Monocyte-derived SDF1 supports optic nerve regeneration and alters retinal ganglion cells' response to Pten deletion.

Although mammalian retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) normally cannot regenerate axons nor survive after optic nerve injury, this failure is partially reversed by inducing sterile inflammation in the eye. Infiltrative myeloid cells express the axogenic protein oncomodulin (Ocm) but additional, as-yet-unidentified, factors are also required. We show here that infiltrative macrophages express stromal cell­derived factor 1 (SDF1, CXCL12), which plays a central role in this regard. Among many growth factors tested in culture, only SDF1 enhances Ocm activity, an effect mediated through intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) elevation and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) activation. SDF1 deficiency in myeloid cells (CXCL12flx/flxLysM-Cre−/+ mice) or deletion of the SDF1 receptor CXCR4 in RGCs (intraocular AAV2-Cre in CXCR4flx/flx mice) or SDF1 antagonist AMD3100 greatly suppresses inflammation-induced regeneration and decreases RGC survival to baseline levels. Conversely, SDF1 induces optic nerve regeneration and RGC survival, and, when combined with Ocm/cAMP, SDF1 increases axon regeneration to levels similar to those induced by intraocular inflammation. In contrast to deletion of phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten), which promotes regeneration selectively from αRGCs, SDF1 promotes regeneration from non-αRGCs and enables the latter cells to respond robustly to Pten deletion; however, SDF1 surprisingly diminishes the response of αRGCs to Pten deletion. When combined with inflammation and Pten deletion, SDF1 enables many RGCs to regenerate axons the entire length of the optic nerve. Thus, SDF1 complements the effects of Ocm in mediating inflammation-induced regeneration and enables different RGC subtypes to respond to Pten deletion.

Visual outcome of various dose of glucocorticoids treatment in nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy- a retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The objective of this investigation was to assess the therapeutic efficacy of distinct glucocorticoid therapy dosages in the management of acute nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective, unmasked, and non-randomized study included a total of 85 patients. The patients were categorized into four groups: Group 1 (control) consisted of 15 patients who did not receive glucocorticoids, Group 2 included 16 patients administered with oral prednisone at a dosage of 1 mg/kg/d for 14 days, Group 3 comprised 30 patients who received 250 units of methylprednisolone once daily for 3 days, followed by oral prednisone at a dosage of 1 mg/kg/d for 11 days, and Group 4 encompassed 24 patients who received 500 units of methylprednisolone once daily for 3 days, followed by oral prednisone at a dosage of 1 mg/kg/d for 11 days. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was assessed at baseline and the final follow-up (> 7 days post-treatment). The changes in visual acuity between baseline and the 7-14 day follow-up, as well as between baseline and the concluding appraisal, were employed as metrics for assessing the extent of visual enhancement. RESULTS: No significant differences were noted in the final visual outcomes or in the changes between final visual acuity and baseline across the four groups. In Group 1 (control), the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) remained unchanged during final follow-ups compared to baseline. Conversely, the intervention groups exhibited statistically significant enhancements in BCVA during final follow-up (p = 0.012, p = 0.03, and p = 0.009 for Group 2, Group 3, and Group 4, respectively) when compared to baseline. During the 7-14 day follow-up, there was a significant difference in the changes between baseline BCVA and follow-up BCVA across the groups (p = 0.035). Go a step further by Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, group 4 showed a greater change in vision compared with group1 (p = 0.045). CONCLUSION: Our study on acute nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) showed no significant final visual outcome differences. Nevertheless, Groups 2, 3, and 4 demonstrated improved best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) during the final follow-up. Notably, a 500-unit dose of methylprednisolone resulted in short-term BCVA enhancement. This suggests potential consideration of 500 units of methylprednisolone for short-term NAION vision improvement, despite its limited long-term impact.

Agonist of growth hormone-releasing hormone enhances retinal ganglion cell protection induced by macrophages after optic nerve injury.

Optic neuropathies are leading causes of irreversible visual impairment and blindness, currently affecting more than 100 million people worldwide. Glaucoma is a group of optic neuropathies attributed to progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). We have previously demonstrated an increase in survival of RGCs by the activation of macrophages, whereas the inhibition of macrophages was involved in the alleviation on endotoxin-induced inflammation by antagonist of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Herein, we hypothesized that GHRH receptor (GHRH-R) signaling could be involved in the survival of RGCs mediated by inflammation. We found the expression of GHRH-R in RGCs of adult rat retina. After optic nerve crush, subcutaneous application of GHRH agonist MR-409 or antagonist MIA-602 promoted the survival of RGCs. Both the GHRH agonist and antagonist increased the phosphorylation of Akt in the retina, but only agonist MR-409 promoted microglia activation in the retina. The antagonist MIA-602 reduced significantly the expression of inflammation-related genes Il1b, Il6, and Tnf Moreover, agonist MR-409 further enhanced the promotion of RGC survival by lens injury or zymosan-induced macrophage activation, whereas antagonist MIA-602 attenuated the enhancement in RGC survival. Our findings reveal the protective effect of agonistic analogs of GHRH on RGCs in rats after optic nerve injury and its additive effect to macrophage activation, indicating a therapeutic potential of GHRH agonists for the protection of RGCs against optic neuropathies especially in glaucoma.

The Role of Gut Microbiota in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare, disabling inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific T cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of NMOSD. In addition to immune factors, T cells recognizing the AQP4 epitope showed cross-reactivity with homologous peptide sequences in C. perfringens proteins, suggesting that the gut microbiota plays an integral role in the pathogenicity of NMOSD. In this review, we summarize research on the involvement of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of NMOSD and its possible pathogenic mechanisms. Among them, Clostridium perfringens and Streptococcus have been confirmed to play a role by multiple studies. Based on this evidence, metabolites produced by gut microbes, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), tryptophan (Trp), and bile acid (BA) metabolites, have also been found to affect immune cell metabolism. Therefore, the role of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of NMOSD is very important. Alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota can lead to pathological changes and alter the formation of microbiota-derived components and metabolites. It can serve as a biomarker for disease onset and progression and as a potential disease-modifying therapy.

Acute phase clinical manifestations of patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease in Southern China.

BACKGROUNDS: To characterize the acute phase clinical manifestations and visual outcomes of the patients with Vogt-Koyanagi Harada (VKH) disease in southern China. METHODS: In total, 186 patients with acute-onset VKH disease were recruited. The demographic data, clinical signs, ophthalmic examinations, and visual outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 186 VKH patients, 3 were diagnosed as complete VKH, 125 as incomplete VKH, and 58 as probable VKH. All patients visited the hospital within 3 months of onset and complained of decreased vision. For the extraocular manifestations, 121 patients (65%) referred neurological symptoms. Anterior chamber activity was negative in most eyes within an onset of 7 days, which increased slightly with onset beyond 1 week. Exudative retinal detachment (366 eyes, 98%) and optic disc hyperaemia (314 eyes, 84%) were commonly observed at presentation. A typical ancillary examination helped with the diagnosis of VKH. Systemic corticosteroid therapy was prescribed. The logMAR best-corrected visual acuity improved significantly from 0.74 ± 0.54 at baseline to 0.12 ± 0.24 at the 1-year follow-up visit. The recurrence rate was 18% in the follow-up visits. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein were significantly correlated to VKH recurrences. CONCLUSION: Posterior uveitis, followed by mild anterior uveitis, is the typical initial manifestation in the acute phase of Chinese VKH patients. Visual outcome improvement is promising in most patients receiving systemic corticosteroid therapy in the acute phase. Detection of the clinical features at the initial onset of VKH could facilitate early treatment and better vision improvement.

Optic nerve diseases and regeneration: How far are we from the promised land?

The retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the sole output neurons that connect information from the retina to the brain. Optic neuropathies such as glaucoma, trauma, inflammation, ischemia and hereditary optic neuropathy can cause RGC loss and axon damage, and lead to partial or total loss of vision, which is an irreversible process in mammals. The accurate diagnoses of optic neuropathies are crucial for timely treatments to prevent irrevocable RGCs loss. After severe ON damage in optic neuropathies, promoting RGC axon regeneration is vital for restoring vision. Clearance of neuronal debris, decreased intrinsic growth capacity, and the presence of inhibitory factors have been shown to contribute to the failure of post-traumatic CNS regeneration. Here, we review the current understanding of manifestations and treatments of various common optic neuropathies. We also summarise the current known mechanisms of RGC survival and axon regeneration in mammals, including specific intrinsic signalling pathways, key transcription factors, reprogramming genes, inflammation-related regeneration factors, stem cell therapy, and combination therapies. Significant differences in RGC subtypes in survival and regenerative capacity after injury have also been found. Finally, we highlight the developmental states and non-mammalian species that are capable of regenerating RGC axons after injury, and cellular state reprogramming for neural repair.

Repeatability and clinical use of pupillary light reflex measurement using RAPDx® pupillometer.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the repeatability of pupillary light reflex metrics measured by the RAPDx® dynamic pupillometer in healthy subjects and clinical application in patients with unilateral optic neuritis (ON). METHODS: Sixty eyes of 30 healthy volunteers were measured three times consecutively by the same technician. The amplitude of constriction (AC), the latency of constriction (LOC), the velocity of peak constriction (VC) of light-evoked pupillary constriction, RAPD score for amplitude and latency were measured using RAPDx® dynamic pupillometer. The repeatability of above metrics was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (Cov). Furthermore, pupillary light reflex measurements were performed in 48 eyes of 24 patients diagnosed with unilateral optic neuritis (ON). Interocular symmetry was evaluated both in the healthy subjects and the ON-involved patients. RESULTS: High repeatability of AC, LOC, and VC in healthy subjects was displayed, presenting with the ICC value over 0.80 and the Cov less than 8.00%. But the RAPD score for amplitude (ICC: 0.67) and RAPD score for latency (ICC: 0.65) showed only moderate repeatability. Furthermore, a slight declining trend was found in amplitude and peak velocity when continuous and multiple measurements in the healthy subjects. Good symmetry of the AC, LOC, and VC of pupillary light constriction between the two eyes was displayed in the healthy subjects (P > 0.05). By contrast, there was a distinct decrease of AC and VC (P < 0.01), and a mild increase of LOC (P < 0.01) in the ON-involved eye in direct pupillary light reflex. CONCLUSIONS: Pupillary light reflex measured by the RAPDx® pupillometer achieved overall good repeatability and interocular symmetry in healthy subjects. The device also presented decent preliminary results in patients with unilateral ON, suggesting its potential value to be developed as a tool in optic nerve diseases.

Longitudinal evaluation of immediate inflammatory responses after intravitreal AAV2 injection in rats by optical coherence tomography.

Gene therapy has been proposed as a feasible strategy for RGC survival and optic nerve regeneration. Some preclinical and clinical studies revealed intraocular inflammation after intravitreal injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV) by slit-lamp or indirect ophthalmoscope. Here we evaluate the longitudinal profile of immediate inflammatory responses after AAV2 injection in rat retina and vitreous body by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Adult Fischer F344 rats were intravitreally injected once with saline, AAV2 or zymosan. Retinal thickness and cell infiltration were recorded by OCT longitudinally for 2 months and verified by histological analysis. The transduction rate of single intravitreal AAV2 injection was 21.3 ± 4.9% of whole retina, and the transduction efficiency on RGCs was 91.5 ± 2.5% in the transduced area. Significant increase in cell infiltration was observed from Day 1-3 after AAV2 injection, compared to very few infiltrating cells observed in the saline-injected group. The infiltrating cells ceased at Day 5 after intravitreal injection and remained absent at 2 months. The thicknesses of total and inner retina were increased along Day 1-3 after AAV2 injection, but reverted to normal afterwards. The surviving RGCs in the AAV2-injected groups at Day 14 showed no significant difference compared to saline-injected group. In summary, this study revealed the immediate inflammatory responses and retinal edema after intravitreal AAV2 injection in normal rats, without influencing long-term retinal thickness and RGC survival. OCT can be implemented for the time-lapse in vivo evaluation of inflammatory response after AAV-mediated gene therapy through intravitreal injection.

Human Periodontal Ligament-Derived Stem Cells Promote Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Axon Regeneration After Optic Nerve Injury.

Optic neuropathies are the leading cause of irreversible blindness and visual impairment in the developed countries, affecting more than 80 million people worldwide. While most optic neuropathies have no effective treatment, there is intensive research on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) protection and axon regeneration. We previously demonstrated potential of human periodontal ligament-derived stem cells (PDLSCs) for retinal cell replacement. Here, we report the neuroprotective effect of human PDLSCs to ameliorate RGC degeneration and promote axonal regeneration after optic nerve crush (ONC) injury. Human PDLSCs were intravitreally injected into the vitreous chamber of adult Fischer rats after ONC in vivo as well as cocultured with retinal explants in vitro. Human PDLSCs survived in the vitreous chamber and were maintained on the RGC layer even at 3 weeks after ONC. Immunofluorescence analysis of ßIII-tubulin and Gap43 showed that the numbers of surviving RGCs and regenerating axons were significantly increased in the rats with human PDLSC transplantation. In vitro coculture experiments confirmed that PDLSCs enhanced RGC survival and neurite regeneration in retinal explants without inducing inflammatory responses. Direct cell-cell interaction and elevated brain-derived neurotrophic factor secretion, but not promoting endogenous progenitor cell regeneration, were the RGC protective mechanisms of human PDLSCs. In summary, our results revealed the neuroprotective role of human PDLSCs by strongly promoting RGC survival and axonal regeneration both in vivo and in vitro, indicating a therapeutic potential for RGC protection against optic neuropathies. Stem Cells 2018;36:844-855.

Mutations of RagA GTPase in mTORC1 Pathway Are Associated with Autosomal Dominant Cataracts.

Cataracts are a significant public health problem with no proven methods for prevention. Discovery of novel disease mechanisms to delineate new therapeutic targets is of importance in cataract prevention and therapy. Herein, we report that mutations in the RagA GTPase (RRAGA), a key regulator of the mechanistic rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), are associated with autosomal dominant cataracts. We performed whole exome sequencing in a family with autosomal dominant juvenile-onset cataracts, and identified a novel p.Leu60Arg mutation in RRAGA that co-segregated with the disease, after filtering against the dbSNP database, and at least 123,000 control chromosomes from public and in-house exome databases. In a follow-up direct screening of RRAGA in another 22 families and 142 unrelated patients with congenital or juvenile-onset cataracts, RRAGA was found to be mutated in two unrelated patients (p.Leu60Arg and c.-16G>A respectively). Functional studies in human lens epithelial cells revealed that the RRAGA mutations exerted deleterious effects on mTORC1 signaling, including increased relocation of RRAGA to the lysosomes, up-regulated mTORC1 phosphorylation, down-regulated autophagy, altered cell growth or compromised promoter activity. These data indicate that the RRAGA mutations, associated with autosomal dominant cataracts, play a role in the disease by acting through disruption of mTORC1 signaling.

Casein kinase-II inhibition promotes retinal ganglion cell survival and axonal regeneration.

Neuron survival is critical for the maintenance of central nervous system physiology upon diseases or injury. We previously demonstrated that the blockage of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and Janus kinase/STAT3 pathways promotes retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and axonal regeneration via macrophage activation; yet, the complexity of the inflammatory regulation for neural repair indicates the involvement of additional unresolved signaling pathways. Here we report the effects and underlying mechanism of casein kinase-II (CK2) inhibition on RGC survival and axonal regeneration in rats after optic nerve (ON) injury. Adult rats received intravitreal injection of CK2 inhibitors, TBB (4,5,6,7-Tetrabromo-2-azabenzimidazole) and DMAT (2-Dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole), after ON transection and peripheral nerve (PN) grafting. Intravitreal application of TBB and DAMT effectively suppressed the CK2 phosphorylation activity in the retina, and enhanced RGC survival and axonal regeneration in vivo. Meanwhile, the numbers of infiltrating macrophages were increased. Removal of macrophages by clodronate liposomes significantly abolished the CK2 inhibition-induced RGC survival and axonal regeneration. Clodronate liposomes also weakened the RGC protective effects by TBB and DMAT in vitro. In summary, this study revealed that inhibition of CK2 enhances RGC survival and axonal regeneration via macrophage activation in rats. CK2 could be a therapeutic target for RGC protection after ON injury.

Comparison of the optical coherence tomographic characters between acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease and acute central serous chorioretinopathy.

BACKGROUND: Acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease and acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) are two common disorders with serous retinal detachment caused by dysfunction of choroid. The purpose of this study is to compare the morphological changes of these two diseases with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS: In this retrospective comparative study, the SD-OCT images of 65 eyes with acute VKH and 52 eyes with acute CSCR were reviewed for the presence of subretinal fluid, folds of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE), fluctuation of internal limiting membrane (ILM), subretinal septa, retinal pigment epithelium detachment (PED) and bulge of RPE. The foveal thickness was measured using the manual caliper of OCT software. The characteristics of SD-OCT were compared between two diseases. RESULTS: Subretinal fluid was present in both diseases. Folds of RPE, fluctuation of ILM, subretinal septa were seen only in VKH. Bulge of RPE presented only in CSCR. PED was more common in CSCR than in VKH (44.2% vs 3.1%, p < 0.001). The thickness of fovea and RPE undulation index were significantly greater in VKH compared to that in CSCR (746.7 ± 423.8 vs 444.9 ± 158.8 µm, p < 0.001 and 1.0667 ± 0.0509 vs. 1.0177 ± 0.0023, p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Our study showed that although VKH and CSCR share similar features on SDOCT, there are characteristic differences between both disease entities.

Casein kinase-2 inhibition promotes retinal ganglion cell survival after acute intraocular pressure elevation.

Intraocular pressure elevation can induce retinal ganglion cell death and is a clinically reversible risk factor for glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness. We previously demonstrated that casein kinase-2 inhibition can promote retinal ganglion cell survival and axonal regeneration in rats after optic nerve injury. To investigate the underlying mechanism, in the current study we increased the intraocular pressure of adult rats to 75 mmHg for 2 hours and then administered a casein kinase-2 inhibitor (4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-2-azabenzimidazole or 2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole) by intravitreal injection. We found that intravitreal injection of 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-2-azabenzimidazole or 2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole promoted retinal ganglion cell survival and reduced the number of infiltrating macrophages. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathway was involved in the response to intraocular pressure elevation but was not modulated by the casein kinase-2 inhibitors. Furthermore, casein kinase-2 inhibition downregulated the expression of genes (Cck, Htrsa, Nef1, Htrlb, Prph, Chat, Slc18a3, Slc5a7, Scn1b, Crybb2, Tsga10ip, and Vstm21) involved in intraocular pressure elevation. Our data indicate that inhibition of casein kinase-2 can enhance retinal ganglion cell survival in rats after acute intraocular pressure elevation via macrophage inactivation.

Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema, and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the risk factors for the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic macular edema (DME), and sight-threatening DR (STDR) based on a city-wide diabetes screening program. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Diabetic patients were prospectively recruited between June 2016 and December 2022. All patients underwent dilated fundus photography centered on the disc and macula or macular spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scan. Complete medical history was documented. Systematic examination, blood analysis, and urinalysis were performed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusting for age and sex was conducted. RESULTS: Out of 7274 diabetic patients, 6840 had gradable images, among which 3054 (42.0%) were graded as DR, 1153 (15.9%) as DME, and 1500 (20.6%) as STDR. The factors associated with DR, DME, and STDR included younger age (odds ratio [OR]: 0.96, 0.97, and 0.96 respectively), lower BMI (OR: 0.97, 0.95, and 0.95 respectively), longer duration of diabetes (OR: 1.07, 1.03, and 1.05 respectively) and positive of urinary albumin (OR: 2.22, 2.56, and 2.88 respectively). Other associated factors included elevated blood urea nitrogen (OR: 1.22, 1.28, and 1.27 respectively), higher LDL-cholesterol, lower blood hemoglobin (OR: 0.98, 0.98, and 0.98), insulin intake, presence of diabetic foot pathologies and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. We also identified novel risk factors, including high serum potassium (OR: 1.37, 1.46, and 1.55 respectively), high-serum sodium (OR: 1.02, 1.02, and 1.04 respectively). Better family income was a protective factor for DR, DME, and STDR. Alcohol consumption once a week was also identified as a protective factor for DR. CONCLUSIONS: Similar risk factors for DR, DME, and STDR were found in this study. Our data also indicates high serum sodium, high serum potassium, low blood hemoglobin, and level of family income as novel associated factors for DR, DME, and STDR, which can help with DR monitoring and management.

Clinical features of COVID-19-related optic neuritis: a retrospective study.

Objective: This retrospective study aimed to investigate the clinical features of optic neuritis associated with COVID-19 (COVID-19 ON), comparing them with neuromyelitis optica-associated optic neuritis (NMO-ON), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated optic neuritis (MOG-ON), and antibody-negative optic neuritis (antibody-negative ON). Methods: Data from 117 patients (145 eyes) with optic neuritis at the Shantou International Eye Center (March 2020-June 2023) were categorized into four groups based on etiology: Group 1 (neuromyelitis optica-related optic neuritis, NMO-ON), Group 2 (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein optic neuritis, MOG-ON), Group 3 (antibody-negative optic neuritis, antibody-negative ON), and Group 4 (optic neuritis associated with COVID-19, COVID-19 ON). Characteristics of T2 and enhancement in orbital magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were assessed. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was compared before treatment, at a short-term follow-up (14 days), and at the last follow-up after treatment. Results: The COVID-19-associated optic neuritis (COVID-19 ON) group exhibited 100% bilateral involvement, significantly surpassing other groups (P < 0.001). Optic disk edema was observed in 100% of COVID-19 ON cases, markedly differing from neuromyelitis optica-related optic neuritis (NMO-ON) (P = 0.023). Orbital magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed distinctive long-segment lesions without intracranial involvement in T1-enhanced sequences for the COVID-19 ON group compared to the other three groups (P < 0.001). Discrepancies in optic nerve sheath involvement were noted between the COVID-19 ON group and both NMO-ON and antibody-negative optic neuritis (antibody-negative ON) groups (P = 0.028). Before treatment, no significant difference in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) existed between the COVID-19 ON group and other groups. At the 14-day follow-up, BCVA in the COVID-19 ON group outperformed the NMO-ON (P < 0.001) and antibody-negative ON (P = 0.028) groups, with no significant difference observed compared to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein optic neuritis (MOG-ON) group. At the last follow-up after treatment, BCVA in the COVID-19 ON group significantly differed from the NMO-ON group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Optic neuritis associated with COVID-19 (COVID-19 ON) predominantly presents with bilateral onset and optic disk edema. Orbital magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrates that COVID-19 ON presents as long-segment enhancement without the involvement of the intracranial segment of the optic nerve in T1-enhanced images. Glucocorticoid therapy showed positive outcomes.

Adeno-associated virus-mediated expression of growth-associated protein-43 aggravates retinal ganglion cell death in experimental chronic glaucomatous injury.

PURPOSE: To examine whether adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-mediated overexpression of growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) has protective or deleterious effects on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival in laser-induced chronic intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation injury. METHODS: Adult Fischer 344 rats received unilateral intravitreal injection of either normal saline, AAV-green fluorescent protein (AAV-GFP), or a bicistronic AAV vector encoding GAP-43 and GFP (AAV-GAP-43). Two weeks later, experimental chronic glaucoma was induced in the injected eyes by scarring the trabecular meshwork with a diode laser. IOP was measured with an impact (rebound) tonometer. Survival of RGCs was estimated after 3 weeks of IOP elevation by quantifying ß-III tubulin⁺ neurons in retinal whole mounts. The transfection efficiency of target genes was assessed with direct view of GFP and western blot analysis of GAP-43. RESULTS: Quantification of ß-III tubulin⁺ immunostaining revealed that, compared to uninjured eyes (1,172±80 cells/mm²), 3 weeks of laser-induced IOP elevation led to a 60% decline in RGC survival (496±136 cells/mm²). Transfection with control vector AAV-GFP by itself did not have a significant effect on RGC viability (468±124 cells/mm²). Overexpression of GAP-43 in RGC cell bodies and axons via bicistronic AAV-GAP-43 led to more severe RGC death (260±112 cells/mm²) in IOP elevated eyes, an 80% loss of the total RGC population. CONCLUSIONS: Overexpression of GAP-43 aggravated RGC death in experimental chronic IOP elevation injury. GAP-43 was upregulated in RGCs regenerating after optic nerve injury. Thus, the finding that this same protein is deleterious to RGC viability after chronic IOP elevation may aid in understanding the mechanisms involved in RGC loss in glaucoma and how best to treat this condition.

Choroidal Vascular Density Quantification in High Myopia with or without Choroidal Neovascularization Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze choroidal vascular density alteration in high myopia with or without choroidal neovascularization by using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods: This was a cross-sectional, observational study that included 60 high-myopia eyes. All the participants had comprehensive ophthalmic assessments with visual acuity, intraocular pressure, slit lamp-assisted biomicroscopy, color fundus photography, axial length, optometry, and OCTA. Age, sex, and comorbidities were collected from their medical charts. Univariate and multiple analyses were made to compare the age, spherical equivalent, choroidal vascular density, gender, and choroidal thickness between normal and patients with choroidal neovascularization. Results: 60 eyes with high myopia were included in our study, including 30 eyes with choroidal neovascularization and 30 eyes without choroidal neovascularization or other fundus pathology. The mean age of high myopic patients was older in the choroidal neovascularization group than in the normal group (48.43 ± 19.06 years vs. 28.83 ± 9.92 years, p < 0.01). The mean choroidal thickness of high myopic patients was thinner in the neovascularization group than in the normal group (68.81 ± 48.81 µm vs. 137.80 ± 66.33 µm, p < 0.01). The mean choroidal vascular density in the normal group was greater than in the choroidal neovascularization group (82.43 ± 8.73 vs. 67.54 ± 12.56, p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in spherical equivalent between the choroidal neovascularization group and the normal group (-10.56 ± 2.97D vs. -11.93 ± 3.38D, p = 0.11). Multivariate analysis showed that after adjusting for covariates, less choroidal vascular density and older age were independent factors associated with choroidal neovascularization in the high myopic eye. Conclusion: Decreased choroidal vascular density and older age played an important role in the development of choroidal neovascularization in high myopic eyes. OCTA may help us to identify the highly myopic patients that need to intervene.

Retinal transcriptome of neonatal mice after optic nerve injury.

BACKGROUND: The axonal growth capacity of retinal ganglion cells decreases dramatically within the first day of birth, and the axonal regeneration after injury in mature mammals is very limited. Here, this study aimed to delineate the transcriptomic changes associated with altered axonal growth capacity and to identify the key genes associated with axonal regeneration by the RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis. METHODS: The whole retinas from the mice of embryonic day (E) 20, postnatal day (P) 1 and P3 were collected at 6 hours after optic nerve crush (ONC). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for ONC or ages were identified by the RNA-Seq analysis. K-means analysis was conducted for the clustering of DEGs based on expression patterns. Enrichment of functions and signaling pathways analysis were performed based on Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, and Gene Set Enrichment analysis (GSEA). Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to validate the DEGs selected from the RNA-Seq analysis. RESULTS: In total, 5,408 DEGs were identified for ages, and 2,639 DEGs in neonatal mouse retina after ONC. K-means analysis revealed 7 clusters in age-DEGs and 11 clusters in ONC-DEGs. The GO, KEGG and GSEA pathway analyses identified significantly enrichment of DEGs in the visual perception and phototransduction for the age effect, and the break repair, neuron projection guidance, and immune system pathway for the ONC. PPI analysis identified hub genes in the axon-related gene cluster. The expressions of Mlc1, Zfp296, Atoh7, Ecel1, Creb5, Fosb, and Lcn2, thought to be involved in RGC death and axonal growth were validated by qRT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS: This study, for the first time, delineated the gene expression changes following ON injury in embryonic and neonatal mice, providing a new resource of age- and injury-driven data on axonal growth capacity.

Allergy Test Dosage of Fluorescein Detects Diabetic Retinopathy Changes in Fundus Fluorescein Angiography.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to evaluate the feasibility of allergy test dosage of fluorescein sodium (1%) for Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) detection in Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) examination as compared to the regular dosage (20%). METHODS: Totally 77 eyes from 42 DR patients were included in this prospective study. Capillary non-perfusion area, neovascularization, diabetic macular edema and microaneurysms were measured by FFA and compared at 1, 5 and 15 min after intravenous injection of 1% or 20% fluorescein sodium. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in the proportions of capillary non-perfusion area and diabetic macular edema as well as the amount of neovascularization between the 1% and 20% fluorescein sodium groups. Yet, the 1% group had a significantly a smaller number of microaneurysms than the 20% group at 1 min (p < 0.001) and a smaller number of eyes with diabetic macular edema than the 20% group at 5 (p = 0.032) and 15 min (p = 0.015). The images from patients with clear vitreous had better quality than the images from patients with vitreous opacity (all p < 0.05, except comparison on neovascularization at 5 min: p > 0.999). All examined indexes showed high correlations between the 1% and 20% groups (r > 0.8, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that 1% fluorescein sodium could detect the changes of DR comparably to the regular dosage.