Immediate smoking cessation support during lung cancer screening: long-term outcomes from two randomised controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Immediate smoking cessation interventions delivered alongside targeted lung health checks (TLHCs) to screen for lung cancer increase self-reported abstinence at 3 months. The impact on longer term, objectively confirmed quit rates remains to be established. METHODS: We followed up participants from two clinical trials in people aged 55-75 years who smoked and took part in a TLHC. These randomised participants in the TLHC by day of attendance to either usual care (UC) (signposting to smoking cessation services) or an offer of immediate smoking cessation support including pharmacotherapy. In the QuLIT1 trial, this was delivered face to face and in QuLIT2, it was delivered remotely. Follow-up was conducted 12 months after the TLHC by telephone interview with subsequent biochemical verification of smoking cessation using exhaled CO. RESULTS: 430 people were enrolled initially (115 in QuLIT1 and 315 in QuLIT2), with 4 deaths before 12 months leaving 426 (62.1±5.27 years old and 48% women) participants for analysis. At 12 months, those randomised to attend on smoking cessation support intervention days had higher quit rates compared with UC adjusted for age, gender, deprivation, and which trial they had been in; self-reported 7-day point prevalence (20.0% vs 12.8%; adjusted OR (AOR)=1.78; 95% CI 1.04 to 2.89) and CO-verified quits (12.1% vs 4.7%; AOR=2.97; 95% CI 1.38 to 6.90). Those in the intervention arm were also more likely to report having made a quit attempt (30.2% vs UC 18.5%; AOR 1.90; 95% CI 1.15 to 3.15). CONCLUSION: Providing immediate smoking cessation support alongside TLHC increases long term, biochemically confirmed smoking abstinence. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN12455871.

Categorization of digitized artworks by media with brain programming.

This work describes the use of brain programming applied to the categorization problem of art media. The art categorization problem-from the standpoint of materials and techniques used by artists-presents a challenging task and is considered an open research area. Brain programming is a machine learning methodology successfully tested for the problem of object categorization; however, when working with art images, the objects in pictures of the same category may be different from each other regarding image content. Therefore, it is necessary to find the best set of functions that extract specific features to identify patterns among different techniques. In this study, we show a comparison with deep learning to understand the limits and benefits of our approach. We train and validate solutions with the Kaggle database and test the best results with the WikiArt database. The results confirm that brain programming matches or surpasses deep learning in three out of five classes (over 90%) while being close (less than 5%) in the remaining two with significantly simpler programs.

Self-localization of an uncalibrated camera through invariant properties and coded target location.

This paper recalls one of the most critical problems for the area of computer vision, the automatic location of a single camera. Today, several robotic devices rely on technologies other than visual information to perform self-localization. An artificial optical system will significantly benefit from knowing its location within a three-dimensional world since this is a crucial step to approach other complex tasks. In this paper, we will show how to compute the position of the camera through an uncalibrated method making use of projective properties, the projection model of the camera, and some reference points. We introduce a simple yet powerful way to detect coded targets in photographic images. Then, we describe an uncalibrated approach used to identify the location of a camera in three-dimensional space. The experiments carried out confirm the validity of our proposal.

Feasibility of continuous bronchoscopy during exercise in the assessment of large airway movement in healthy subjects.

Excessive dynamic airway collapse (EDAC) is a recognized cause of exertional dyspnea arising due to invagination of the trachea and/or main bronchi. EDAC is typically assessed by evaluating large airway movement with forced expiratory maneuvers. This differs from the respiratory response to exercise hyperpnea. We aimed to evaluate large airway movement during physical activity, with continuous bronchoscopy during exercise (CBE), in healthy subjects and compare findings with resting bronchoscopic maneuvers and imaging techniques. Twenty-eight individuals were recruited to complete two visits including treadmill-based CBE, to voluntary exhaustion, and cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with forced expiratory maneuvers at rest. Twenty-five subjects [aged 29 (26-33) yr, 52% female] completed the study (n = 2 withdrew before bronchoscopy, and one was unable to tolerate insertion of bronchoscope). The majority (76%) achieved a peak heart rate of >90% predicted during CBE. The procedure was prematurely terminated in five subjects (n = 3; elevated blood pressure and n = 2; minor oxygen desaturation). The CBE assessment enabled adequate tracheal visualization in all cases. Excessive dynamic airway collapse (tracheal collapse ≥50%) was identified in 16 subjects (64%) on MRI, and in six (24%) individuals during resting bronchoscopy, but in no cases with CBE. No serious adverse events were reported, but minor adverse events were evident. The CBE procedure permits visualization of large airway movement during physical activity. In healthy subjects, there was no evidence of EDAC during strenuous exercise, despite evidence during forced maneuvers on imaging, thus challenging conventional approaches to diagnosis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates that large airway movement can be visualized with bronchoscopy undertaken during vigorous exercise. This approach does not require sedation and permits characterization of the behavior of the large airways and the tendency toward collapse during upright, ambulatory exercise. In healthy individuals, the response pattern of the large airways during exercise appears to differ markedly from the pattern of airway closure witnessed during forced expiratory maneuvers, assessed via imaging.

Singing for lung health in COPD: a multicentre randomised controlled trial of online delivery.

BACKGROUND: Singing for lung health (SLH) is an arts-based breathing control and movement intervention for people with long-term respiratory conditions, intended to improve symptoms and quality of life. Online, remotely delivered programmes might improve accessibility; however, no previous studies have assessed the effectiveness of this approach. METHODS: We conducted an assessor-blind randomised controlled trial comparing the impact of 12 weeks of once-weekly online SLH sessions against usual care on health-related quality of life, assessed using the RAND 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) Mental Health Composite (MHC) and Physical Health Composite (PHC) scores. RESULTS: We enrolled 115 people with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), median (IQR) age 69 (62-74), 56.5% females, 80% prior pulmonary rehabilitation, Medical Research Council dyspnoea scale 4 (3-4), forced expiratory volume in 1 s % predicted 49 (35-63). 50 participants in each arm completed the study. The intervention arm experienced improvements in physical but not mental health components of RAND SF-36; PHC (regression coefficient (95% CI): 1.77 (95% CI 0.11 to 3.44); p=0.037), but not MHC (0.86 (95% CI -1.68 to 3.40); p=0.504). A prespecified responder analysis based on achieving a 10% improvement from baseline demonstrated a response rate for PHC of 32% in the SLH arm and 12.7% for usual care (p=0.024). A between-group difference in responder rate was not found in relation to the MHC (19.3% vs 25.9%; p=0.403). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: A 12-week online SLH programme can improve the physical component of quality of life for people with COPD, but the overall effect is relatively modest compared with the impact seen in research using face-to-face group sessions. Further work on the content, duration and dose of online interventions may be useful. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04034212.

Review of current and future therapeutics in ABPA.

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is an allergic pulmonary condition caused by hypersensitivity to antigens of Aspergillus sp. found most commonly in patients with underlying asthma or cystic fibrosis. Host factors which alter the innate and adaptive immune responses to this abundant airborne fungus contribute to the development of chronic airway inflammation, bronchiectasis, and fibrosis. Traditionally, treatment has focussed on reducing fungal burden and immune response to fungal antigens. However, a significant proportion of patients continue to suffer recurrent exacerbations with progressive lung damage, and the side effect burden of existing treatments is high. New treatments including novel antifungal agents, monoclonal antibodies against aspects of the adaptive immune response as well as targeted immunotherapies may be better tolerated and achieve improved outcomes but have not yet been studied in large-scale randomised control trials.

The Effectiveness of a Foundation Year 1 Doctor Preparation Course for Final Year Medical Students.

BACKGROUND: Starting work as a junior doctor can be daunting for any medical student. There are numerous aspects of the hidden curriculum which many students fail to acquire during their training. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of a novel foundation year one (FY1) doctor preparation course focusing on certain core topics, practical tips and components of the hidden curriculum. The primary objective was to improve the confidence level and knowledge of final year medical students transitioning to FY1 doctors. METHOD: A 2-day, practical course titled 'Preparation 2 Practice' delivering hands-on, small-group and lecture-based teaching, covering core medical student undergraduate curriculum topics in medicine and surgery. The course content spanned therapeutics, documentation skills and managing acute clinical tasks encountered by FY1 doctors during an on-call shift. A pre- and post-course survey and knowledge assessment were carried out to assess the effectiveness of the course. The assessment was MCQ-based, derived from topics covered within our course. The 20-question test and a short survey were administered electronically. RESULTS: Twenty students from a single UK medical school attended the course. 100% participation was observed in the pre- and post-course test and survey. The median post-course test result was 22 (IQR 20.25-23.75) which was higher than the median pre-course test score of 18.75 (IQR 17-21.75). A Wilcoxon sign rank test revealed a statistically significant difference between the pre- and post-course test results (P = .0003). The self-reported confidence score of delegates on starting work as a junior doctor was also significantly higher following the course (P = .004). CONCLUSION: The results show a significant improvement in perceived confidence and knowledge on core curriculum topics amongst final year medical students having attended our FY1 doctor preparation course. We conclude that there is scope for similar supplementary courses as an adjunct to the undergraduate medical curriculum.