Observation versus treatment among men with favorable risk prostate cancer in a community-based integrated health care system: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to describe overall survival and the management of men with favorable risk prostate cancer (PCa) within a large community-based health care system in the United States. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using linked electronic health records from men aged ≥40 years with favorable risk PCa (T1 or 2, PSA ≤15, Gleason ≤7 [3 + 4]) diagnosed between January 2005 and October 2013. Cohorts were defined as receiving any treatment (IMT) or no treatment (OBS) within 6 months after index PCa diagnosis. Cohorts' characteristics were compared between OBS and IMT; monitoring patterns were reported for OBS within the first 18 and 24 months. Cox Proportional Hazards models were used for multivariate analysis of overall survival. RESULTS: A total of 1425 men met the inclusion criteria (OBS 362; IMT 1063). The proportion of men managed with OBS increased from 20% (2005) to 35% (2013). The OBS group was older (65.6 vs 62.8 years, p < 0.01), had higher Charlson comorbidity index scores (CCI ≥2, 21.5% vs 12.2%, p < 0.01), and had a higher proportion of low-risk PCa (65.2% vs 55.0%, p < 0.01). For the OBS cohort, 181 of the men (50%) eventually received treatment. Among those remaining on OBS for ≥24 months (N = 166), 88.6% had ≥1 follow-up PSA test and 26.5% received ≥1 follow-up biopsy within the 24 months. The unadjusted mortality rate was higher for OBS compared with IMT (2.7 vs 1.3/100 person-years [py]; p < 0.001). After multivariate adjustment, there was no significant difference in all-cause mortality between OBS and IMT groups (HR 0.73, p = 0.138). CONCLUSIONS: Use of OBS management increased over the 10-year study period. Men in the OBS cohort had a higher proportion of low-risk PCa. No differences were observed in overall survival between the two groups after adjustment of covariates. These data provide insights into how favorable risk PCa was managed in a community setting.

The impact of clinical pharmacy services integrated into medical homes on diabetes-related clinical outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Pharmacist services have expanded in the US health-care system from traditional roles to include comprehensive clinical services, but many studies lack comparison groups to evaluate outcomes of these clinical services. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of uninsured or underinsured patients with type 2 diabetes who received care from pharmacists in local "safety net" clinic medical homes compared to outcomes of patients from clinics receiving usual care without the services of clinical pharmacists. METHODS: Pharmacists provided comprehensive pharmacy services in safety net clinic medical homes for uninsured patients in a major urban city. Referred patients had poor diabetes control (hemoglobin A(1c) [A1C] >9%). Pharmacists conducted comprehensive evaluations of medications, made adjustments, monitored adherence, and provided education and follow-up. Intervention patients were compared to similar patients who were receiving usual care but were not seen by a pharmacist. Outcomes evaluated were the change in A1C levels and achievement of treatment goals. Data were derived from chart reviews retrospectively. Multivariate least-squares and logistic regression models were used to estimate the impact of the intervention. RESULTS: Two hundred twenty-two intervention and 262 control patients were evaluated. Patients receiving care from pharmacists had adjusted A1C levels reduced by 1.38% relative to usual care, increasing the likelihood of achieving an A1C <7% by 3-fold (p < 0.001 for both estimates). CONCLUSIONS: The integration of clinical pharmacy services into safety net medical homes was associated with improvement in clinical outcomes of patients with diabetes.

Healthcare costs among men with favorable risk prostate cancer managed with observation strategies versus immediate treatment in an integrated healthcare system.

OBJECTIVE: This study explored short-term healthcare costs of men managed with observation strategies (OBS) vs immediate treatment (IMT) for favorable risk prostate cancer (PCa) from the Geisinger Health System, a single integrated health system in Pennsylvania, as evidence from the community setting is limited. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using electronic health records from men aged ≥40 years diagnosed with favorable risk PCa (T1 or 2, PSA ≤15 ng/mL, Gleason ≤7 [3 + 4]) between January 2005 and October 2013. Prostate-specific healthcare costs were compared between the OBS and IMT cohorts in men with ≥3 years of follow-up and available linked claims data. Sub-group analyses focused on those men with low-risk PCa (T1-2a, PSA ≤10 ng/mL, Gleason ≤6). Sensitivity analysis stratified the study sample in three cohorts: OBS, switched from OBS to definitive treatment (OBS switch), and IMT. RESULTS: A total of 352 patients were included (OBS = 70 and IMT = 282). Compared with IMT, OBS resulted in significantly lower cumulative PCa-related healthcare costs for the first 3 years ($15,785 vs $23,177; p-value <.001). The main cost drivers were outpatient procedures. The OBS cohort had the lowest incremental PCa-related healthcare costs in the first 3 years (OBS: $5,011 vs OBS switch: $26,040, net cost savings = $21,029, p < .001; OBS: $5,011 vs IMT: $24,064, net cost savings = $19,053, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: In favorable risk PCa, half of the patients who initially chose OBS eventually underwent treatment after their PCa diagnosis. As expected, OBS was associated with reduced disease management costs compared with IMT.

Limitations of anticholinergic cycling in patients with overactive bladder (OAB) with urinary incontinence (UI): results from the CONsequences of Treatment Refractory Overactive bLadder (CONTROL) study.

PURPOSE: To describe treatment patterns and outcomes in wet-overactive bladder (OAB) patients treated with anticholinergics. METHODS: This study was a retrospective claims analysis linked to a one-time patient survey of members of a regional medical group located in California. Participants met the following criteria: received anticholinergic therapy between January 2008 and May 2012, based on pharmacy claims; had a diagnosis of OAB; and reported having ≥1 urinary incontinence (UI) episode per day at the time of the survey. Outcomes included the number of anticholinergics cycled through from treatment initiation until the end of follow-up (May 31, 2013); frequency of UI episodes; and patient requests for additional help for their OAB symptoms. RESULTS: A total of 620 patients were enrolled into the study. During the follow-up period, patients cycled through 1 to 6 unique anticholinergics; 65 % of the study population used only 1 anticholinergic, while 35 % used ≥2 anticholinergics. Patients reported experiencing an average of 3.5 UI episodes per day (3.6, 3.3, and 3.4 episodes for 1, 2, and ≥3 anticholinergics used, respectively), and over 80 % of patients requested additional help for their OAB symptoms, irrespective of how many anticholinergics were attempted. CONCLUSION: UI symptom burden and adherence to therapy did not change as patients attempted more anticholinergic therapies. These results suggest that for patients who remain incontinent after attempting an anticholinergic, cycling on additional anticholinergics may not provide any additional benefit, resulting in sub-optimal care.