Gravity modeling finds a large magma body in the deep crust below the Gulf of Naples, Italy.

We analyze a wide gravity low in the Campania Active Volcanic Area and interpret it by a large and deep source distribution of partially molten, low-density material from about 8 to 30 km depth. Given the complex spatial-temporal distribution of explosive volcanism in the area, we model the gravity data consistently with several volcanological and petrological constraints. We propose two possible models: one accounts for the coexistence, within the lower/intermediate crust, of large amounts of melts and cumulates besides country rocks. It implies a layered distribution of densities and, thus, a variation with depth of percentages of silicate liquids, cumulates and country rocks. The other reflects a fractal density distribution, based on the scaling exponent estimated from the gravity data. According to this model, the gravity low would be related to a distribution of melt pockets within solid rocks. Both density distributions account for the available volcanological and seismic constraints and can be considered as end-members of possible models compatible with gravity data. Such results agree with the general views about the roots of large areas of ignimbritic volcanism worldwide. Given the prolonged history of magmatism in the Campania area since Pliocene times, we interpret the detected low-density body as a developing batholith.

Serum leptin concentrations during the menstrual cycle in normal-weight women: effects of an oral triphasic estrogen-progestin medication.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate in normal-weight premenopausal women the relationship between circulating leptin and serum gonadotropins and gonadal steroids, during both spontaneous and pharmacologically induced menstrual cycles. DESIGN: Clinical longitudinal study. METHODS: Two groups of age-matched, normal-weight premenopausal volunteer women (groups I and II) were enrolled in this study. Women in group I were free of any hormonal treatment, while women in group II were taking a triphasic estrogen--progestin contraceptive preparation. Blood samples were collected daily in both groups after an overnight fast throughout a complete menstrual cycle. RESULTS: In the spontaneously cycling women, serum leptin concentration positively correlated with estradiol (P<0.03) and progesterone (P<0. 05) and was higher in the luteal than in the follicular phase (P<0. 05). However, a significant (P<0.03) short-lasting increase in circulating leptin was present in the late follicular phase of all subjects. In the women using hormonal contraception serum leptin remained unchanged throughout the cycle, along with constantly low values of circulating luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. CONCLUSIONS: In normal-weight premenopausal women serum leptin concentrations differ during the menstrual cycle in line with changes in gonadotropin and gonadal steroid concentrations, increasing in the luteal phase of the cycle after a peri-ovulatory peak. These findings suggest a permissive role for leptin with regard to the functioning of the corpus luteum.

Short-term changes in serum leptin concentration following biliopancreatic diversion.

BACKGROUND: The influence of the new anatomico-functional structure created by biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) in the postoperative fall of serum leptin concentration was evaluated. METHODS: Serum leptin concentration was determined in obese women before and immediately after BPD, before the usual postoperative intestinal rest. The measurements were repeated at the second postoperative month, when oral intake had nearly totally resumed and the patients had lost the first amount of weight. RESULTS: 5 days following BPD, a sharp reduction of serum leptin concentration was observed. At the second postoperative month the values remained nearly unchanged and were indistinguishable from those observed in a group of obese non-operated patients with a closely similar body weight. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in the upper gastrointestinal tract due to BPD appear to have no influence in the postoperative reduction of serum leptin concentration, which appears to be substantially related only to the patientís adiposity.

Insulin-like growth factor-I in human malnutrition: relationship with some body composition and nutritional parameters.

The insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) plasma concentration was evaluated as a nutritional parameter in 18 patients affected with chronic malnutrition secondary to biliopancreatic bypass and compared with albumin, transferrin, and with body composition parameters: total body water (TBW), total body sodium (TBNa), total body potassium (TBK). Subjects were studied in malnutritional conditions and after 20 to 30 days of parenteral and enteral refeeding treatment. Immunoreactive IGF-I concentration was 0.35 U/ml +/- 0.07 (mean +/- SEM), significantly lower (p less than 0.01) than in age-matched controls (1.14 +/- 0.07 U/ml, n = 29) and rose significantly (0.84 +/- 0.12 U/ml; p less than 0.01) in parallel with the improvement of nutritional status. The ratios TBNa/TBW, TBNa/TBK, and TBK/TBW were then considered as reference parameters for definition of malnutritional state, and compared with IGF-I as well as with the most commonly used parameters, albumin and transferrin. Before treatment, IGF-I evidenced higher specificity (true negative ratios 0.63, 0.43, and 0.40 with regard to TBNa/TBW, TBNa/TBK, and TBK/TBW, respectively) than albumin (0.13, 0.14, and 0.10) and transferrin (0 in all cases), and slightly less sensitivity (true positive ratios for IGF-I 0.80, 0.67, and 0.67; always one for albumin and transferrin). Moreover, IGF-I resulted definitely more sensitive in assessing the effectiveness of the refeeding treatment and, on the basis of the likelihood ratio, it appeared a good discriminator of the nutritional status. The data indicate that different nutritional factors regulate IGF-I, albumin, and transferrin, and suggest that IGF-I can be used as a reliable and specific nutritional parameter, complementary to the others currently used.

Autoregulation of cortical blood flow during surgery for ruptured intracranial aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: Little information is available about the extent and the time course of possible impairment of cerebral circulation occurring after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). The aim of this study was to correlate cerebral autoregulation, neurological impairment at surgery and timing of surgery in patients with ruptured intracerebral aneurysms. METHODS: Cortical blood flow (CoBF) was measured intraoperatively by a thermal diffusion probe in 77 patients during surgery for ruptured supratentorial aneurysms, who were operated on at different time intervals after bleeding. An autoregulation index (AI), expressed as the ratio between the change in CoBF and the change of mean arterial blood pressure at the time of rising the systemic blood pressure after occlusion of the aneurysm(s), was determined in each case. RESULTS: Among good-grade patients (WFNS grade I-II), those operated on days 0-2 after SAH had a significantly better autoregulatory response, compared either with patients who underwent surgery on days 3-7 after bleeding (p<0.01), or with those whose aneurysm was occluded more than 7 days after rupture (p<0.03). The mean AI of poor-grade patients (WFNS grade IV-V), who received surgery on days 0-2 after SAH, was significantly higher (p<0.01) compared with the corresponding value of good-grade patients. No significant difference was found between the mean AIs of patients who subsequently did, or did not, develop symptomatic vasospasm. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that good-grade patients operated on within 48 hours after bleeding take advantage of a preserved autoregulatory function during controlled hypotension.

Serum leptin concentration in obese patients with binge eating disorder.

BACKGROUND: In steady-state conditions serum leptin concentration is directly related to body fat stores, but is also affected by changes in energy balance. This cross-sectional study investigated the serum leptin concentrations of severely obese patients with binge eating disorder (BED), in whom body fat was greater than normal and, because of eating pattern, rapid and repeated changes in energy balances took place. METHODS: A group of BED obese patients was compared to a group of obese patients with a regular eating pattern with the same body weight, body composition and resting energy expenditure. Serum leptin was measured and the eating attitudes were evaluated by Eating Inventory and Eating Disorder Inventory. RESULTS: In these patients serum leptin concentrations were only weakly correlated to body mass. Furthermore, in BED obese patients serum leptin concentration was higher than in their non binging counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: In obese patients both body fat size and eating behavior influence serum leptin concentration, but BED patients binge eating is not triggered by a low leptin value.

Connections of the lateral reticular nucleus to the lateral vestibular nucleus in the rat. An anterograde tracing study with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin.

Efferent projections from the lateral reticular nucleus in the rat were investigated with anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. Besides the well known mossy fibre connections to the cerebellar cortex and collaterals to the cerebellar nuclei, a substantial bilateral projection to the lateral vestibular nucleus was found. Terminal arborizations found within this nucleus appeared to detach from the reticulocerebellar fibres in the cerebellar white matter and enter the lateral vestibular nucleus from dorsally. This projection may have functional relevance for the control, by ascending spinal pathways, of the descending lateral vestibulospinal tract.

Effects of dietary restriction on serum leptin concentration in obese women.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the short- and long-term effects of dietary restriction on serum leptin in obese women and the role of the gastrointestinal system in the short-term regulation of leptin production. DESIGN: Clinical longitudinal study of anthropometric and serum leptin changes induced in obese women by a balanced 300 kcal/d very low calorie diet (VLCD), administered either orally or parenterally for 5 d, and by a balanced 900 kcal/d low calorie diet (LCD) lasting six months. SUBJECTS: 20 obese women (age: 38.1 +/- 12.7 y; body mass index (BMI): 40.2 +/- 8.3 kg/m2). RESULTS: Five days following VLCD, a modest, even if significant (P < 0.0001), fall of both body weight (BW) and BMI was observed, along with a dramatic (> 50%) highly significant (P < 0.0001) reduction of circulating serum leptin. Baseline and five-day anthropometric and biochemical findings were closely similar in the group of orally fed subjects, when compared with those of their parenterally fed counterparts. The baseline positive correlation between serum leptin and BMI (p = 0.533) increased (P < 0.05) at the end of the five day VLCD (p = 0.849). A further fall of BW and BMI was observed at day 30 (P < 0.001) and day 180 (P < 0.01) during the 900 kcal/d LCD, while the serum leptin concentration gradually increased until day 180 when it was only slightly but non significantly lower than at baseline. At the end of the study, the correlation between serum leptin and BMI was similar to the baseline (p = 0.562). CONCLUSIONS: Energy restriction causes a fall of serum leptin apparently not mediated by gastrointestinal signals and it seems not to affect the long-term regulatory pathways of circulating leptin.

Cortical blood flow recorded during early or delayed surgery for ruptured intracranial aneurysms.

Forty-three patients were operated on for ruptured intracranial aneurysms during a 12-month-period. Intraoperative evaluation of cortical blood flow by means of a thermal diffusion probe was performed in 23 out of the 41 patients who were operated on for aneurysms of the anterior circulation. The autoregulation index was determined at the time of raising the systemic blood pressure after clipping of the aneurysm(s). No statistically significant difference was found between the averages of the autoregulation indexes calculated in the subgroups of patients submitted respectively to early or delayed surgery. There was no correlation of both cortical blood flow and autoregulation with either age of the patients, or preoperative neurological grade. On the contrary, the autoregulation index showed a statistically significant correlation with outcome.

Serum leptin and weight loss in severely obese patients undergoing biliopancreatic diversion.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of body fat and food intake on serum leptin concentration. DESIGN: Longitudinal study of a group of obese patients prior to and at, long term follow-up, after biliopancreatic diversion (BPD), when body weight was steadily reduced and food consumption was similar to or greater than preoperatively. RESULTS: In obese patients, very high serum leptin concentrations were found. Following the operation, with the body weight stable and normalized, a sharp fall of serum leptin concentration had occurred, with values returned to normal range. CONCLUSION: The changes in serum leptin concentration observed in the long term after weight loss are substantially accounted for by the loss of body fat and appear unrelated to the reduction of oral food intake.

[Intra- and postoperative cerebral blood flow in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm]. / Flusso ematico cerebrale intra- e postoperatorio in pazienti con emorragia subaracnoidea da fissurazione di aneurisma.

The CBF of eight patients, who underwent surgery for ruptured aneurysm, was monitored using the termodiffusion technique (TDF). The device employed in this investigation allowed a continuous monitoring in "real time" of the cortical flow. The purpose of the study was to detect disorders of autoregulation, which were evaluated with the autoregulation index (AI). Autoregulation was correlated with the neurological preoperative grading, the postoperative changes of CBF (Xe133 clearance) and the outcome. The results of this preliminary study showed a correlation between these parameters and stressed the value of CBF monitoring during surgery.

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-I binding protein in the follicular fluids of growth hormone treated patients.

The presence of GH, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), epidermal growth factor (EGF), oestradiol (E2) and progesterone (PG) were investigated in the fluids obtained from various ovarian follicles of seven patients in whom the induction of super-ovulation was achieved only after GH (0.1 U/kg BW/day) was added to the gonadotrophin therapy. The follicular fluids of six patients responsive to treatment with gonadotrophin alone served as a control. In patients treated with combined therapy, the results demonstrated the presence in the follicular fluids of GH (M +/- SEM: 8.5 +/- 0.6 mU/l), E2 (771 +/- 38 nmol/l), and PG (16.4 +/- 0.7 pmol/l) in significantly higher concentrations compared to that in control follicles (6.2 +/- 0.8 mU/l, 681 +/- 30 nmol/l, and 14.4 +/- 0.6 pmol/l; P = 0.002, 0.012, 0.0001 respectively). Acid-extractable IGF-I (143 +/- 9 ng/ml) and EGF (3.9 +/- 0.3 ng/ml) concentrations were similar to those of control fluids (124 +/- 10 ng/ml and 2.9 +/- 0.7 ng/ml respectively) and were highly correlated with each other (P less than 0.001), suggesting a stimulatory effect of EGF on the local IGF-I production. A correlation between GH and IGF-I (n = 51, r = 0.36), as well as between IGF-I and PG (n = 48, r = 0.77) and E2 (n = 48, r = 0.55) was evident only in the follicular fluid of GH-treated subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Papillary meningioma with pleural metastasis: case report and literature review.

Papillary meningiomas are rare meningeal tumors which are associated with a grim prognosis. These tumors usually recur locally and in some cases they metastasize. The clinical, radiological and histopathological features of a case of a papillary meningioma with a pleural metastasis in a 13-year-old boy are presented. The literature on metastasizing papillary meningiomas is reviewed. Up to now, 131 cases of papillary meningioma have been reported in the literature. Only 8 cases gave rise to metastases outside the central nervous system. The preferential site of metastasis appeared to be the lung. This is the first report of a papillary meningioma giving rise to a metastasis in the pleura.

Propofol 1% and propofol 2% are equally effective and well tolerated during anaesthesia of patients undergoing elective craniotomy for neurosurgical procedures.

BACKGROUND: The 2% formulation of the intravenous anaesthetic agent, propofol (Diprivan), delivers half the amount of lipid compared with the original 1% formulation. This may provide an acceptable alternative for patients who have an impaired ability to metabolise lipids. METHODS: This study was a multicentre, randomised, open comparison of parallel groups. Seventy-three adult patients undergoing elective craniotomy in neurosurgery were randomised to receive either propofol 1% (10 mg/ml) or propofol 2% (20 mg/ml) for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia. RESULTS: Analysis of induction time (199 s, 1%; 202 s, 2%; p > 0.05) and induction dose (1.13 mg/kg, 1.12 mg/kg; p > 0.05) shows that propofol 1% and propofol 2% are pharmacodynamically equivalent. Both formulations were similar regarding overall administration rates, recovery times, haemodynamic variables and tolerability. Plasma triglyceride levels, were lower in the propofol 2% group compared with the propofol 1% group, and significantly lower (p < 0.05) from 1 to 4 hours after induction. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that propofol 2% is as effective and as well-tolerated as propofol 1% for anaesthesia and is an acceptable alternative to propofol 1% in patients undergoing elective craniotomy in neurosurgery. The lower lipid load suggests it may be of particular benefit to patients with disorders of lipid metabolism.