Intraoperative neuromonitoring during thyroidectomy does not decrease vocal cord palsy risk, but the cumulative experience of the surgeon may.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) on vocal cord palsy (VCP) rates and assess the temporal trends in VCP rates. METHODS: The subjects of this retrospective study were patients who underwent thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer between March, 2014 and June, 2022, at a university hospital in Korea. We compared VCP rates between the non-IONM and IONM groups and analyzed the risk factors for VCP and VCP rates over time. RESULTS: A total of 712 patients were included in the analysis. The rates of transient and permanent VCP did not differ significantly between the non-IONM and IONM groups. Transient VCP occurred in 4.6% and 4.3% patients (p = 0.878) and VCP was permanent in 0.7% and 0.4% patients (p = 0.607) in the non-IONM and IONM groups, respectively. Among the nerves at risk, transient damage occurred in 2.8% and 3.0% patients (p = 0.901), and permanent damage occurred in 0.4% and 0.3% (p = 0.688), respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed no significant risk factors for VCP. There was a significant decreasing trend in VCP rates over time as the cumulative number of cases increased (p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: IONM did not reduce the risk of VCP significantly. However, the declining trend of VCP rates suggests that the surgeon's experience may mitigate VCP risk.

Comparative surgical outcomes of transoral endoscopic and robotic thyroidectomy for thyroid carcinoma: a propensity score-matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: Surgical outcomes of patients with thyroid carcinoma who underwent transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) versus transoral robotic thyroidectomy (TORT) were compared. METHODS: Patients who underwent TOETVA or TORT between July 2016 and February 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. TOETVA and TORT groups were propensity score-matched (1:1) based on age, sex, body mass index, surgical extent, tumor size, and presence of thyroiditis. RESULTS: A total of 185 patients underwent transoral thyroidectomy (142 TOETVA and 43 TORT). Final diagnoses consisted of 135 papillary and seven follicular thyroid carcinomas in the TOETVA group and 43 papillary thyroid carcinomas in the TORT group (p = 0.138). Mean operative time was shorter for the TOETVA group than the TORT group (106.3 vs. 158.9 min, p < 0.001), whereas mean hospital stay was longer for the TOETVA group than the TORT group (2.2 vs. 1.9 days, p = 0.031). After 1:1 propensity score matching, each group included 43 patients. Mean operative time was shorter in the TOETVA group than the TORT group (106.2 vs. 158.9 min, p < 0.001), whereas mean hospital stay was longer in the TOETVA group (2.3 vs. 1.9 days, p = 0.031). There was no significant difference in vocal cord palsy incidences between the groups (one transient, one permanent in the TOETVA group vs. none in the TORT group, p = 0.359). The learning curve was 71 cases for TOETVA and 25 cases for TORT. CONCLUSION: TOETVA had shorter mean operative time, and TORT had shorter learning curve and shorter mean hospital stay. Surgeons should be familiar with the advantages and disadvantages of each procedure.

A Time Trend Analysis of 5,000 Robotic Thyroidectomies via Bilateral Axillo-Breast Approach.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the time trends of surgical outcomes in patients who underwent bilateral axillo-breast approach robotic thyroidectomy (BABA RT) over the last 14 years. METHODS: From February 2008 to September 2021, we conducted a retrospective medical chart review of 5,011 consecutive patients who underwent BABA RT at three Seoul National University-affiliated hospitals. The patients were divided into three groups based on the main model of the da Vinci robotic surgical system to evaluate trends in surgical treatment strategies and outcomes after BABA RT. RESULTS: Of the 5,011 patients (4,706 malignant and 305 benign), the most common histological subtype was papillary thyroid carcinoma (n = 4,584; 97.4%). The mean tumor size significantly increased from 0.8 cm to 1.2 cm (p < 0.05). The mean numbers of metastatic and harvested lymph nodes from the central neck dissection and the lateral neck dissection showed a significant difference and tendency to increase (from 0.9 to 1.6, 4.7 to 6.2, p < 0.05, and from 0.6 to 3.9, 5.3 to 17.9, p < 0.05), respectively, throughout the study period. Permanent hypoparathyroidism decreased from 3.4 to 2.9%. The rate of transient and permanent vocal cord palsy decreased from 15.2 to 2.7% and from 0.7 to 0.2%, respectively. CONCLUSION: With advancements in robotic surgical systems and improvements in the BABA RT technique, surgical indications have expanded to include more advanced thyroid diseases, and surgical outcomes have improved over the last 14 years.

Conventional Total Thyroidectomy Using a Novel Single Retractor: Technical Note for Apollo®.

Despite the increasingly innovative techniques developed in thyroid surgery to offer patients minimally invasive and scarless interventions, conventional open procedures still account for most of the interventions performed in this field. The surgical incision length has been significantly reduced, from 6-9 cm to 3 cm, and therefore patients perceive the scar to be highly acceptable. In this technical note, we present the use of a new single retractor (APOLLO®; AFS MEDICAL GmbH, Teesdorf, Austria) for conventional open thyroidectomies with intraoperative neuromonitoring. This device offers several advantages: a) better exposure of the surgical field; b) less traction on skin flaps and neck muscles; and c) protection of the skin edges from the heat generated by energy-based devices/coagulating instruments, with consequent better healing.

Frontline nurses' burnout and its associated factors during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea.

BACKGROUND: The Coronavirus disease pandemic is a global health crisis with psychological consequences for healthcare workers. PURPOSE: To identify the prevalence and potential factors influencing burnout among frontline nurses in South Korea. METHODS: This cross-sectional study comprised 161 nurses who voluntarily participated in the survey through advertisements at a general hospital. Data on sociodemographic and professional characteristics, insomnia, depression, anxiety, stress, and burnout were collected via an online questionnaire in 2021. RESULTS: Among the participants, 90 had a high level of burnout. Overall, 59.6 %, 23.0 %, 36.0 %, and 17.4 % of nurses experienced insomnia, depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. The results showed that the assigned number of patients, insomnia, and depression were the major factors affecting burnout levels of nursing staff. CONCLUSIONS: Frontline nurses were the main force in the fight against public health emergencies. The government and medical institutions must consider professional and psychological factors in ameliorating burnout and safety for nurses.

Status of Alternative Approaches for Thyroidectomy: Is There Any Evidence to Substitute in Place of Conventional Surgery?

Over the past 20 years, various alternative cervical minimally invasive (partly endoscopically assisted) and extracervical endoscopic (partly robot-assisted) approaches have been developed. All of these alternative access methods aim at optimizing the cosmetic results. In principle, the indication for the use of alternative access procedures does not differ from that for conventional surgery. Nonetheless, appropriate experience in traditional thyroid surgery and suitable patient selection, taking into account thyroid volumes and the underlying pathology, are important prerequisites. General contraindications for an alternative approach are large goiter with symptoms of compression, advanced thyroid carcinoma, recurrent interventions or previous radiotherapy in the operating area. The alternative surgical approaches to the thyroid can be divided into cervical minimally invasive, extracervical endoscopic (robot-assisted) and transoral procedures. This article gives an overview of the clinically used alternative approaches in thyroid surgery. The desire for an optimal cosmetic result should not be prioritized over patient safety. Only a few alternative procedures (minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy, transaxillary robot-assisted thyroidectomy) can currently be viewed as a useful addition to conventional thyroid surgery, even when in responsible, experienced hands for a selected group of patients.

Comparison of Perioperative Outcomes Using the da Vinci S, Si, X, and Xi Robotic Platforms for BABA Robotic Thyroidectomy.

Background and Objectives: Robotic thyroidectomy via the bilateral axillo-breast approach (BABA), first introduced in Korea in 2008, has become a standard method of thyroid removal worldwide. The introduction of robotic surgical systems has enabled more patients to benefit from BABA robotic thyroidectomy, with good postoperative and excellent cosmetic results. To date, no studies have compared the benefits of the four currently available da Vinci robotic systems (S, Si, X, and Xi) for BABA robotic thyroidectomy. To determine the da Vinci model most suitable for BABA robotic thyroidectomy, the present study compared the perioperative outcomes in patients who underwent BABA robotic thyroidectomy using the four da Vinci models. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study evaluated outcomes in patients (n = 750) who underwent BABA robotic thyroidectomy using the four da Vinci systems from 2013 to 2019. The clinicopathologic data, including operation time, were compared. Substudy A compared the da Vinci models S and Si from 2013 to 2017, and substudy B compared models Si, X, and Xi from 2018 to 2019. Results: Substudy A, comparing the da Vinci S and Si systems, found no statistically significant differences between the two groups, whereas substudy B found that operation time was shorter in patients who underwent BABA robotic thyroidectomy with the da Vinci Xi system than with the Si and X systems. Conclusions: The da Vinci model Xi system can benefit patients undergoing BABA robotic thyroidectomy by shortening the operation time.

Comparison of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Identification Time in the Lower Central Triangle during Thyroid Surgery Using Neurophysiological Mapping and Monitoring.

Background and Objectives: Preserving the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is important in thyroid surgery. However, no standardized surgical method for locating the RLN has been established. We defined a new anatomical definition termed "lower central triangle" (LCT) for consistent identification of RLN and used intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) to aid in identification and dissection of RLN. Materials and Methods: Patients undergone thyroidectomy were reviewed retrospectively in Seoul National University Bundang Hospital from January to September 2017. Patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular neoplasm, and Graves' Disease were included while right side non-RLN in arteriosus lusoria, cancer invasion, pre-existing vocal cord palsy, or under the age of 18 were excluded. RLNs were tested with IONM within LCT consisting of the lower pole as the apex and the common carotid artery as the opposite side. The samples were divided into two groups, IONM and non-IONM. Results: Forty lobes in total were included, 22 in IONM group and 18 in non-IONM group. Groups were not significantly different in age, cancer proportion, and accompanying thyroiditis while sex and nodule size differed. RLN detection time was 10.43 s shorter (p < 0.001), and confirmation time was 10.67 s shorter (p = 0.09) in IONM group than in non-IONM group. Both right and left RLNs were located predominately in the middle of LCT. No transient or permanent vocal cord palsy occurred. Conclusions: While IONM is an appropriate aid for thyroidectomy, our approach using LCT to locate the RLN is a novel definition of anatomy that provides prompt identification of the RLN in thyroid surgery.

Functional Voice and Swallowing Outcome Analysis After Thyroid Lobectomy: Transoral Endoscopic Vestibular Versus Open Approach.

BACKGROUND: The transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) is a scarless remote-access thyroidectomy technique. This study compared subjective and objective voice outcomes and swallowing outcomes of patients who underwent thyroid lobectomy using the TOETVA versus conventional open thyroidectomy (OT). METHODS: In addition to questionnaires, acoustic and aerodynamic analyses were performed to compare subjective and objective voice outcomes of the two groups. Swallowing outcome analyses were conducted using Swallowing Impairment Index-6 (SIS-6) scores. Assessments were performed preoperatively and 3 and 6 months after surgery. Propensity score matching was performed to compare the outcomes of the two groups. RESULTS: One hundred and two patients were included in this study (52 TOETVA and 50 OT). Excluding two patients who had vocal cord palsy and open conversion in the TOETVA group, 100 patients completed 3-month postoperative surveys. There were no significant differences between the groups in VAS, GRBAS, or VHI-10 scores at the preoperative and 3- and 6-month assessments. For both groups, there were no significant changes in acoustic or aerodynamic parameters during the 3-6-month postoperative period. The TOETVA group had lower SIS-6 scores at the postoperative 6-month assessment, but the SIS-6 scores after 12 months were similar between groups before and after propensity score matching. CONCLUSIONS: Following TOETVA lobectomy, there were no significant changes in voice outcomes 3 and 6 months after surgery, and the outcomes were comparable with those of OT. The TOETVA group also had swallowing outcomes that were comparable with the OT group.

Operation and Management of Seoul Metropolitan City Community Treatment Center for Mild Condition COVID-19 Patients.

BACKGROUND: In response to the disaster of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Seoul Metropolitan Government (SMG) established a patient facility for mild condition patients other than hospital. This study was conducted to investigate the operation and necessary resources of a community treatment center (CTC) operated in Seoul, a metropolitan city with a population of 10 million. METHODS: To respond COVID-19 epidemic, the SMG designated 5 municipal hospitals as dedicated COVID-19 hospitals and implemented one CTC cooperated with the Boramae Municipal Hospital for COVID-19 patients in Seoul. As a retrospective cross-sectional observational study, retrospective medical records review was conducted for patients admitted to the Seoul CTC. The admission and discharge route of CTC patients were investigated. The patient characteristics were compared according to route of discharge whether the patient was discharged to home or transferred to hospital. To report the operation of CTC, the daily mean number of tests (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and chest X-ray) and consultations by medical staffs were calculated per week. The list of frequent used medications and who used medication most frequently were investigated. RESULTS: Until May 27 when the Seoul CTC was closed, 26.5% (n = 213) of total 803 COVID-19 patients in Seoul were admitted to the CTC. It was 35.7% (n = 213) of 597 newly diagnosed patients in Seoul during the 11 weeks of operation. The median length of stay was 21 days (interquartile range, 12-29 days). A total of 191 patients (89.7%) were discharged to home after virologic remission and 22 (10.3%) were transferred to hospital for further treatment. Fifty percent of transferred patients were within a week since CTC admission. Daily 2.5-3.6 consultations by doctors or nurses and 0.4-0.9 tests were provided to one patient. The most frequently prescribed medication was symptomatic medication for COVID-19 (cough/sputum and rhinorrhea). The next ranking was psychiatric medication for sleep problem and depression/anxiety, which was prescribed more than digestive drug. CONCLUSION: In the time of an infectious disease disaster, a metropolitan city can operate a temporary patient facility such as CTC to make a surge capacity and appropriately allocate scarce medical resource.

Postoperative Chylothorax after Modified Radical Neck Dissection for Thyroid Carcinoma: A Missable Rare Complication of Thyroid Surgery.

Background and objectives: Currently, few studies have been conducted on postoperative chylothorax, specifically in total thyroidectomy with modified radical neck dissection (MRND) in papillary thyroid carcinoma patients. This study provides the actual incidence, etiology, and clinical features of postoperative chylothorax and reports the clinical outcomes after treatment, which were dependent upon the severity of the complications. Materials and Methods: The medical charts of 111 papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with modified radical neck dissection from January 2016 to December 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. The results were compared in three groups: the no chylothorax group, the subclinical (asymptomatic) group, and the clinical (symptomatic) group. Results: Chylothorax occurred in 23 patients (20.7%, 23/111). Nineteen (82.6%, 19/23) were subclinical chylothorax cases, which implies a small amount of chyle leakage with no respiratory symptoms. Four (17.4%, 4/23) were clinical, meaning they had either respiratory symptoms, such as dyspnea, desaturation, or a large amount of chylothorax in the images. The incidence was significantly higher in patients who underwent left modified radical neck dissection, and this corresponds to the side in which chylothorax occurred. There were also statistical differences in the drainage color, peak amount, or drain removal time. Conclusions: Postoperative chylothorax is a rare complication following neck dissection. However, it can be fatal if the condition progresses. Therefore, patients who undergo total thyroidectomy with modified radical neck dissection, especially on the left side, should be monitored for respiratory symptoms, and serial chest x-ray images obtained.

Does Thyroidectomy Impact Quality of Life: Retrospective Case-Control Study of Post-Thyroidectomy Patients and Matched Individuals from the General Population.

Background and objectives: The study assesses quality of life (QoL) in patients who underwent thyroidectomy compared to the general population. Materials and Methods: QoL data from post-thyroidectomy patients and individuals with no subjective health concerns, who had attended a routine health screening visit, were evaluated. QoL was assessed using the modified version of Korean Short Form 12 questionnaire (SF-12). Patients and controls were matched using the propensity score approach and a ratio of 1:4. Results: Data from a total of 105 patients and 420 controls were analyzed. For five SF-12 items, lower QoL was found in patients (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that a follow-up duration of <1-year, female sex, and an age of >50 years were independent risk factors. No significant difference was found between controls and patients who were >1-year post-surgery. Conclusions: For specific SF-12 items, QoL was lower in post-thyroidectomy patients than in controls. No intergroup difference in QoL was found >1-year post-surgery.

Lateral Transperitoneal Adrenalectomy Versus Posterior Retroperitoneoscopic Adrenalectomy for Benign Adrenal Gland Disease: Randomized Controlled Trial at a Single Tertiary Medical Center.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the surgical outcomes of lateral transperitoneal adrenalectomy (LTA) and posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy (PRA) for benign adrenal tumor. BACKGROUND: Although LTA is the standard treatment for benign adrenal gland tumor, PRA has recently gained popularity. Studies comparing the surgical outcomes of the 2 approaches have reported conflicting findings and thus it remains unclear which approach is superior. METHODS: This trial was conducted between September 2012 and February 2016. Patients were randomized to either LTA or PRA groups in a 1:1 ratio using web-based randomization. The primary outcome was operative time, and the secondary outcomes were blood loss, intraoperative hemodynamic stability, postoperative pain, recovery of bowel movement, and complication rates. This trial was registered with ClincalTrials.gov, number NCT01676025. RESULTS: A total of 83 patients were randomly assigned to the LTA group (n = 42) or the PRA group (n = 41). Median follow-up was 31.3 months. The mean operative times of LTA and PRA were comparable (59.7 ±â€Š18.6 vs 67.6 ±â€Š28.7 minutes, P = 0.139). Logistic regression analysis showed that male sex [odds ratio (OR) = 4.20] and pheochromocytoma (OR = 5.06) were associated with an operative time ≥60 minutes. There were no differences in the secondary outcomes between the groups. One patient in the PRA group required open conversion. CONCLUSION: Both LTA and PRA were performed safely with similar operative outcomes, and thus are comparable options for the treatment of benign adrenal gland tumor.

Upregulation of SLC2A3 gene and prognosis in colorectal carcinoma: analysis of TCGA data.

BACKGROUND: Upregulation of SLC2A genes that encode glucose transporter (GLUT) protein is associated with poor prognosis in many cancers. In colorectal cancer, studies reporting the association between overexpression of GLUT and poor clinical outcomes were flawed by small sample sizes or subjective interpretation of immunohistochemical staining. Here, we analyzed mRNA expressions in all 14 SLC2A genes and evaluated the association with prognosis in colorectal cancer using data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. METHODS: In the present study, we analyzed the expression of SLC2A genes in colorectal cancer and their association with prognosis using data obtained from the TCGA for the discovery sample, and a dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus for the validation sample. RESULTS: SLC2A3 was significantly associated with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in both the discovery sample (345 patients) and validation sample (501 patients). High SLC2A3 expression resulted in shorter OS and DFS. In multivariate analyses, high SLC2A3 levels predicted unfavorable OS (adjusted HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.22-3.11; P = 0.005) and were associated with poor DFS (adjusted HR 1.85, 95% CI 1.10-3.12; P = 0.02). Similar results were found in the discovery set. CONCLUSION: Upregulation of the SLC2A3 genes is associated with decreased OS and DFS in colorectal cancer patients. Therefore, assessment of SLC2A3 gene expression may useful for predicting prognosis in these patients.

Translational Study on Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Temperature Susceptibility.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury is the most common and serious complication after thyroid surgery. However, little is known about the temperature threshold leading to RLN injury. In this study, we investigated threshold temperatures that cause RLN injury during thyroid surgery using continuous intraoperative neuromonitoring in swine models. METHODS: Four pigs weighing 30 to 40 kg were used for this study. We applied automatic periodic stimulation to the vagus nerve and dissected the RLN. The operative field was then filled with water at various temperatures (1.9°C to 87.4°C). The threshold temperature was defined as the temperature measured before filling the operative field that was associated with adverse events (latency increase of more than 10% or amplitude decrease of more than 50%). Loss of signal was defined as the electromyography (EMG) signal disappearing and not recovering during 30 min of observation. RESULTS: The low and high threshold temperatures were 2.5°C and 81.5°C, respectively. There were no adverse events at surrounding temperatures between 5.9°C and 77.5°C. The EMG signals in the RLNs exposed to the low threshold temperatures recovered, and there was no loss of signal. In contrast, the RLNs that showed adverse events at the high threshold temperatures showed loss of signal and no recovery of EMG signals. CONCLUSIONS: The RLN was found to be resistant to cold injury, whereas surrounding temperatures above 81.5°C may cause permanent thermal injury to the RLN. The surrounding temperature should be controlled within the safe range during thyroid surgery to avoid RLN injury.

Transoral Robotic Thyroidectomy for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Perioperative Outcomes of 100 Consecutive Patients.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic transoral thyroidectomy is a recently introduced technique of remote access thyroidectomy. We previously reported the feasibility of the robotic approach (TORT). Nevertheless, experience to date is limited, with scant data on outcomes in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. Patients with PTC, who underwent TORT at a single center between March 2016 and February 2017, were analyzed. RESULTS: There were a total of 100 patients (85 women, 15 men) with a mean age of 40.7 ± 9.8 years, and a mean tumor size of 0.8 ± 0.5 cm. Nine patients underwent a total thyroidectomy, and 91 underwent a lobectomy. The operative time for a total thyroidectomy and lobectomy was 270.0 ± 9.3 and 210.8 ± 32.9 min, respectively. Ipsilateral prophylactic central neck compartment dissection was performed routinely with retrieval of 5.0 ± 3.6 lymph nodes. Perioperative morbidity was present in nine patients including transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy (n = 1), postoperative bleeding requiring surgical intervention (n = 1), zygomatic bruising (n = 2), chin flap perforation (n = 1), oral commissure tearing (n = 2), and chin dimpling (n = 2). There was no conversion to endoscopic or conventional open thyroid surgery. CONCLUSION: In this study, TORT could be safely performed in a large series of patients with PTC without serious complications. In selected patients, TORT by experienced surgeons could be considered an alternative approach for remote access thyroidectomy.

The application of subcapsular saline injection during bilateral axillo-breast approach robotic thyroidectomy: a preliminary report.

PURPOSE: Saving the parathyroid gland during robotic thyroidectomy is challenging. This study evaluated the application of a novel method, subcapsular saline injection (SCASI), to save the parathyroid gland during bilateral axillo-breast approach (BABA) robotic total thyroidectomy. METHODS: Of the 81 included patients operated on from 2014 to 2016, 31 and 50 underwent BABA robotic total thyroidectomy with and without SCASI, respectively. Serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, and ionized calcium were measured at 1 day and 9 months postoperatively. Transient hypoparathyroidism was defined as PTH < 10.0 pg/mL after 1 day and permanent hypoparathyroidism as PTH < 15.0 pg/mL at 9 months. RESULTS: There were no significant clinicopathologic differences between the two groups. The rate of transient hypoparathyroidism was significantly lower in the SCASI group than in the non-SCASI group [16.1% (5/31) vs. 44% (22/50), p < 0.01]. However, the rates of permanent hypoparathyroidism [0% (0/31) vs. 4% (2/50), p = 0.699] did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS: SCASI is a feasible and safe method of saving the parathyroid gland during BABA robotic total thyroidectomy.

Incidence of Adhesive Bowel Obstruction After Colon Cancer Surgery and its Risk Factors: A Nationwide Claim Study.

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the incidence of adhesive postoperative bowel obstruction (PBO) after colon cancer surgery and its risk factors using nationwide claim data. BACKGROUND: PBO has a significant impact on quality of life and medical costs after colectomy, though most of the literature consists of single-institution analyses. METHODS: Data from 24,645 patients who underwent regional colectomy for colon cancer from 2010 to 2012 and had at least 3 years of follow up were obtained from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database. Patients who required nasogastric tube insertion or bowel obstruction surgery more than 30 days after index colectomy were defined as having PBO. RESULTS: A total of 3083 (12.5%) patients experienced at least one PBO episode within 3 years after surgery. Logistic regression analysis showed that significant risk factors for PBO were elderly (odds ratio, OR = 1.13), male (OR = 1.27), open colectomy (OR = 1.99), and low-volume institution (OR = 1.17). Among 3083 PBO patients, 50.7% experienced their 1st PBO during the 1st year after the index colectomy, and 7.8% experienced recurrence within 3 years after index colectomy. The 3-year cumulative incidences of PBO according to risk factors of elderly, male, open colectomy, and low-volume institution were 14.6%, 14.3%, 19.5%, and 15.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We report several independent risk factors for PBO and its incidence after regional colectomy for colon cancer. These results are informative for medical providers as patients who will or have had the procedure and could be useful baseline data for further research on the active prevention or treatment of PBO after colectomy.

Comparison of Immunohistochemistry and Direct Sequencing Methods for Identification of the BRAFV600E Mutation in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: BRAFV600E mutation is the most common somatic variant in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and is associated with aggressive prognostic factors. The conventional detection method for BRAF mutations is polymerase chain reaction followed by Sanger sequencing. Recently, an immunohistochemistry (IHC) method using a BRAFV600E-specific antibody (VE1) has been developed and widely adopted in the clinics; however, there is a lack of evidence regarding the comparability of the IHC and Sanger sequencing methods. METHODS: Our institution began using the BRAFV600E IHC test in January 2013. We retrospectively analyzed 697 samples that were tested using both the IHC and sequencing methods, and evaluated their concordance. RESULTS: BRAF mutation was detected in 90.0% (627/697) of samples using IHC and 83.4% (581/697) of samples using direct sequencing. The diagnostic parameters of IHC compared with Sanger sequencing were as follows: 100% sensitivity (581/581), 60.3% specificity (70/116), 92.7% positive predictive value (581/627), and 100% negative predictive value (70/70). No false negative results were recorded using IHC. The overall concordance rate between the two methods was 93.4% (651/697). Discordant results were found in 46 samples (6.6%), 29 of which were from cases with small tumors (< 6 mm), 8 were from cases with low tumor cellularity, and 9 were specimens yielding low-quality DNA. CONCLUSIONS: IHC using the VE1 antibody is a reliable and highly sensitive method for detecting the BRAFV600E mutation in classic PTC.

Transoral robotic thyroidectomy: lessons learned from an initial consecutive series of 24 patients.

BACKGROUND: Transoral thyroid surgery is an ideal method for minimally invasive thyroidectomy, as there is less flap dissection during the procedure and no postoperative scars. Nonetheless, technical obstacles have precluded the wide dissemination of this procedure. We present the surgical procedures and outcomes of transoral robotic thyroidectomy (TORT). METHODS: From September 2012 to June 2016, we performed TORT at Korea University Hospital. We used three intraoral ports and a single axillary port for the system's four robotic arms. The surgical outcomes were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Twenty-four female patients (mean age 39.6 ± 11.6 years; mean tumor size 1.0 ± 1.3 cm) underwent unilateral thyroid lobectomies with or without ipsilateral central neck dissection. Twenty patients had papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC), three had benign nodules, and one had a follicular thyroid carcinoma. The mean surgical time was 232 ± 41 min; the mean hospital stay was 3.3 ± 0.8 days. The number of retrieved central lymph nodes in the PTC patients was 4.7 ± 3.2. There were no reports of transient or permanent vocal cord palsy, recurrence, or mortality during the median follow-up period of 16.8 months. Paresthesia of the lower lip and the chin due to mental nerve injury was observed in nine of the first 12 patients (six transient, three permanent), but no further reports of paresthesia were recorded after patient 12, when the locations of the intraoral incisions were modified. CONCLUSIONS: TORT is feasible and safe for selected patients after technical refinements, and can be a potential alternative approach for scarless thyroid surgery.