Breast cancer and the steadily increasing maternal age: are they colliding?

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy-related cancers are mostly breast cancers, and their incidence is likely to increase as a result of the modern trend of delaying childbearing. In particular, advanced maternal age increases breast cancer risk, and younger breast cancer patients are more likely to die and metastasize. This study compared a population with a high incidence of delayed childbearing with another population with a lower mean age at childbirth in order to determine whether breast cancer diagnosis and childbearing age overlap. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed multiple data sources. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, the United States National Center for Health Statistics as part of the National Vital Statistics System, the United Nations Population Division, the GLOBOCAN Cancer Observatory, the CLIO-INFRA project database, the Human Fertility Database, and anonymized local data were used. RESULTS: As women's age at delivery increased, the convergence between their age distribution at breast cancer diagnosis and childbearing increased. In addition, the overlap between the two age distributions increased by more than 200% as the average age at delivery increased from 27 to 35 years. CONCLUSIONS: As women's average childbearing age has progressively risen, pregnancy and breast cancer age distributions have significantly overlapped. This finding emphasizes the need for increased awareness and educational efforts to inform women about the potential consequences of delayed childbearing. By providing comprehensive information and support, women can make more informed decisions about their reproductive health and cancer prevention strategies.

TFEB, SIRT1, CARM1, Beclin-1 expression and PITX2 methylation in breast cancer chemoresistance: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer chemoresistance is attributed to a wide variety of mechanisms, including autophagy. Transcription factor EB (TFEB) has been recently identified and characterized as one major regulator of autophagy and lysosomal genesis. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the prognostic impact of TFEB and its pathway in breast cancer chemoresistance. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzes the expression of TFEB, CARM1, SIRT1, and Beclin-1 and the methylation of PITX2 in breast carcinoma. A group of breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapy, who relapsed within 12 months from treatment initiation, were compared to a sub-cohort of chemo-treated patients who did not recur within 12 months of follow-up. The expression of TFEB, CARM1, SIRT1, and Belcin-1 was analyzed using immunohistochemistry or RT-PCR on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples. PITX2 methylation was tested with the diagnostic CE-marked kit Therascreen PITX2 RGQ PCR. In the final model, 136 cases of chemo-treated breast cancer were included. RESULTS: A higher TFEB and Beclin-1 expression correlate with shorter survival in patients with chemo-treated invasive breast cancer (respectively HR 3.46, CI.95 1.27-9.47, p < 0.05 and 7.11, CI.95 2.54-19.9). TFEB, CARM1, and SIRT1 are positively correlated with Beclin-1. The protein expression of SIRT1 is significantly associated with TFEB and CARM1 so that a very low SIRT1 expression (lower than the first quartile of the H-score distribution) correlates with a low expression of TFEB and CARM1 and with longer survival. SIRT1 seems to have a lower H-score in the basal-like and HER2-enriched tumors than the luminal subtypes. Beclin-1 and TFEB seem to have a higher H-score in the basal-like and HER2-enriched tumors than the luminal subtypes. PITX2 methylation analysis was feasible only in 65% of the selected samples, but no significant differences between cases and controls were found, and there was also no correlation with the expression of the TFEB pathway. CONCLUSIONS: TFEB, SIRT1, and Beclin-1 seem to have a potential prognostic significance in patients with chemo-treated breast cancer, likely because of their role in the regulation of autophagy. In addition, no correlation between TFEB and PITX2 methylation was found, likely because they perform two different roles within the autophagy process.

Impact of intraoperative radiotherapy on cosmetic outcome and complications after oncoplastic breast surgery.

Breast cancer is one of the most common tumors in the population worldwide. Conservative breast surgery (CBS) is one of the preferred surgical options, because both the oncologic and esthetic needs of the patient can be addressed. CBS surgical outcomes tend to be more effective with reduced chances of disease recurrence when radiotherapy (RT) treatment is considered as an adjunct treatment, either applied during surgery (IORT) and/or after (EBRT). The purpose of our study was to compare surgical outcomes between IORT and EBRT after CBS. In the past 5 years, we performed CBS in 489 patients in our clinic. Of these patients, 83 underwent adjunct treatment with IORT and 109 were treated with EBRT in accordance with our university approved clinical protocol. Surgical outcomes, early complication rates, and esthetic results were compared between these two groups of CBS patients, with a mean follow-up time of 17 months. IORT allowed breast irradiation treatment to be performed without effecting overlying skin, thus cosmetic outcomes tended to be favorable. Esthetic postoperative results assessed with the Breast Cancer Conservation Treatment (BCCTcore) software showed that the differences between IORT and EBRT were not statistically significant (including those patients that underwent further oncoplastic techniques after EBRT). The disease recurrence rates between the two groups were not significantly different. IORT is a safe, fast, and feasible technique that provides effective and comparable CBS outcomes for patients with breast cancer.

Risk-Reducing Breast and Gynecological Surgery for BRCA Mutation Carriers: A Narrative Review.

This narrative review aims to clarify the role of breast and gynecological risk-reduction surgery in BRCA mutation carriers. We examine the indications, contraindications, complications, technical aspects, timing, economic impact, ethical issues, and prognostic benefits of the most common prophylactic surgical options from the perspectives of a breast surgeon and a gynecologist. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using the PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and EMBASE databases. The databases were explored from their inceptions to August 2022. Three independent reviewers screened the items and selected those most relevant to this review's scope. BRCA1/2 mutation carriers are significantly more likely to develop breast, ovarian, and serous endometrial cancer. Because of the Angelina effect, there has been a significant increase in bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy (BRRM) since 2013. BRRM and risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) significantly reduce the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. RRSO has significant side effects, including an impact on fertility and early menopause (i.e., vasomotor symptoms, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, cognitive impairment, and sexual dysfunction). Hormonal therapy can help with these symptoms. Because of the lower risk of developing breast cancer in the residual mammary gland tissue after BRRM, estrogen-only treatments have an advantage over an estrogen/progesterone combined treatment. Risk-reducing hysterectomy allows for estrogen-only treatments and lowers the risk of endometrial cancer. Although prophylactic surgery reduces the cancer risk, it has disadvantages associated with early menopause. A multidisciplinary team must carefully inform the woman who chooses this path of the broad spectrum of implications, from cancer risk reduction to hormonal therapies.

Nanotechnologies in Obstetrics and Cancer during Pregnancy: A Narrative Review.

Nanotechnology, the art of engineering structures on a molecular level, offers the opportunity to implement new strategies for the diagnosis and management of pregnancy-related disorders. This review aims to summarize the current state of nanotechnology in obstetrics and cancer in pregnancy, focusing on existing and potential applications, and provides insights on safety and future directions. A systematic and comprehensive literature assessment was performed, querying the following databases: PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Endbase. The databases were searched from their inception to 22 March 2022. Five independent reviewers screened the items and extracted those which were more pertinent within the scope of this review. Although nanotechnology has been on the bench for many years, most of the studies in obstetrics are preclinical. Ongoing research spans from the development of diagnostic tools, including optimized strategies to selectively confine contrast agents in the maternal bloodstream and approaches to improve diagnostics tests to be used in obstetrics, to the synthesis of innovative delivery nanosystems for therapeutic interventions. Using nanotechnology to achieve spatial and temporal control over the delivery of therapeutic agents (e.g., commonly used drugs, more recently defined formulations, or gene therapy-based approaches) offers significant advantages, including the possibility to target specific cells/tissues of interest (e.g., the maternal bloodstream, uterus wall, or fetal compartment). This characteristic of nanotechnology-driven therapy reduces side effects and the amount of therapeutic agent used. However, nanotoxicology appears to be a significant obstacle to adopting these technologies in clinical therapeutic praxis. Further research is needed in order to improve these techniques, as they have tremendous potential to improve the accuracy of the tests applied in clinical praxis. This review showed the increasing interest in nanotechnology applications in obstetrics disorders and pregnancy-related pathologies to improve the diagnostic algorithms, monitor pregnancy-related diseases, and implement new treatment strategies.

One-Step Nucleic Acid Amplification System in Comparison to the Intraoperative Frozen Section and Definitive Histological Examination Among Breast Cancer Patients: A Retrospective Survival Study.

Simple Summary: Implementing intraoperative assessment of sentinel lymph nodes by one-step nucleic acid amplification in early breast cancer can reduce the surgical burden to the patient and the costs to the health system. However, only limited data are available in terms of long-term disease-free survival and overall survival. Therefore, this study aims to compare disease-free survival and overall survival between one-step nucleic acid amplification, frozen section, and definitive histology. These results could impact the healthcare community, adding further proof to the body of evidence supporting the broader adoption of this innovative technology that enables a safe reduction in patient surgical burden and healthcare costs. Background: The one-step nucleic acid amplification (OSNA) system is a novel molecular technique, which consents to quick intraoperative detection of sentinel lymph node metastases by the amplification of cytokeratin 19 mRNA. Our study aims to evaluate the OSNA method in comparison with frozen section (FS) and definitive histological examination of the sentinel lymph node biopsy among early breast cancer patients considering disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Methods: In this study, we included all women who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for breast cancers classified as TNM stage I and II in our center between January 2005 and January 2017, and the follow-up was collected up to January 2019. We divided patients among three groups based on SLNB evaluation: definitive histological examination, intra-operative FS, or OSNA. Results: We included 2412 SLNBs: 727 by definitive histological examination, 697 by FS, and 988 by OSNA. Isolated tumor cells were found in 2.32% of cases, micrometastasis in 9.12%, and macrometastases in 13.64%. Surgical procedure duration was significantly shorter in OSNA than in FS (42.1 minutes ±5.1 vs. 70.1 minutes ±10.5, p <0.05). No significant differences have been observed among the three groups regarding OS, DSF, cumulative local, or distant metastases. In particular 5-year DFS was 96.38% in definitive histology (95% C.I. 95.02-97.75%), 96.37% in FS (95% C.I. 94.98-97.78%), and 96.51% in OSNA group (95% C.I. 95.32-97.72%). Conclusions: No difference in OS and DFS was found comparing OSNA, FS, and definitive histology. Furthermore, reduced operative time was found in the OSNA group.

Incidence and Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism in Female Patients Undergoing Breast Surgery.

Albeit it does not have the highest venous thromboembolism (VTE) incidence compared to other neoplasms, breast cancer contributes to many VTE events because it is the most diagnosed tumor in women. We aim to analyze the occurrence and timing of VTE during the follow-up of patients who underwent breast surgery, the possible correlated factors, and the overall survival. This retrospective study included all female patients diagnosed with mammary pathology and surgically treated in our clinic between January 2002 and January 2012. Of 5039 women who underwent breast surgery, 1056 were found to have no evidence of malignancy, whereas 3983 were diagnosed with breast cancer. VTE rate resulted significantly higher in patients with invasive breast cancer than in women with benign breast disease or carcinoma in situ. Invasive cancers other than lobular or ductal were associated with a higher VTE rate. In addition, chronic hypertension, high BMI, cancer type, and evidence of metastasis turned out to be the most significant risk factors for VTE in women who underwent breast surgery. Moreover, VTE occurrence significantly impacted survival in invasive breast cancer patients. Compared to women with benign mammary pathology, VTE prevalence in women with breast cancer is significantly higher. The knowledge about the risk factors of VTE could be helpful as prognostic information, but also to eventually target preventive treatment strategies for VTE, as far as the co-existence of invasive breast cancer and VTE has a significantly negative impact on survival.

Multidisciplinary Team Meeting Proposal and Final Therapeutic Choice in Early Breast Cancer: Is There an Agreement?

Background: A multidisciplinary team meeting (MDM) approach in breast cancer (BC) management is a standard of care. One of the roles of MDMs is to identify the best diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for patients (pts) with new diagnosis of early BC. The purpose of this study was to define whether there was an agreement between the planned program (i.e., MDMs-based decision) and that actually applied. In addition, the study explored factors associated with discordance. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of a consecutive series of 291 patients with new diagnosis of early BC, discussed at MDMs at the University Hospital of Udine (Italy), from January 2017 to June 2018. The association between clinico-biological factors and discordance between what was decided during the MDMs and what was consequently applied by the oncologist was explored through uni- and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results: The median age was 62 years (range 27-88 years). Among invasive early BC patients, the most frequent phenotype was luminal A (38%), followed by luminal B (33%), HER2-positive (12%), and triple-negative (5%). In situ carcinoma (DCIS) represented 12% of cases. The median time from MDM discussion to first oncologic examination was 2 weeks. The rate of discordance between MDM-based decision and final choice, during a face-to-face consultation with the oncologist, was 15.8% (46/291). The most frequent reason for changing the MDM-based program was clinical decision (87%). Follow-up was preferred to the chemotherapy (CT) proposed within the MDMs in 15% of cases, and to the endocrine therapy (ET) in 39% of cases (among these, 44.5% had a diagnosis of DCIS). Therapeutic change from sequential CT-ET to ET alone was chosen in 16/46 pts (35%): among these patients, seven had a luminal B disease and six had an HER2-positive disease. On univariate analysis, factors associated with discordance were values of Ki-67 14%-30% (OR 3.91; 95% CI 1.19-12.9), age >70 years (OR 2.44, 95% CI 1.28-4.63), housewife/retired status (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.14-4.85), polypharmacy (OR 1.95; 95% CI 1.02-3.72), postmenopausal status (OR 4.15; 95% CI 1.58-10.9), and high Charlson Comorbidity Index (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.09-1.57). The association with marital status, educational level, alcohol and smoke habits, presence of a caregiver, parity, grading, histotype and phenotype, and stage was not statistically significant. On multivariate analysis, only Ki-67 value maintained its statistical significance. Conclusion: The results of our study could be useful for enhancing the role of MDMs in the clinical decision-making process in early BC.

High-performance metabolic marker assessment in breast cancer tissue by mass spectrometry.

BACKGROUND: The identification of reliable markers for diagnosis of breast cancer has been thoroughly addressed by metabolic profiling using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy or imaging. Several clear diagnostic indicators have emerged using either in vitro analysis of tissue extracts, ex vivo analysis of biopsies or in vivo direct spectral observations. Most of the breast cancer characteristic metabolites could be assayed by mass spectrometry (MS) to exploit the superior sensitivity of this technique and therefore reduce the traumatic impact of current biopsy procedures. METHODS: Following extraction, aqueous metabolite mixtures were obtained that were submitted to liquid-chromatography, electrospray-ionization, mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) analysis to estimate the content of choline (Cho) and its phosphorylated derivatives, phosphocholine (PCho) and glycerophosphocholine (GPCho). The determinations were performed using 10 samples from breast tissue biopsies, surgical specimens and one single sample of a hepatic metastasis. In addition, some measurements were also repeated using high-resolution ¹H NMR spectroscopy to complement the mass spectrometry results. RESULTS: The contents of Cho, PCho and GPCho in breast tissue extracts were estimated by LC/ESI-MS based on standard compound calibration curves. Sharply increased ratios of phosphorylated-to-unphosphorylated metabolites, PCho/ Cho and (PCho+GPCho)/Cho, were observed in all tumor samples, although without discrimination between benign and malignant lesions, contrary to samples from healthy individuals and from those with fibrocystic disease. CONCLUSIONS: The assessment of breast cancer markers by LC/ESI-MS is feasible and diagnostically valuable. In addition to high sensitivity, the approach also shows a resolution advantage for assaying choline derivatives compared to NMR, and could complement the latter.

Patient-reported pain and other symptoms among breast cancer survivors: prevalence and risk factors.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with chronic pain and other symptoms related to breast cancer 6 months after surgery. METHODS: In an observational study of 261 female breast cancer survivors treated between January 2017 and January 2018, patients were asked about their pain symptoms using a questionnaire that utilized the Numeric Rating Score (NRS) and the Douleur Neuropathique Score (DN4) for neuropathic pain; it also addressed phantom sensations and functional disorders on the ipsilateral shoulder. A total of 218 women completed the survey. RESULTS: A total of 105 patients (48.17%) reported chronic pain. Of these, 64% rated the pain with an NRS of 1-3 and 35% with an NRS >3. Neuropathic pain was reported in 65% of the sample, phantom sensations in 12%, disorders of shoulder function in 16%, and web syndrome in 2%. Multivariable analyses showed that chronic pain (odds ratio [OR], 2.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.094-5.942; p < 0.05) and neuropathic pain (OR, 2.988; 95% CI, 1.366-6.537; p < 0.05) were positively associated with surgical adverse events; phantom sensations were statistically associated with the weight of removed breast tissue (OR, 1.003; 95% CI, 1.001-1.005; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights the need to employ specific tools capable of detecting different kinds of chronic pain after breast cancer surgery to improve pain prevention and treatment. Surgical complications and the weight of removed breast tissue emerged as 2 of the risk factors for chronic and neuropathic pain development in breast cancer survivors.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients affected by breast ductal carcinoma in situ with and without microinvasion: Retrospective observational study.

With the introduction of an organized mammographic screening, the incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) has experienced an important increase. Our experience with sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) among patients with DCIS is reviewed.We collected retrospective data on patients operated on their breasts for DCIS (pTis), DCIS with microinvasion (DCISM) (pT1mi) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) sized ≤2 cm (pT1) between January 2002 and June 2016, focusing on the result of SLNB.543 DCIS, 84 DCISM, and 2111 IDC were included. In cases of DCIS and DCISM, SLNB resulted micrometastatic respectively in 1.7% and 6.0% of cases and macrometastatic respectively in 0.9% and 3.6% of cases. 5-year disease-free survival and overall survival in DCISM and IDC were similar, while significantly longer in DCIS. 5-year local recurrence rate of DCIS and DCISM were respectively 2.5% and 7.9%, and their 5-year distant recurrence rate respectively 0% and 4%. IDC, tumor grading ≥2 and lymph node (LN) macrometastasis were significant predictors for decreased overall survival. Significant predictors for distant metastases were DCISM, IDC, macroscopic nodal metastasis, and tumor grading ≥2. Predictors for the microinvasive component in DCIS were tumor multifocality/multicentricity, grading ≥2, ITCs and micrometastases.Our study suggests that despite its rarity, sentinel node metastasis may also occur in case of DCIS, which in most cases are micrometastases. Even in the absence of an evident invasive component, microinvasion should always be suspected in these cases, and their management should be the same as for IDC.

The role of pancreatic leakage on rising of postoperative complications following pancreatic surgery.

INTRODUCTION: The variations in methods of pancreatic stump management and the volume of literature available on both main pancreatic duct and pancreaticoenetric anastomosis leak indicates the concern associated with the leak and the continuing efforts to prevent it. Herein we analyzed the role of pancreatic leakage followed by pancreatic surgery on the incidence of postoperative morbidity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 1989 to 2005, we performed 76 pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) and 26 distal pancreatectomy (DP), assumed as control case). During DP the parenchymal transection was performed with a linear stapler. The surgical reconstruction after PD was as follows: 11 manual nonabsorbable stitch closure of the main duct, 24 closure of the main duct with linear stapler, 17 temporary occlusion of the main duct with neoprene glue, and 24 duct-to-mucosa anastomosis. RESULTS: In the PD group, morbidity rate was 60%, caused by pancreatic leakage, with an incidence of 48%, hemorrhagic complication, occurred in 10% of patients following surgical procedure and infectious complication, with an incidence of 15%. After distal pancreatectomy we recorded 80, 7% no complications, 3, 9% leakage, 15, 4% hemoperitoneum. By multivariate analysis bleeding complications, biliary anastomosis leakage, and infectious complications were consequences of pancreatic leakage (P = 0.025, P = 0.025, and P = 0.025, respectively). A significant statistical difference was recorded analyzing re-operation rates between closure of the main duct with linear stapler versus temporary occlusion of the main duct with neoprene glue (t = 0.049) and closure of the main duct with linear stapler versus duct-to-mucosa anastomosis (t = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: On the ground of our results of bleeding complication, biliary anastomosis leakage and infectious complication were consequences of pancreatic leakage: failure of a surgical anastomosis has serious consequences, particularly in case of anastomosis of the pancreas to the small bowel, because of the digestive capacities of activated pancreatic secretions.

Minimally invasive esophagectomy: a comparative study of transhiatal laparoscopic approach versus laparoscopic right transthoracic esophagectomy.

BACKGROUND: The development of minimally invasive surgery gave birth to an interest in a mini-invasive approach to esophageal cancer; however, it is still considered to be one of the most complex gastrointestinal surgical operations, and many questions still remain unanswered, regarding the oncologic results of a mini-invasive approach in long-term follow-ups. Here, the authors report on the short-term and long-term results of a series of laparoscopic esophagectomies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 2002 to March 2006, 22 nonrandomized patients were recruited to undergo an esophagectomy for neoplastic disease. The esophagectomy and esophagogastroplasty were carried out using the laparoscopic transhiatal technique in 9 patients; whereas, a combined laparoscopic and right-transthoracic incision was performed in the other 13 patients. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 21+/-3.23 months (mean+/-SD); range, 2 to 46 months. The overall survival rate resulted 84.0% at 12 months, 61.3% at 24 months, and 51.0% at 36 months. The proportions of cumulative survival showed significant differences when the following variables were considered: site of neoplasm (lower esophagus), American Society of Anesthesiologists 2, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, type of surgical procedure, and inclusion in neoadjuvant protocol and staging. Recurrence rates were 3 (25%) in the radio-chemotherapy-treated group, and 5 (50%) in the primary surgery group (P=n.s.). CONCLUSIONS: The two-year survival rates (61.3%) recorded in our series are comparable with those reported in other series of both laparoscopic and open surgeries. The logical conclusion was that a less invasive procedure did not imply a less curative one.

Surgical and oncological outcomes of free dermal fat graft for breast reconstruction after breast-conserving surgery.

BACKGROUND: Oncoplastic breast surgery originated in order to improve the esthetic result of breast-conserving surgery (BCS). Autologous free dermal fat graft (FDFG) is an emerging oncoplastic technique to improve the cosmetic outcome of breast-conserving surgery. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze our experience with FDFGs in breast reconstruction after breast-conserving surgery. Oncological outcomes, surgical complications and cosmetic results were considered. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective chart review study considered all consecutive oncoplastic breast treatment by means of FDFG reconstruction during the period between September 2011 and September 2012 in our Clinic of Surgery (University of Udine, Italy). The data collected included patient and tumor characteristics and outcomes (cosmetic and oncological). RESULTS: During the study period, 37 women were treated by breast cancer surgery and immediate breast reconstruction by FDFG. At a 3-year follow-up, we found no cases of recurrence among breast cancer patients treated by FDFG; at a 18-month follow-up, we found a prevalence of 75.0% of women extremely satisfied with their oncoplastic surgery and a high prevalence of excellent or good cosmetic outcomes (70.3%) according to objective and subjective cosmetic assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Immediate breast reconstruction by FDFG after BCS in a population selected for a low risk of breast cancer recurrence seems to be an oncologically safe option, with a good cosmetic outcome and a high prevalence of women satisfied with the treatment.

Role of pre-surgical breast MRI in the management of invasive breast carcinoma.

The purpose of the study was to assess the role of preoperative breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a complementary tool to routine imaging methods in the management of women affected by invasive breast carcinoma. Mammograms, sonograms and biopsy results of 121 breasts in 118 women affected by invasive breast carcinoma, who underwent pre-surgical breast MR, were re-examined to identify patients theoretically eligible for conservative surgery instead of radical mastectomy. Surgery effectively performed was evaluated to identify cases for which MRI determined a change in management. The gold standard was the final pathology. Breast MRI determined an overall change in management in 22 out of 121 breasts (18.2%), and in two out of 87 breasts (25.3%) in patients eligible for conservative surgery. In the evaluation of single breasts, MRI resulted in true-positive in 22 out of 29 breasts (75.9%), false-positive in 7 out of 29 breasts (24.1%), leading to over-treatment in women whose treatment was changed from conservative surgery to radical mastectomy. MRI sensitivity in the detection of additional foci not seen on conventional imaging was 57.4%, overall sensitivity 87.4%, sensitivity for invasive cancers 93.1%, while for ductal carcinoma in situ it was 58.8%. In conclusion, breast MRI determines a significant change in the management of patients affected by invasive breast carcinoma, particularly in patients eligible for conservative surgery after standard breast examination.

Liver resection for HCC: analysis of causes and risk factors linked to postoperative complications.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Hepatic resection is widely accepted as the best treatment for localized hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), even in those patients affected by cirrhosis after a sharp selection. Notwithstanding technical advances and high experience of liver resection of specialized centers, the rate of complication after surgical resection could be high. Herein we analyzed causes and foreseeable risk factors on the grounds of data derived from a single center surgical population. METHODOLOGY: From September 1989 to March 2005, 134 consecutive patients had liver resection for HCC on cirrhosis at our department. We performed 54 major liver resections and 80 limited resections. RESULTS: In-hospital mortality rate was 7.4%, about 50% of these cases were Child-Pugh B patients. Morbidity rate was 47.7%, caused by the rising of ascites, hepatic insufficiency, biliary fistula, hepatic abscess, hemoperitoneum and pleural effusion. Intraoperative mortality resulted to be influenced by the amount of resected liver volume (p < 0.05), and the rising of complication (p = 0.006). Some technical aspects of surgical procedure are responsible of the rising of complication as: Pringle maneuver length (p = 0.02), the amount of resected liver volume (p = 0.03) and the request of blood transfusion (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Complications that arise during the postoperative period, although treatable, delay patient's recovery and resumption of liver function; the evaluation of causes and foreseeable risk factors linked to postoperative morbidity during the planning of surgical treatment should play the same role as other factors weighted in the selection of patients eligible for liver resection.

Prevalence, risk factors, and prognosis of peritoneal metastasis from breast cancer.

Peritoneal metastasis from breast cancer is a serious and deadly condition only limited considered in the literature. Our aim was to study prevalence, risk factors, and prognosis of breast cancer peritoneal metastasis. We retrospectively analyzed 3096 women with a diagnosis of invasive breast cancer. We took into consideration presence and localization of breast cancer distant metastasis as well as the possible risk factors and survival from the diagnosis of the breast cancer metastasis. The prevalence of breast cancer peritoneal metastases was 0.7 % (22/3096), representing the 7.6 % (22/289) of women affected by distant metastases. Moreover, independent risk factors for breast cancer peritoneal metastases resulted high grading, lobular invasive histology, and advanced T and N stage at diagnosis. Overall survival after metastasis diagnosis was shorter in women affected by peritoneal metastases or brain metastases in comparison to other metastatic women. Breast cancer peritoneal metastases were uncommon but not rare events with a poor prognosis after standard treatments.

Impact of the presence and quantity of ductal carcinoma in situ component on the outcome of invasive breast cancer.

INTRODUCTION: The role of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) component on the outcome of invasive breast cancer is not yet completely clear. Our study aims to assess the impact of the presence and quantity of DCIS component on the outcome of patients operated for invasive breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We collected retrospective data about patients operated at their breast for invasive cancer between 2007 and 2012, focusing on the presence of DCIS component. Then, we divided patients into four groups based on the quantity of DCIS component as follows: not found (group A), minimal (group B, <25%), extensive (group C, 25-75%), and prevalent (group D, >75%). We further defined "extensive intraductal component" (EIC) groups C and D together. RESULTS: DCIS component was associated with young age, familial history of breast cancer and worse biological characteristics, including high grading, higher prevalence of Her2/Neu overexpression, hormone receptors negativity, comedo-like necrosis and multifocality/multicentricity. Despite the unfavorable prognostic factors, invasive cancers associated with EIC were frequently treated with radical surgery and resulted to have long disease-free survival and low local recurrence rate. In patients with DCIS component (groups B, C, and D) the extension of this component resulted indirectly correlated with local recurrence rate, tumor lymphovascular invasion, and lymphnode extracapsular invasion. The highest prevalence of local recurrences was found in group B, which tended to be less frequently treated with radical surgery than group D (P<0.05) and C (P=n.s.). CONCLUSIONS: Different clinical and tumor features among invasive breast cancer with and without DCIS component indicate that they are distinct entities probably originating by different pathways that deserve to be studied. Furthermore, the controversial results about the management of cancer with minimal intraductal component require further studies in order to reduce local recurrence.

Tumor shrinkage evaluation during and after preoperative doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by docetaxel in patients with breast cancer.

AIM: To evaluate the relative activity of the sequential administration of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC) followed by docetaxel alone, as primary systemic therapy in patients with breast cancer, using an in vivo chemosensitivity predictive assay. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with stage II-III breast cancer received two cycles of AC (60/600 mg/m2 every 3 weeks) followed by two cycles of docetaxel (100 mg/m2 every 3 weeks). All patients underwent comprehensive breast imaging prior to chemotherapy, after two AC and after docetaxel. RESULTS: Forty-two patients were accrued and evaluated by intention-to-treat analysis. After two cycles of AC, the median tumor shrinkage was 18.3%, whereas treatment with docetaxel provided an additional median tumor shrinkage of 34.2%. Pathological complete remission was observed in 5 patients (11.9%), whereas 26 patients (61.9%) experienced a partial response. CONCLUSION: The relative contribution of docetaxel to tumor mass reduction seemed to be greater than that of AC. However, the slow rate of tumor shrinkage observed may indicate that the activity of the first 2 cycles of AC is carried over into the part of treatment with docetaxel.