2018. Método O estudo é do tipo ecológico descritivo de séries temporais tendo como unidade de análise as Unidades de Federação do Brasil e os nascidos-vivos. Foi realizada a análise exploratória da cobertura da triagem auditiva neonatal e análise descritiva dos dados. O coeficiente de correlação do ranking de Spearman foi usado para medir a força e direção de associação entre duas variáveis ranqueadas. Resultados A COB no Brasil apresentou evolução de 24,1% para 67,6%. Observaram-se melhores coberturas estão nas Regiões Sul e Sudeste em 2012 e no ano de 2018 destacando-se a Região Sul e o estado do MS. A média do índice de fonoaudiólogos foi de 4,79 e 8,9/100.000 habitantes, respectivamente para os anos de 2012 e 2018. O índice da oferta de equipamentos de "Emissões Otoacústicas Evocadas Transientes" se manteve abaixo de 1/100.000 habitantes nos dois anos e em todas as unidades federativas do país. Conclusão A cobertura da triagem apresentou um aumento no Brasil, porém ainda abaixo do recomendado e está relacionada com o aumento da inserção de fonoaudiólogos no SUS. A distribuição espacial se apresenta heterogênea em todo seu território.

ABSTRACT Purpose To determine the coverage of newborn hearing screening (NHS) and its association with the availability of speech therapists in the National Health System (SUS) and equipment in the states of Brazil in 2012 and 2018. Methods This is a descriptive ecological time series study with the Brazilian states and live births as units of analysis. An exploratory analysis of newborn hearing screening coverage and descriptive data analysis were performed. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to measure the strength and direction of the association between two ranked variables. Results Coverage in Brazil increased from 24.1% to 67.6%. Better coverage was observed in the South and Southeast regions in 2012, and in the former and Mato Grosso state (MS) in 2018. The average number of speech therapists was 4.79 and 8.9 / 100,000 inhabitants in 2012 and 2018, respectively. The index of "transient evoked otoacoustic emission" equipment was below 1 / 100,000 inhabitants in the two years in all the states of the country. Conclusion Screening coverage increased in Brazil, albeit below the recommended level, and is related to rising number of speech therapists in the SUS. Spatial distribution is heterogeneous throughout the country.

Overview of newborn hearing screening programs in Brazilian maternity hospitals.

INTRODUCTION: Newborn hearing screening has as its main objective the early identification of hearing loss in newborns and infants. In order to guarantee good results, quality indicators for newborn hearing screening programs are used as benchmarks. OBJECTIVE: To observe and describe the reality of national newborn hearing screening programs in Brazil, and to evaluate if they can be referred to as having quality indicators. METHODS: Integrative literature review in databases such as MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, and Google. RESULTS: 22 articles were analyzed in relation to newborn hearing screening coverage, the place and period newborn hearing screening was performed, initial results, referral to diagnostic procedures, loss to follow-up, and occurrence of hearing loss. CONCLUSION: Transient otoacoustic emissions were the most often used screening methodology. Coverage varied widely, and only a few maternity wards achieved 95% of the cases screened. Referral to diagnostic procedures was under 4%, but lack of adherence can be considered a barrier to successful follow-up. The occurrence of hearing loss ranged from 0% to 1.09%. The involvement of government, physicians, and society is necessary, so that the goals of newborn hearing screening can be achieved.

Strategies for genetic study of hearing loss in the Brazilian northeastern region.

The overall aim of this study was to estimate the contribution of genetic factors to the etiology of hearing loss (HL) in two counties in the Brazilian northeastern region. A cross-sectional study, based on the key informant approach (KI) was conducted in Queimadas and Gado Bravo counties (Paraíba, Northeast Brazil). The sample consisted of 182 patients with HL. Genetic screening of the most frequent mutations associated with HL was performed for all samples. DFNB1 mutations were the most frequently found in both counties. The c.35delG mutation was detected in homozygosis in seven non-syndromic probands in Queimadas (7/76, 9.2%) and only a single homozygote with this mutation was found in Gado Bravo (1/44, 2.3%). We also detected the del(GJB6-D13S1854) mutation in non-syndromic probands from Gado Bravo (2/44, 4.5%). The c.189C>A (p.TyrY63*) mutation in the CLRN1 gene was detected in homozygosis in 21/23 Usher syndrome patients from Gado Bravo and it was not found in Queimadas. Cases with probable genetic etiology contributed approximately to half of HL probands in each county (54.6% in Gado Bravo and 45.7% in Queimadas). We confirm the importance of DFNB1 locus to non-syndromic HL but we show that the frequency of mutations in the northeastern region differs somewhat from those reported in southeastern Brazil and other populations. In addition, the extremely high frequency of individuals with Usher syndrome with c.189C>A variation in CLRN1 indicates the need for a specific screening of this mutation.

The role of maternal socioeconomic factors in the commitment to universal newborn hearing screening in the Northeastern region of Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The implementation of early hearing detection in developing countries remains elusive. The fragile health care system along with insufficient funding for health care services leads to inadequate universal newborn hearing screening programs. There is a high incidence of loss to follow-up, at different stages of the program, in these countries, compromising the effect of early hearing screening programs. Strategies must be developed to improve family commitment to such programs. The objective of the present study was to examine factors that predict loss to second-stage follow-up at a municipal based, universal newborn hearing screening program in the Northeastern region of Brazil. METHOD: The current cross sectional study includes 577 newborns who underwent hearing screening and failed. The population was divided into two groups: those who returned and those who were lost to second-stage screening. Differences between groups were explored and adjusted odds ratios were derived. RESULTS: There was a significantly increased risk of non-adherence to the universal newborn hearing screening program in mothers with low income, few prenatal care visits, minimal education and with a multiparous child. CONCLUSION: Socioeconomic factors may have a significant influence on the effectiveness of hearing screening programs in poorer regions of Brazil and other low-income countries. Improvements in health care politics, tracking system and public awareness is crucial for successful program implementation.

Análise espacial e temporal da cobertura da triagem auditiva neonatal no Brasil (2008-2015) / Spatial and temporal analysis of the coverage for neonatal hearing screening in Brazil (2008-2015)

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é conhecer a cobertura da triagem auditiva neonatal no Brasil de janeiro de 2008 a junho de 2015. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico que utiliza como base o território nacional, através das Regiões de Articulação Urbana. Para o cálculo da porcentagem da cobertura da triagem foram utilizados o Sistema de Informação de Nascidos Vivos, o Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais e o Sistema de Informações de Beneficiários da Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar. Foi realizada a análise exploratória dos mapas e a análise espacial estatística por meio do programa TerraView 4.2.2. A cobertura da triagem auditiva neonatal apresentou uma evolução de 9,3 para 37,2 % no período estudado. Em 2008-2009 observa-se que a porcentagem da cobertura variou de 0,00 a 79,92% e a maioria das regiões obteve cobertura entre 0,0 e 20%, já em 2014-2015 a cobertura variou entre 0,0 a 171,77% e observou-se um visível aumento da porcentagem da cobertura no país, principalmente na Região do Sul. A cobertura da triagem tem crescido ao longo do tempo, mas ainda é baixa e apresenta uma distribuição desigual no território, o que pode ser explicado pelas leis e políticas locais e pela disposição das diferentes modalidades de serviço de saúde auditiva no país.

Abstract This article seeks to establish the coverage of neonatal hearing screening in Brazil between January 2008 and June 2015. It is an ecological study that uses the country, through the Urban Articulation Regions, as a base. To calculate the screening coverage percentage, the Live Births Information System, the Outpatient Information System and the Beneficiaries of the National Supplementary Health Agency Information System were used. An exploratory analysis of maps and spatial statistical analysis was conducted using TerraView 4.2.2 software. The coverage of neonatal hearing screening saw an increase of 9.3% to 37.2% during the study period. In 2008-2009 it was observed that the percentage of coverage ranged from 0% to 79.92%, but most areas received coverage from 0% to 20%, though in 2014-2015 coverage ranged from 0% to 171.77%, and there was a visible increase in the percentage of coverage in the country, mainly in the Southern Region. The screening coverage has increased over time, but is still low with an uneven distribution in the territory, which may be explained by local laws and policies and by the existence of different types of auditory health service in the country.

Análise da cobertura da triagem auditiva neonatal no Nordeste brasileiro / Analysis of the coverage of neonatal hearing screening in Northeast Brazil

RESUMO Introdução A Triagem Auditiva Neonatal Universal (TANU) é o exame de rastreamento recomendado para diagnóstico da perda auditiva. Objetivo Realizar análise espacial da cobertura da Triagem Auditiva Neonatal na Região Nordeste do Brasil e verificar possível associação da cobertura com o número de fonoaudiólogos, maternidades e centros de referência em saúde auditiva. Métodos A população de referência foi de recém-nascidos vivos, registrados no Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC). Para o levantamento de dados, foram utilizados bancos eletrônicos dispostos nos Sistemas de Informação em Saúde. Realizou-se análise espacial exploratória, usando o software TabWin; análise estatística descritiva: distribuição absoluta e relativa e cálculo de média ponderada; analítica, por meio dos testes Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fischer, na qual adotou-se nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados Houve semelhança em todo o Nordeste, quanto à baixa cobertura da TAN. Os maiores índices se concentraram em áreas pontuais e observou-se distribuição homogênea entre os estados. Porém, os estados do Piauí e Paraíba se destacaram quanto à frequência da cobertura nos municípios com o serviço da TAN. Constatou-se associação entre a cobertura e o número de maternidades, fonoaudiólogos e centros de referência em saúde auditiva. Conclusão A baixa cobertura da triagem predomina em todo o território do Nordeste e as melhores coberturas se encontram em áreas peculiares, onde se localizam os grandes centros populacionais. Houve associação com a carência de profissionais fonoaudiólogos inseridos no Sistema Único de Saúde, centros de referência em saúde auditiva e número de maternidades.

ABSTRACT Introduction Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening (UNHS) is the recommended screening test for hearing loss diagnosis. Purpose To perform a spatial analysis of the coverage of the Neonatal Hearing Screening (NHS) in the Northeastern of Brazil and to verify the possible association of the coverage with the number of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology (SLPA) maternities and reference centers in hearing health. Methods The reference population was of live newborns registered in the Live Birth Information System ( Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos - SINASC). For the data collection, electronic banks were set up in the Health Information Systems. Exploratory spatial analysis was performed using TabWin software; Descriptive statistical analysis: absolute and relative distribution and weighted mean calculation; Analytical, using Chi-square and Fisher's Exact tests, in which a significance level of 0.05 was adopted. Results There was similarity throughout the Northeastern, regarding the low coverage of the NHS. The highest indices were concentrated in specific areas and there was a homogenous distribution among states. However, the states of Piauí and Paraíba stand out as to the frequency of coverage in municipalities with the NHS service. It was found an association between the coverage and the number of maternities, Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology and centers of reference in hearing health. Conclusion The low coverage of the triage prevails throughout the Northeastern, and the best coverages are found in peculiar areas, where the large population centers are located. There was association with the lack of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology enrolled in the Unified Health System, centers of reference in hearing health and the number of maternities.