Altered Microbiome Leads to Significant Phenotypic and Transcriptomic Differences in a Lipid Accumulating Chlorophyte.

Given the challenges facing the economically favorable production of products from microalgae, understanding factors that might impact productivity rates including growth rates and accumulation of desired products, for example, triacylglycerols (TAG) for biodiesel feedstock, remains critical. Although operational parameters such as media composition and reactor design can clearly effect growth rates, the role of microbe-microbe interactions is just beginning to be elucidated. In this study an oleaginous marine algae Chlorella spp. C596 culture is shown to be better described as a microbial community. Perturbations to this microbial community showed a significant impact on phenotypes including sustained differences in growth rate and TAG accumulation of 2.4 and 2.5 fold, respectively. Characterization of the associated community using Illumina 16S rRNA amplicon and random shotgun transcriptomic analyses showed that the fast growth rate correlated with two specific bacterial species ( Ruegeria and Rhodobacter spp). The transcriptomic response of the Chlorella species revealed that the slower growing algal consortium C596-S1 upregulated genes associated with photosynthesis and resource scavenging and decreased the expression of genes associated with transcription and translation relative to the initial C596-R1. Our studies advance the appreciation of the effects microbiomes can have on algal growth in bioreactors and suggest that symbiotic interactions are involved in a range of critical processes including nitrogen, carbon cycling, and oxidative stress.

Anesthetic Management for Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Hypermobility Type Complicated by Local Anesthetic Allergy: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, hypermobility type is characterized by increased extensibility, permeability, and fragility of the affected cartilaginous tissues, including the trachea, larynx, and skin. Anesthetic considerations for patients with this syndrome include intubation difficulties secondary to the collapse of fibro-elastic tissues in the trachea and a reported resistance to local anesthetics. CASE REPORT Our patient was a 22-year-old G4P0030 woman with a history of morbid obesity, seizures, Barrett's esophagus, hypermobility being evaluated for Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and anaphylaxis to an unknown local anesthetic who was scheduled for cesarean delivery. She refused allergy testing. After rapid-sequence induction of general anesthesia, video laryngoscopy facilitated endotracheal intubation. Delivery and recovery were uneventful for the mother and child. CONCLUSIONS No guidelines for neuraxial or general anesthesia exist for patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, hypermobility type. Increased rates of cervical spine instability and local anesthetic resistance have been reported in this population and should be considered when developing the anesthetic plan.