Chemical Space Charting of Different Parts of Inula nervosa Wall.: Upregulation of Expression of Nrf2 and Correlated Antioxidants Enzymes.

The edible and medicinal part of Inula nervosa Wall. (Xiaoheiyao) is confined to its root without sufficient phytochemical and biological investigation. In this study, the secondary metabolites of root, stem, leaf, and flower of I. nervosa Wall. were visualized using Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS), MolNetEnhancer, XCMS(xcmsonline.scripps.edu) analysis, and `ili mapping based on high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) data to reveal their chemical differences. Among the 11 kinds of chemical repertoires annotated by MolNetEnhancer and 16 hits against the GNPS library, 10-isobutyryloxy-8,9-epoxythymol isobutyrate (1) was revealed as the most dominant and responsible marker between the roots and the other parts. Moreover, a battery of unique MS features as well as differential markers were discovered from different parts of the plant. The chemical differences contribute to the bioactivity differences, which presented in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH)assay and H2O2-insulted HepG2 cells and were in significant correlations with the contents of 1. real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)results demonstrated that I. nervosa Wall. extracts upregulated the mRNA expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1(HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) actors involved in antioxidative response in H2O2-challenged HepG2 cells. These findings support the roots of I. nervosa Wall. as active parts of Xiaoheiyao, and also indicate the potential antioxidant activities of other parts.

Histone variant H3.3 and its functions in reprogramming.

Histones are a class of evolutionarily conserved nuclear proteins. Histone octamer wrapped by DNA sequence forms the nucleosome, the basic building blocks of eukaryotic chromatin. The nucleosomes keep the DNA in a condensed state, maintain the integrity of the genome, and ensure proper DNA replication, transcription, recombination and repair. Nucleosomes can regulate the biological processes of the cell through a number of distinct post-translational modifications (PTMs) and turnovers of histone variants. Although the histone H3 variant H3.3 differs from the canonical histone H3 by only a few amino acids, it could be incorporated into distinct chromatin regions by specific chaperones and exert diverse functions on the chromatin. Importantly, H3.3 is also an essential maternal factor, and plays a key role in cellular reprogramming during fertilization and somatic cell nuclear transfer. In this review, we summarize the structural properties and enrichment pattern of H3.3, and explore the specific chaperones involved in the H3.3-mediated cellular reprogramming. We hope to provide some insights on new means to improve the efficiency of somatic cell reprogramming and lay the foundation for its potential applications.

[Dityrosine administration induces myocardium injury and inflammatory response in mice].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of oxidized tyrosine products and dityrosine on the myocardial injury and inflammatory response in 10-week-gavaged mice. METHODS: A total of 30 female Kunming mice were assigned to three groups: gavagedwith saline( Con), oxidized tyrosine products( O-Tyr) and dityrosine( Dityr) for 320µg/kg BW for 10 weeks. Levels of oxidized protein products( DT, AOPPs, 3-NT) and lipid peroxidation products( MDA), oxidative stress( T-AOC and GSH/GSSG), markers of myocardium injury( CK, CK-MB, cTnI and Ca~(2+)-ATPase), markers of inflammatory factor( CRP and TNF-α) were investigated and the genes related to inflammatory response were detected by Real-time quantitative( PCR). RESULTS: 10 weeks of gavage experiments enhanced the levels of dityrosine( DT), advanced oxidation protein products( AOPPs), 3-nitrotyrosine( 3-NT), and malondialdehyde( MDA), and decreased total antioxidant capacity( T-AOC) and the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione( GSH/GSSG) in mice plasma and myocardium. Besides, O-Tyr and Dityr increased the levels of creatine kinase( CK), creatine kinase isoenzymes( CK-MB), cardiac troponin I( cTnI) in plasma anddecreased the activities of Ca~(2+)-ATPase in myocardium. O-Tyr and Dityr increased the levels of C-reactive protein( CRP) and tumour necrosis factor α( TNF-α) in plasma. The gene expression of inflammatory response were up-regulated. CONCLUSION: O-Tyr and Dityr increase the accumulation of myocardial protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation products and induce oxidative damage to myocardium. O-Tyr and Dityr may cause myocardial tissue injury and inflammatory response. Dityrosine, as the main component of tyrosine oxidative products, may play a major role in the process of oxidized tyrosine products causing myocardial injury in mice.

Dityrosine administration induces dysfunction of insulin secretion accompanied by diminished thyroid hormones T3 function in pancreas of mice.

Oxidized tyrosine products are commonly found in food with high protein content and have been demonstrated to cause damage of liver and kidney in our previous studies. Dityrosine (Dityr) is a typical oxidized tyrosine product. Due to its structural homology with thyroid hormones T3, we assumed that one of the endocrine systems most likely considered in connection with its disruption by Dityr may be the T3 action. T3 plays important roles in insulin synthesis, and thyroid hormone resistance (RTH) is associated with the impairment of glucose metabolism. Therefore, this study determined whether Dityr exposure impaired T3 function in pancreas leading to glucose metabolism disruption. After 10-week gavage with Dityr, mice exhibited impaired glucose tolerance and disturbed energy metabolism. The elevated free THs content in plasma, the up-regulation of THs synthesis-specific genes expressions in thyroid glands, and the increased thyroid follicles histology shapes and areas indicated that Dityr enhanced the THs synthesis in thyroid glands. In addition, Dityr-induced RTH, which reflected as elevated plasma free THs in the presence of unsuppressed thyroid stimulating hormone. The mRNA downregulation of membrane transporter of T3 (MCT8) and co-activator factors (RXRα, Src-1), together with the decreased protein level of thyroid hormone receptor ß1 (TRß1) in pancreas illustrated that the activation ability of T3 to downstream gene involved in insulin synthesis was suppressed by Dityr. In MIN-6 cell experiment, T3 improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by upregulating mRNA levels of insulin synthesis-related genes (Ins2, MafA, Pdx1) and T3 action-related genes, as well as increasing protein level of TRß1. These data suggest that Dityr suppress T3-regulated insulin synthesis stimulated by glucose via an indirect way of decreasing sensibility to T3 in pancreas. All these findings indicate that Dityr can disrupt THs function in pancreas leading to glucose metabolism disorder.

Resveratrol restores the circadian rhythmic disorder of lipid metabolism induced by high-fat diet in mice.

Circadian rhythmic disorders induced by high-fat diet are associated with metabolic diseases. Resveratrol could improve metabolic disorder, but few reports focused on its effects on circadian rhythm disorders in a variety of studies. The aim of the present study was to analyze the potential effects of resveratrol on high-fat diet-induced disorders about the rhythmic expression of clock genes and clock-controlled lipid metabolism. Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups: a standard diet control group (CON), a high-fat diet (HFD) group and HFD supplemented with 0.1% (w/w) resveratrol (RES). The body weight, fasting blood glucose and insulin, plasma lipids and leptin, whole body metabolic status and the expression of clock genes and clock-controlled lipogenic genes were analyzed at four different time points throughout a 24-h cycle (8:00, 14:00, 20:00, 2:00). Resveratrol, being associated with rhythmic restoration of fasting blood glucose and plasma insulin, significantly decreased the body weight in HFD mice after 11 weeks of feeding, as well as ameliorated the rhythmities of plasma leptin, lipid profiles and whole body metabolic status (respiratory exchange ratio, locomotor activity, and heat production). Meanwhile, resveratrol modified the rhythmic expression of clock genes (Clock, Bmal1 and Per2) and clock-controlled lipid metabolism related genes (Sirt1, Pparα, Srebp-1c, Acc1 and Fas). The response pattern of mRNA expression for Acc1 was similar to the plasma triglyceride. All these results indicated that resveratrol reduced lipogenesis and ultimately normalized rhythmic expression of plasma lipids, possibly via its action on clock machinery.

Novel MesoPorous BioGlass/silk scaffold containing adPDGF-B and adBMP7 for the repair of periodontal defects in beagle dogs.

AIM: The local delivery of growth factors via gene therapy has gained tremendous awareness in recent years due to their sustained growth factor delivery to target tissues. The aim of this study was to fabricate and investigate a scaffold able to release growth factors via gene therapy for the repair of periodontal tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Novel mesoporous bioglass (MBG)/silk fibrin scaffold combined with BMP7 and/or PDGF-B adenovirus was fabricated and tested in vitro for cell migration, proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, acute-type buccal dehiscence periodontal defects (mesiodistal width × depth: 5 × 5 mm) were created on the buccal portion of the maxillary premolars in five normal male beagle dogs (12 months old, 15.0 ± 2.0 kg) and histologically examined for periodontal regeneration following implantation of the following five groups: (1) no scaffold, (2) MBG/silk scaffold alone, (3) scaffold + adPDGF-B, (4) scaffold + adBMP7, (5) scaffold + adPDGF-b + adBMP7. RESULTS: In vitro findings demonstrated that adPDGF-B was able to rapidly recruit periodontal ligament (PDL) cells over sixfold more effectively than adBMP7, whereas adBMP7 was more able to induce osteoblast differentiation of PDL cells. In vivo findings demonstrate that scaffolds loaded with adPDGF-B were able to partially regenerate the periodontal ligament while adBMP7 scaffolds primarily improved new bone formation. The combination of both adPDGF-B and adBMP7 synergistically promoted periodontal regeneration by allowing up to two times greater regeneration of the periodontal ligament, alveolar bone and cementum when compared to each adenovirus used alone. CONCLUSIONS: Although both PDGF-B and BMP7 are individually capable of promoting periodontal regeneration to some degree, their combination synergistically promotes wound healing in acute-type buccal dehiscence periodontal defects when delivered simultaneously. This study demonstrates the promise for successful delivery of low-cost, effective growth factor delivery via gene therapy for the treatment of periodontal defects.

Antifungal efficiency of miconazole and econazole and the interaction with transport protein: a comparative study.

CONTEXT: Miconazole (MIZ) and econazole (ECZ) are clinically used as antifungal drugs. OBJECTIVE: The drug effect and binding property with transport protein human serum albumin of MIZ and ECZ were studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The antifungal efficiency was investigated by microdiluting drug solutions from 0 to 48 µmol L(-1) through microcalorimetry and voltammetry studies. Transmission electron microscopy was used for morphological observations of C. albicans. The interaction with HSA was studied by electrochemical methods, fluorescence spectrometry, electron microscopy, and molecular simulation. RESULTS: IC50 of MIZ and ECZ for C. albicans were obtained as 19.72 and 29.90 µmol L(-1). Binding constants of MIZ and ECZ with HSA of 2.36 × 10(4) L mol(-1) and 3.73 × 10(4) L mol(-1) were obtained. After adding MIZ solution of 12 and 40 µmol L(-1), the peak currents increased to 4.887 and 6.024 µA. The peak currents of C. albicans in the presence of 20 and 48 µmol L(-1) ECZ were 4.701 and 5.544 µA. The docking scores for MIZ and ECZ of the best binding conformation in site I and site II were 5.60, 4.79, 5.63, and 5.85. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Strong inhibition to the metabolism of C. albicans and destructive effect was proved for both drugs. The lower IC50, growth rate constant of C. albicans, and higher peak current, reveal stronger antifungal activity of MIZ. Both drugs show an efficient quenching effect to intrinsic fluorescence residues of protein. MIZ mainly binds on site I while ECZ on site II. Molecular modeling experiments give further insight of the binding mechanism.

Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts from Conyza bonariensis growing in Yemen.

This study aims to examine the antioxidant and antibacterial activities and phenolic contents of Conyza bonariensis growing in Yemen. The whole plants of C. bonariensis were ultrasonically extracted by ethanol. The antioxidant activity of the extract was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ß-carotene bleaching (BCB). The effectiveness of the extract on the growth inhibition of some indicators of foodborne illness bacteria were investigated by agar well diffusion assay. The total phenols (TP), total flavonoids (TF), total tannins (TT), and total anthocyanins (TA) were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method, aluminium chloride method, Folin and Ciocalteu method, and pH-differential method, respectively. The extract of C. bonariensis possessed TP 144.1 mg/g, TF 143 mg/g, TT 0.99mg/g, and TA 0.97mg 100g, with 94.57% inhibition of DPPH and 92.47% inhibition of BCB, and strong inhibitory effects against tested bacteria, which was approximate to those of peel extract of Punica granatum.

Effect of decreased implant healing time on bone (re)modeling adjacent to plateaued implants under functional loading in a dog model.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of early functional loading to plateaued implants on bone formation and implant stability in a dog model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Early loading (EL), nonloading control, and delayed loading (DL) groups were compared using six beagle dogs under functional loading. The Periotest® values were measured dynamically for 6 weeks. Peri-implant bone architecture was evaluated qualitatively by microcomputed tomography (µCT) and analyzed quantitatively by mineral apposition rates (MAR), bone-to-implant contact (BIC), and bone volumes (BV/TV) after the euthanasia at 3 and 6 weeks after loading. RESULTS: The EL implants showed poor stability at 1 week, but greater stability at 2 and 4 weeks after loading compared to DL implants. There was no significant difference between MAR of EL and unloaded implants at both time intervals. The EL implants displayed a significantly higher MAR when compared to DL implants at 3-5 weeks. A significantly higher BIC for the DL group was observed when compared to the EL group at 3 weeks following loading, however at 6 weeks; no significant difference between these groups was observed. The EL group gained a higher BIC than the no-treatment control group at 6 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: For plateaued implant, the decreased healing time (1 week) displays a positive effect on peri-implant bone (re)modeling under functional loading during the early phase. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The early application of functional loading on plateaued implants can be used clinically to shorten the course of treatment and improve esthetics.

pH and effects on Streptococcus mutans growth of denture adhesives: an in vitro study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the pH and effects on Streptococcus mutans growth of denture adhesives. BACKGROUND: There is little information regarding the pH of contemporary adhesives and their influences on S. mutans growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The adhesives tested were Polident® cream, Protefix® cream and Protefix® powder. Samples of each adhesive were added to deionized water to produce solutions of 10.0, 5.0, 2.5 and 1.0% w/v (cream formulations) or 5.0, 2.5,1.0 and 0.5% (powder formulation). The pH values were measured immediately after preparation and at 1-, 2-, 3-, 6-, 12-, and 24-h intervals using a digital pH meter. Streptococcus mutans UA159 was inoculated in the Brain Heart Infusion medium with or without the adhesive extracts (control). Bacterial growth was observed by measuring absorption at 600 nm every 1 h for 12 h using a spectrophotometer. RESULTS: The tested adhesives generally remained relatively pH-stable over 24 h, ranging from 5.5 to 7.0. There were no statistically significant differences in S. mutans growth rates between the extract-treated and control cultures (p>0.5). CONCLUSIONS: Some adhesives produce a pH below the critical pH of hydroxyapatite and may not be suitable for patients with natural teeth. None of the tested adhesives significantly affect S. mutans growth.

Cytotoxic effects of denture adhesives on primary human oral keratinocytes, fibroblasts and permanent L929 cell lines.

BACKGROUND: To date, there have been very little data on the cytotoxic responses of different cell lines to denture adhesives. OBJECTIVE: To determine the cytotoxicity of three denture adhesives on primary human oral keratinocytes (HOKs), fibroblasts (HOFs) and permanent mouse fibroblasts cell lines (L929). METHODS: Three commercial denture adhesives (two creams and one powder) were prepared for indirect contact using the agar diffusion test, as well as extracts in MTT assay. The results of the MTT assay were statistically analysed by one-way anova and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: All of the tested denture adhesives showed mild to moderate cytotoxicity to primary HOKs (p < 0.001), whereas none of three was toxic to L929 cells (p > 0.05) in both assays. For primary HOFs cultures, slight cytotoxicity was observed for one of the products from the agar diffusion test and undiluted eluates of all tested adhesives with MTT assay (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Denture adhesives are toxic to the primary HOKs and HOFs cultures, whereas non-toxic to L929 cells. The results suggest that primary human oral mucosal cells may provide more valuable information in toxicity screening of denture adhesives.

Daxx knockdown promoted rDNA transcription without impairing H3.3 expression in mouse preimplantation embryos.

During fertilization, DAXX (death domain-associated protein) mediates histone variant H3.3 incorporation into heterochromatin, which plays an important role in the maintenance of genomic integrity. rDNA, the ribosomal gene, is included in the first wave of gene activation after fertilization. Our and other studies indicated that loss of Daxx disturbs rDNA heterochromatinization and promotes rDNA transcription without change in protein expression of H3.3. However, maternal and zygotic deletion of Daxx impairs blastocyst development. Whether Daxx knockdown affects H3.3 expression and improves the rDNA transcription in preimplantation development has not been reported. In the present study, we injected HA-labelled H3.3 (H3.3-HA) into oocytes during ICSI procedure, and detected H3.3 and DAXX by immunofluorescent staining. Then, we knockdowned Daxx and detected the gene expression levels of Daxx, H3.3, 18s and 47s rRNA. We also performed immunofluorescent staining of B23, γH2A and EdU incorporation to demonstrate nuclear structure, DNA damage and replication. We found injection of H3.3-HA did not impair preimplantation development. Daxx siRNA did not change expression of H3.3 mRNA, and the development of two-cell embryos and blastocysts, but the overall replication and expression levels of rRNA were increased compared with that in the control group. Finally, knockdown of DAXX did not aggravate the DNA damage but loosened the nucleolus. We concluded that Daxx knockdown promoted DNA replication and rDNA transcription, but did not affect H3.3 expression and subsequent preimplantation development.

Characteristics of soil nitrogen and phosphorus fractions and microbial traits with increasing stand age in two-layered Cunninghumia lanceolata + Phoebe bournei plantations.

Soil nitrogen and phosphorus are two key elements limiting tree growth in subtropical areas. Understanding the regulation of soil microorganisms on nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition is beneficial to reveal maintenance mechanism of soil fertility in plantations. We analyzed the characteristics of soil nitrogen and phosphorus fractions, soil microbial community composition and function, and their relationship across three stands of two-layered Cunninghumia lanceolata + Phoebe bournei with different ages (4, 7 and 11 a) and the pure C. lanceolata plantation. The results showed that the contents of most soil phosphorus fractions increased with increasing two-layered stand age. The increase in active phosphorus fractions with increasing stand age was dominated by the inorganic phosphorus (9.9%-159.0%), while the stable phosphorus was dominated by the organic phosphorus (7.1%-328.4%). The content of soil inorganic and organic nitrogen also increased with increasing two-layered stand age, with NH4+-N and acid hydrolyzed ammonium N contents showing the strongest enhancement, by 152.9% and 80.2%, respectively. With the increase of stand age, the composition and functional groups of bacterial and fungal communities were significantly different, and the relative abundance of some dominant microbial genera (such as Acidothermus, Saitozyma and Mortierella) increased. The relative abundance of phosphorus solubilization and mineralization function genes, nitrogen nitrification function and aerobic ammonia oxidation function genes tended to increase. The functional taxa of fungi explained 48.9% variation of different phosphorus fractions. The conversion of pure plantations to two-layered mixed plantation affected soil phosphorus fractions transformation via changing the functional groups of saprophytes (litter saprophytes and soil saprophytes). Changes in fungal community composition explained 45.0% variation of different nitrogen fractions. Some key genera (e.g., Saitozyma and Mortierella) play a key role in promoting soil nitrogen transformation and accumulation. Therefore, the conversion of pure C. lanceolata plantation to two-layered C. lanceolata + P. bournei plantation was conducive to improving soil nitrogen and phosphorus availability. Bacteria and fungi played important roles in the transformation process of soil nitrogen and phosphorus forms, with greater contribution of soil fungi.

Effects of community structure of Cunninghamia lanceolata sprouting forests with different densities on ecosystem carbon density at the early stage of succession.

To explore potential responses of ecosystem carbon density to changes of community structure during natural regeneration of woody plants, we analyzed the relationships between ecosystem carbon density and its components, tree species diversity, structural diversity (CVDBH) and spatial structure parameters (mingling, aggregation, dominance, crowding) of Cunninghamia lanceolata forests with different sprouting densities (1154, 847 and 465 individuals·hm-2) at the early stage of succession in Baishanzu National Park. The results showed that tree species diversity (species richness index and Shannon diversity index) increased with the decrease of sprouting density of C. lanceolata. Among the stand structural parameters, CVDBH, stand density, and mingling increased with the decrease of sprouting density of C. lanceolata. The stand distribution pattern of different C. lanceolata densities was uniform, with sub-dominant stand growth status and relatively dense status. The carbon density of tree layer under high, medium, and low sprouting densities of C. lanceolata were 57.56, 56.12 and 46.54 t·hm-2, soil carbon density were 104.35, 122.71 and 142.00 t·hm-2, and the total carbon density of ecosystem were 164.59, 182.41 and 190.13 t·hm-2, respectively. There was little variation in carbon density of understory layer and litter layer among different treatments. The carbon density distribution characteristics of different C. lanceolata densities were following the order of soil layer (63.4%-74.7%) > tree layer (24.5%-35.0%) > understory layer and litter layer (0.8%-2.0%). The results of variance partitioning analysis indicated that the change of tree layer carbon density was mainly influenced by stand structure diversity, soil layer carbon density was influenced by both tree species diversity and stand structure diversity, while ecosystem carbon density was mainly influenced by tree species diversity. Stand spatial structure parameters had a relatively little effect on ecosystem carbon density and its components. The sprouting density of C. lanceolata significantly affected ecosystem carbon accumulation during the conversion from C. lanceolata plantations to natural forests. A lower remaining density of C. lanceolata (about 500 individuals·hm-2) was more conducive to forest carbon sequestration.

Swimming behavior indicates stress and adaptations to exercise.

Introduction: Behaviors of swimming rodents are not uniform, exhibiting large variations, which may underlie the individual differences in swimming exercise-induced benefits. The study aimed to monitor individualized swimming behavior and evaluate its biological significance. Methods: A swimming tank which can monitor individualized rodent swimming behavior during exercise was established. A total of 45 mice were subjected to swimming training for 1 month (1 h per day) and the swimming behaviors of each mouse were recorded. Results: The swimming behaviors of mice displayed considerable variations in aspects of distance, velocity, and area preference. For example, nearly one-third of mice preferred to swim in central area and most of the mice exhibited an even area distribution. Long-term exercise training improved cardiac systolic function and decreased blood pressure in mice, but hardly changed swimming behaviors. Analyses of the relationship between swimming behavior and cardiovascular adaptations to exercise training revealed that swimming behavior indicated the biological effects of swimming training. Specifically, mice which preferred swimming at the central zone or were trainable in behavior during 1-month training exhibited better outcomes in cardiac function and blood pressure post long-term exercise. Mechanistically, a centralized swimming behavior indicated a smaller stress during exercise, as evidenced by a milder activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Discussion: These results suggest that swimming behavior during training indicates individualized adaptations to long-term exercise, and highlight a biological significance of swimming behavior monitoring in animal studies.

Cytotoxic pentacyclic triterpenoids from Prinsepia utilis.

Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Prinsepia utilis Royle resulted in the isolation and identification of ten pentacyclic triterpenoids, including two new triterpenoids, 2α-O-trans-p-coumaroyl-3ß,19α-dihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (1) and 2α-O-cis-p-coumaroyl-3ß,19α-dihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (2), along with eight known pentacyclic triterpenoids (3-10). The structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods and by comparison to previously reported spectroscopic data. Most of these compounds showed significant cytotoxic activities against four human cancer cell lines (A549, HCT116, MDA-MB-231, and CCRF-CEM), and the structure-activity relationships are also discussed.

Porous CaP/silk composite scaffolds to repair femur defects in an osteoporotic model.

The most common complication for patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis is bone-related defects and fractures. While routine medication has a high probability of undesirable side effects, new approaches have aimed to develop regeneration procedures that stimulate new bone formation while reversing bone loss. Recently, we have synthesized a new hybrid CaP/silk scaffold with a CaP-phase distribution and pore architecture better suited to facilitate cell differentiation and bone formation. The aim of the present study was to compare the involved remodeling process and therapeutic effect of porous CaP/silk composite scaffolds upon local implantation into osteoporotic defects. Wistar rats were used to induce postmenopausal osteoporotic model by bilateral ovariectomy. The pure silk and hybrid CaP/silk scaffolds were implanted into critical sized defects created in distal femoral epiphysis. After 14 and 28 days, the in vivo osteogenetic efficiency was evaluated by µCT analysis, hematoxylin and eosin staining, Safranin O staining, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, and immunohistochemical assessment. Animals with or without critical-sized defects were used as drill or blank controls, respectively. The osteoporotic defect model was well established with significantly decreased µCT parameters of BV/TV, Tb.N and increased Tb.Sp, porosity, combined with changes in histological observations. During the healing process, the critical-sized drill control defects failed to regenerate appreciable bone tissue, while more significantly increased bone formation and mineralization with dynamic scaffold degradation and decreased osteoclastic bone resorption could be detected within defects with hybrid CaP/silk scaffolds compared to pure silk scaffolds.

Effect of forest structural change on carbon storage in a coastal Metasequoia glyptostroboides stand.

Forest structural change affects the forest's growth and the carbon storage. Two treatments, thinning (30% thinning intensity) and underplanting plus thinning, are being implemented in a coastal Metasequoia glyptostroboides forest shelterbelt in Eastern China. The vegetation carbon storage significantly increased in the underplanted and thinned treatments compared with that in the unthinned treatment (P < 0.05). The soil and litterfall carbon storage in the underplanted treatment were significantly higher than those in the unthinned treatment (P < 0.05). The total forest ecosystem carbon storage in the underplanted and thinned treatments increased by 35.3% and 26.3%, respectively, compared with that in the unthinned treatment, an increase that mainly came from the growth of vegetation aboveground. Total ecosystem carbon storage showed no significant difference between the underplanted and thinned treatments (P > 0.05). The soil light fraction organic carbon (LFOC) was significantly higher at the 0-15 cm soil layer in the thinned and underplanted stands compared with that in the unthinned stand (P < 0.05). The soil respiration of the underplanted treatment was significantly higher than that of the unthinned treatment only in July (P < 0.05). This study concludes that 30% thinning and underplanting after thinning could be more favorable to carbon sequestration for M. glyptostroboides plantations in the coastal areas of Eastern China.

Fungal diversity dominates the response of multifunctionality to the conversion of pure plantations into two-aged mixed plantations.

Plantation forests are essential in driving global biogeochemical cycling and mitigating climate change. Biodiversity and environmental factors can shape multiple forest ecosystem functions simultaneously (i.e., multifunctionality). However, their effect on multifunctionality when pure plantations are converted into two-aged plantations remains underexplored. Therefore, we assessed above- and below-ground biodiversity and environmental factors and 11 ecosystem functions in different plantation types in subtropical China. The two-aged mixed plantations exhibited higher multifunctionality than did a pure plantation, primarily due to soil fungal diversity and secondarily due to tree diversity, based on the coefficient of variation for tree diameter at breast height (CVD) and community-weighted specific leaf area (CWMSLA). Further analysis revealed saprotrophy as the key soil fungal trophic mode in maintaining multifunctionality. Moreover, structural equation modeling confirmed that soil environmental factors, namely the soil water content and pH, had no direct association with multifunctionality, but were indirectly related to multifunctionality via elevated CVD and CWMSLA, respectively. Our results indicate that the tree and soil fungal diversity, as well as soil environmental factors, resulting from the conversion of pure plantations to two-aged mixed plantations, can enhance multifunctionality, and provide a better comprehensive understanding of the driving mechanisms of multifunctionality, leading to the sustainable management of subtropical plantation forest ecosystems.

Surface Treat Method to Improve the Adhesion between Stainless Steel and Resin: A Review.

Combining metal and polymer into hybrid composite materials is finding increasing interest in many industries. Special attention is being paid to increase the adhesion between the metal and polymer interface. In this paper, the current research progress of surface treatment methods for improving the interfacial adhesion of stainless steel and resin is reviewed. It involves the stainless steel surface treatment method, resin surface treatment method, and adhesion test methods of stainless steel and resin. The methods of improving the interfacial adhesion of stainless steel and resin are summarized and prospected according to the research status.