Effects of different interventions on internet addiction: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Globally, Internet is a recognized form of leisure, but there are growing apprehensions about the increasing number of individuals developing an addiction to it. Recent research has focused on social issues associated with internet addiction (IA). However, the treatment of IA is currently unclear. This study aimed to explore the relationship between IA treatment outcomes and different intervention strategies through systematic review and data analysis of patients who received different intervention modes. METHODS: A meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 14.2 on 57 literature research data from five Chinese and English databases, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Wanfang and CNKI. RESULT: A total of 57 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in this network meta-analysis involving 3538 IA patients and 13 different interventions. The network meta-analysis results demonstrated that the top four interventions were: rTMS + CBT, drug + others, rTMS, and electro-acupuncture + CBT. CONCLUSION: Our study indicated that comprehensive therapy had an optimal therapeutic effect on IA patients and rTMS + CBT ranked first among all therapeutic indicators of intervention, indicating optimal clinical effectiveness.

Study on association of serum uric acid levels with bipolar disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis in Chinese patients.

BACKGROUND: The purine system represented by uric acid may be involved in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder, This study intends to explore the association of serum uric acid levels with bipolar disorder in Chinese patients through meta-analysis. METHODS: Electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), searching from inception to December 2022. Randomized Controlled Trials that reported serum uric acid levels and bipolar disorder were included. Two investigators independently extracted data and RevMan5.4 and Stata14.2 were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: Twenty-eight studies with 4482 bipolar disorder, 1568 depression, 785 schizophrenia, and 2876 healthy control subjects were included in this meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis showed that serum uric acid levels in the bipolar disorder group were significantly higher than those in depression [SMD 0.53 (0.37, 0.70), p < 0.00001], schizophrenia [SMD 0.27 (0.05, 0.49), p = 0.02] and healthy control group [SMD 0.87 (0.67, 1.06), p < 0.00001]. Subgroup-analysis showed that in Chinese people with bipolar disorder, uric acid levels of the manic episode were higher than the depressed episode [SMD 0.31 (0.22, 0.41), p < 0.00001]. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated a strong association between serum uric acid levels and bipolar disorder in Chinese patients, but further studies about whether uric acid levels can be a biomarker for bipolar disorder still need to investigate.

New Particle Formation from Methanesulfonic Acid and Amines/Ammonia as a Function of Temperature.

Previous studies have shown that methanesulfonic acid (MSA) reacts with amines and ammonia to form particles, which is expected to be particularly important in coastal and agricultural areas. We present the first systematic study of temperature dependence of particle formation from the reactions of MSA with trimethylamine (TMA), dimethylamine (DMA), methylamine (MA), and ammonia over the range of 21-28 °C and 0.4-5.9 s in a flow reactor under dry conditions and in the presence of 3 × 1017 cm-3 water vapor. Overall activation energies (Eoverall) for particle formation calculated from the dependence of rates of particle formation on temperature for all of these bases are negative. The negative Eoverall is interpreted in terms of reverse reactions that decompose intermediate clusters in competition with the forward reactions that grow the clusters into particles. The average values of Eoverall for the formation of detectable particles are: TMA, -(168 ± 19) kcal mol-1; DMA, -(134 ± 30) kcal mol-1; MA, -(68 ± 23) kcal mol-1; NH3, -(110 ± 16) kcal mol-1 (±1σ). The strong inverse dependence of particle formation with temperature suggests that particle formation may not decline proportionally with concentrations of MSA and amines if temperature also decreases, for example at higher altitudes or in winter.

Correction: New particle formation and growth from methanesulfonic acid, trimethylamine and water.

Correction for 'New particle formation and growth from methanesulfonic acid, trimethylamine and water' by Haihan Chen et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2015, 17, 13699-13709.

New particle formation and growth from methanesulfonic acid, trimethylamine and water.

New particle formation from gas-to-particle conversion represents a dominant source of atmospheric particles and affects radiative forcing, climate and human health. The species involved in new particle formation and the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. Although sulfuric acid is commonly recognized as driving new particle formation, increasing evidence suggests the involvement of other species. Here we study particle formation and growth from methanesulfonic acid, trimethylamine and water at reaction times from 2.3 to 32 s where particles are 2-10 nm in diameter using a newly designed and tested flow system. The flow system has multiple inlets to facilitate changing the mixing sequence of gaseous precursors. The relative humidity and precursor concentrations, as well as the mixing sequence, are varied to explore their effects on particle formation and growth in order to provide insight into the important mechanistic steps. We show that water is involved in the formation of initial clusters, greatly enhancing their formation as well as growth into detectable size ranges. A kinetics box model is developed that quantitatively reproduces the experimental data under various conditions. Although the proposed scheme is not definitive, it suggests that incorporating such mechanisms into atmospheric models may be feasible in the near future.

Chemical imaging analysis of environmental particles using the focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy technique: microanalysis insights into atmospheric chemistry of fly ash.

Airborne fly ash from coal combustion may represent a source of bioavailable iron (Fe) in the open ocean. However, few studies have focused on Fe speciation and distribution in coal fly ash. In this study, chemical imaging of fly ash has been performed using a dual-beam focused ion beam/scanning electron microscope (FIB/SEM) system for a better understanding of how simulated atmospheric processing can modify the morphology, chemical composition and element distribution within individual particles. A novel approach has been applied for cross-sectioning fly ash particles with the FIB in order to explore element distribution within the interior of individual particles. Our results indicate that simulated atmospheric processing can cause disintegration of aluminosilicate glass, a dominant material in fly ash particles. Fe present in the inner core of fly ash spheres within the aluminosilicate phase is more easily mobilized compared with Fe oxides present as surface aggregates on the exterior of fly ash spheres. Fe dissolution depends strongly on Fe speciation in fly ash particles. The approach for preparation of a cross-sectioned specimen described here opens up new opportunities for particle microanalysis, particularly with respect to inorganic refractive materials like fly ash and mineral dust.

Iron dissolution of dust source materials during simulated acidic processing: the effect of sulfuric, acetic, and oxalic acids.

Atmospheric organic acids potentially display different capacities in iron (Fe) mobilization from atmospheric dust compared with inorganic acids, but few measurements have been made on this comparison. We report here a laboratory investigation of Fe mobilization of coal fly ash, a representative Fe-containing anthropogenic aerosol, and Arizona test dust, a reference source material for mineral dust, in pH 2 sulfuric acid, acetic acid, and oxalic acid, respectively. The effects of pH and solar radiation on Fe dissolution have also been explored. The relative capacities of these three acids in Fe dissolution are in the order of oxalic acid > sulfuric acid > acetic acid. Oxalate forms mononuclear bidentate ligand with surface Fe and promotes Fe dissolution to the greatest extent. Photolysis of Fe-oxalate complexes further enhances Fe dissolution with the concomitant degradation of oxalate. These results suggest that ligand-promoted dissolution of Fe may play a more significant role in mobilizing Fe from atmospheric dust compared with proton-assisted processing. The role of atmospheric organic acids should be taken into account in global-biogeochemical modeling to better access dissolved atmospheric Fe deposition flux at the ocean surface.

Heterogeneous atmospheric chemistry of lead oxide particles with nitrogen dioxide increases lead solubility: environmental and health implications.

Heterogeneous chemistry of nitrogen dioxide with lead-containing particles is investigated to better understand lead metal mobilization in the environment. In particular, PbO particles, a model lead-containing compound due to its widespread presence as a component of lead paint and as naturally occurring minerals, massicot, and litharge, are exposed to nitrogen dioxide at different relative humidity. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows that upon exposure to nitrogen dioxide the surface of PbO particles reacts to form adsorbed nitrates and lead nitrate thin films with the extent of nitrate formation relative humidity dependent. NO(2)-exposed PbO particles are found to have an increase in the amount of lead that dissolves in aqueous suspensions at circumneutral pH compared to particles not exposed. These results point to the potential importance and impact that heterogeneous chemistry with trace atmospheric gases can have on increasing solubility and therefore the mobilization of heavy metals, such as lead, in the environment. This study also shows that surface intermediates that form, such as adsorbed lead nitrates, can yield higher concentrations of lead in water systems. These water systems can include drinking water, groundwater, estuaries, and lakes.

Coal fly ash as a source of iron in atmospheric dust.

Anthropogenic coal fly ash (FA) aerosol may represent a significant source of bioavailable iron in the open ocean. Few measurements have been made that compare the solubility of atmospheric iron from anthropogenic aerosols and other sources. We report here an investigation of iron dissolution for three FA samples in acidic aqueous solutions and compare the solubilities with that of Arizona test dust (AZTD), a reference material for mineral dust. The effects of pH, simulated cloud processing, and solar radiation on iron solubility have been explored. Similar to previously reported results on mineral dust, iron in aluminosilicate phases provides the predominant component of dissolved iron. Iron solubility of FA is substantially higher than of the crystalline minerals comprising AZTD. Simulated atmospheric processing elevates iron solubility due to significant changes in the morphology of aluminosilicate glass, a dominant material in FA particles. Iron is continuously released into the aqueous solution as FA particles break up into smaller fragments. These results suggest that the assessment of dissolved atmospheric iron deposition fluxes and their effect on the biogeochemistry at the ocean surface should be constrained by the source, environmental pH, iron speciation, and solar radiation.

Heterogeneous photochemistry of trace atmospheric gases with components of mineral dust aerosol.

Mineral dust aerosol is known to provide a reactive surface in the troposphere for heterogeneous chemistry to occur. Certain components of mineral dust aerosol, such as semiconductor metal oxides, can act as chromophores that initiate chemical reactions, while adsorbed organic and inorganic species may also be photoactive. However, relatively little is known about the impact of heterogeneous photochemistry of mineral dust aerosol in the atmosphere. In this study, we investigate the heterogeneous photochemistry of trace atmospheric gases including HNO(3) and O(3) with components of mineral dust aerosol using an environmental aerosol chamber that incorporates a solar simulator. For reaction of HNO(3) with aluminum oxide, broadband irradiation initiates photoreactions to form gaseous NO and NO(2). A complex dynamic balance between surface adsorbed nitrate and gaseous nitrogen oxide products including NO and NO(2) is observed. For heterogeneous photoreactions of O(3), iron oxide shows catalytic decompositions toward O(3) while aluminum oxide is deactivated by ozone exposure. Furthermore, the role of relative humidity, and, thus, adsorbed water, on heterogeneous photochemistry has been explored. The atmospheric implications of these results are discussed.

A kinetic study of ozone decomposition on illuminated oxide surfaces.

The heterogeneous chemistry and photochemistry of ozone on oxide components of mineral dust aerosol, including α-Fe(2)O(3), TiO(2), and α-Al(2)O(3), at different relative humidities have been investigated using an environmental aerosol chamber. The rate and extent of ozone decomposition on these oxide surfaces are found to be a function of the nature of the surface as well as the presence of light and relative humidity. Under dark and dry conditions, only α-Fe(2)O(3) exhibits catalytic decomposition toward ozone, whereas the reactivity of TiO(2) and α-Al(2)O(3) is rapidly quenched upon ozone exposure. However, upon irradiation, TiO(2) is active toward O(3) decomposition and α-Al(2)O(3) remains inactive. In the presence of relative humidity, ozone decay on α-Fe(2)O(3) subject to irradiation or under dark conditions is found to decrease. In contrast, ozone decomposition is enhanced for irradiated TiO(2) as relative humidity initially increases but then begins to decrease at higher relative humidity levels. A kinetic model was used to obtain heterogeneous reaction rates for different homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction pathways taking place in the environmental aerosol chamber. The atmospheric implications of these results are discussed.

Synergistically Chemical and Thermal Coupling between Graphene Oxide and Graphene Fluoride for Enhancing Aluminum Combustion.

Metal combustion reaction is highly exothermic and is used in energetic applications, such as propulsion, pyrotechnics, powering micro- and nano-devices, and nanomaterials synthesis. Aluminum (Al) is attracting great interest in those applications because of its high energy density, earth abundance, and low toxicity. Nevertheless, Al combustion is hard to initiate and progresses slowly and incompletely. On the other hand, ultrathin carbon nanomaterials, such as graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and graphene fluoride (GF), can also undergo exothermic reactions. Herein, we demonstrate that the mixture of GO and GF significantly improves the performance of Al combustion as interactions between GO and GF provide heat and radicals to accelerate Al oxidation. Our experiments and reactive molecular dynamics simulation reveal that GO and GF have strong chemical and thermal couplings through radical reactions and heat released from their oxidation reactions. GO facilitates the dissociation of GF, and GF accelerates the disproportionation and oxidation of GO. When the mixture of GO and GF is added to micron-sized Al particles, their synergistic couplings generate reactive oxidative species, such as CFx and CFxOy, and heat, which greatly accelerates Al combustion. This work demonstrates a new area of using synergistic couplings between ultrathin carbon nanomaterials to accelerate metal combustion and potentially oxidation reactions of other materials.

Mesoporous bismuth titanate with visible-light photocatalytic activity.

Visible-light-driven mesoporous bismuth titanate photocatalyst, which possesses wormlike channels, mixed phase mesostructured frameworks, large pore diameter (approximately 6.1 nm), and low band gap energy (2.5 eV), has been successfully prepared via a modified evaporation-induced self-assembly technique (EISA).

Reactions of Methanesulfonic Acid with Amines and Ammonia as a Source of New Particles in Air.

New particle formation (NPF) from gaseous precursors as a significant source of aerosol needs to be better understood to accurately predict the impacts on visibility, climate change, and human health. While ternary nucleation of sulfuric acid, amines/NH3, and water is recognized as a significant driver for NPF, increasing evidence suggests a contribution from methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and amines under certain conditions. Here we report the formation of particles 2.5-10 nm in diameter from the reactions of MSA with methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), and NH3 at reaction times of 2.3-7.8 s in a flow reactor and compare these particles with those previously reported to be formed from reaction with trimethylamine (TMA). The effects of water vapor and concentrations of gaseous precursors on the particle number concentration and particle size were studied. The presence of water significantly enhances particle formation and growth. Under similar experimental conditions, particle number concentrations decrease in the order MA ≫ TMA ≈ DMA ≫ NH3, where NH3 is 2-3 orders of magnitude less efficient than DMA. Quantum chemical calculations of likely intermediate clusters were carried out to provide insights into the role of water and the different capacities of amines/NH3 in particle formation. Both gas-phase basicity and hydrogen-bonding capacity of amines/NH3 contribute to the potential for particles to form and grow. Our results indicate that, although amines typically have concentrations 1-3 orders of magnitude lower than that of NH3 in the atmosphere, they still play an important role in driving NPF.

Iron oxide nanoparticles induce Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth, induce biofilm formation, and inhibit antimicrobial peptide function.

Given the increased use of iron-containing nanoparticles in a number of applications, it is important to understand any effects that iron-containing nanoparticles can have on the environment and human health. Since iron concentrations are extremely low in body fluids, there is potential that iron-containing nanoparticles may influence the ability of bacteria to scavenge iron for growth, affect virulence and inhibit antimicrobial peptide (AMP) function. In this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA01) and AMPs were exposed to iron oxide nanoparticles, hematite (α-Fe2O3), of different sizes ranging from 2 to 540 nm (2 ± 1, 43 ± 6, 85 ± 25 and 540 ± 90 nm) in diameter. Here we show that the greatest effect on bacterial growth, biofilm formation, and AMP function impairment is found when exposed to the smallest particles. These results are attributed in large part to enhanced dissolution observed for the smallest particles and an increase in the amount of bioavailable iron. Furthermore, AMP function can be additionally impaired by adsorption onto nanoparticle surfaces. In particular, lysozyme readily adsorbs onto the nanoparticle surface which can lead to loss of peptide activity. Thus, this current study shows that co-exposure of nanoparticles and known pathogens can impact host innate immunity. Therefore, it is important that future studies be designed to further understand these types of impacts.

Coal fly ash impairs airway antimicrobial peptides and increases bacterial growth.

Air pollution is a risk factor for respiratory infections, and one of its main components is particulate matter (PM), which is comprised of a number of particles that contain iron, such as coal fly ash (CFA). Since free iron concentrations are extremely low in airway surface liquid (ASL), we hypothesize that CFA impairs antimicrobial peptides (AMP) function and can be a source of iron to bacteria. We tested this hypothesis in vivo by instilling mice with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA01) and CFA and determine the percentage of bacterial clearance. In addition, we tested bacterial clearance in cell culture by exposing primary human airway epithelial cells to PA01 and CFA and determining the AMP activity and bacterial growth in vitro. We report that CFA is a bioavailable source of iron for bacteria. We show that CFA interferes with bacterial clearance in vivo and in primary human airway epithelial cultures. Also, we demonstrate that CFA inhibits AMP activity in vitro, which we propose as a mechanism of our cell culture and in vivo results. Furthermore, PA01 uses CFA as an iron source with a direct correlation between CFA iron dissolution and bacterial growth. CFA concentrations used are very relevant to human daily exposures, thus posing a potential public health risk for susceptible subjects. Although CFA provides a source of bioavailable iron for bacteria, not all CFA particles have the same biological effects, and their propensity for iron dissolution is an important factor. CFA impairs lung innate immune mechanisms of bacterial clearance, specifically AMP activity. We expect that identifying the PM mechanisms of respiratory infections will translate into public health policies aimed at controlling, not only concentration of PM exposure, but physicochemical characteristics that will potentially cause respiratory infections in susceptible individuals and populations.

Heterogeneous uptake of carbonyl sulfide on hematite and hematite-NaCl mixtures.

Heterogeneous uptake of carbonyl sulfide (COS) on hematite, NaCl, and a series of hematite-NaCl mixtures was investigated in a static reaction chamber at 298 K using in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The adsorbed COS was oxidized on the surface of hematite and hematite-NaClmixtures, forming surface hydrogen thiocarbonate (HSCO2-), carbonate (CO3(2-)), and sulfate (SO4(2-)) species as well as gaseous CO2. The reactivity of hematite-NaCI mixtures was lower than that of hematite alone. No uptake of COS was observed on the pure NaCl sample. For mixtures, the 40% hematite + 60% NaCl sample exhibited the highest reactivity. Preadsorption experiments using CO2 as a probe molecule indicated that about 70% of adsorbed COS was oxidized by surface oxygen ions on hematite. In contrast, the Fe-CIO species formed during the sample preparation procedure is proposed to be the active site on the hematite-NaCI mixtures. A plausible reaction mechanism of the heterogeneous oxidation of COS is proposed, and atmospheric implications based on these results are discussed.