Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modelling of 2,4-disubstituted-5-(6-alkylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazoles as ALK5 inhibitors.

A series of 2,4-disubstituted-5-(6-alkylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazoles, 7a-c, 11a-h, and 16a-h has been synthesised and evaluated for their ALK5 inhibitory activity in an enzyme assay and in a cell-based luciferase reporter assay. Incorporation of a quinoxalin-6-yl moiety and a methylene linker at the 4- and 2-position of the imidazole ring, respectively, and a m-CONH2 substituent in the phenyl ring generated a highly potent and selective ALK5 inhibitor 11e. Docking model of ALK5 in complex with 11e showed that it fitted well in the ATP-binding pocket with favourable interactions.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of 5-(pyridin-2-yl)thiazoles as transforming growth factor-beta type1 receptor kinase inhibitors.

A series of 5-(pyridin-2-yl)thiazoles (14a-l and 15a-l) has been synthesized and evaluated for their ALK5 inhibitory activity in cell-based luciferase reporter assays. Among them, 3-[[5-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-4-(quinoxalin-6-yl)thiazol-2-ylamino]methyl]benzamide (15i) and 3-[[5-(6-ethylpyridin-2-yl)-4-(quinoxalin-6-yl)thiazol-2-ylamino]methyl]benzamide (15k) showed more than 95% inhibition at 0.1 microM in luciferase reporter assays using HaCaT cells transiently transfected with p3TP-luc reporter construct and ARE-luciferase reporter construct.

Effects of palmitoyl-KVK-L-ascorbic acid on skin wrinkles and pigmentation.

Wrinkle formation and abnormal pigmentation are major clinical alterations associated with skin aging. As the aim of our study was to investigate the effects of palmitoyl-KVK-L-ascorbic acid on skin aging, the anti-wrinkle and depigmentation effects of palmitoyl-KVK-L-ascorbic acid were evaluated by measuring collagen expression in dermal fibroblast cells and inhibition of melanogenesis in B16F1 cells, respectively. The anti-aging effect of palmitoyl-KVK-L-ascorbic acid cream was also evaluated against a placebo cream in a clinical trial. Our results confirmed that the expression of type Ι collagen in dermal fibroblast cells treated with palmitoyl-KVK-L-ascorbic acid (0.1-4 µg/mL) increased in a dose-dependent manner. In B16F1 cells, treatment with 20 µg/mL palmitoyl-KVK-L-ascorbic acid reduced the melanin content by approximately 20% compared to alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone treatment. In the clinical trial, application of palmitoyl-KVK-L-ascorbic acid cream led to an improvement in skin roughness and lightness in 12 and 8 weeks, respectively. Our data show that palmitoyl-KVK-L-ascorbic acid is an effective anti-aging agent that reduces wrinkles and abnormal skin pigmentation.

Synthesis of radioiodine-labeled 2-phenylethyl 1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside for imaging of LacZ gene expression.

A potent inhibitor of beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23), 2-phenylethyl 1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside (PETG), was radioiodinated for noninvasive imaging of LacZ gene expression. In order to introduce radioiodine to the phenyl ring of PETG, 2-(4-bromophenyl)ethanethiol was prepared and attached to the C-1 position of beta-D-galactose pentaacetate under conditions that resulted in the exclusive formation of the beta anomer. The bromo group of PETG was converted to the tributylstannyl group where radioiododemetallation was carried out. Radioiodine-labeled PETG tetraacetate was purified by HPLC, which can be used as a prodrug for biological evaluation or hydrolyzed to 2-(4-[123I/125I]iodophenyl)ethyl 1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside ([123I/125I]7) under basic conditions. The resulting radioiodine-labeled PETG was obtained in overall 62% radiochemical yield (decay-corrected) and with specific activity of 46-74 GBq/micromol.

Targeting of lacZ reporter gene expression with radioiodine-labelled phenylethyl-beta- d-thiogalactopyranoside.

There has recently been increasing interest in the development of radioprobes that specifically target proteins transcribed from expression of reporter genes of interest. The purpose of this study was to develop a radioprobe that targets one of the most widely used reporter genes, the bacterial lacZ gene. We synthesised and purified radioiodine-labelled phenylethyl-beta- d-thiogalactopyranoside (PETG), a competitive inhibitor specific against Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase. We showed that [(125)I]iodo-PETG specifically binds to beta-galactosidase as verified by column chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after incubation of radiotracer with the protein. We also showed through enzyme kinetic studies that iodo-PETG retains inhibitory action against beta-galactosidase activity. COS-7 cells infected with a recombinant adenovirus expressing the lacZ gene had viral titre-dependent enhancements in [(125)I]iodo-PETG uptake ( r(2)=0.897; P=0.001), which reached up to 642.5%+/-16.7% of control levels ( P<0.00001). Moreover, the level of uptake was highly correlated to luminescent measurements of beta-galactosidase activity ( r(2)=0.878; P<0.0001). These results confirm that radioiodine-labelled PETG specifically targets beta-galactosidase and that its uptake rates faithfully reflect levels of expression of the lacZ reporter gene. Further investigations were performed in nude mice bearing human neuroblastoma tumours transferred with the lacZ gene. Compared with control tumours, lacZ-expressing tumours were slightly better visualised on [(123)I]iodo-PETG images and had a modest increase in tumour to muscle count ratio (2.6+/-0.2 vs 1.9+/-0.1, P<0.05). The present results provide proof-of-principle for the potential of radiolabelled inhibitors as promising radiotracers to monitor lacZ gene expression levels. Future modifications to improve cell permeability should enhance in vivo contrast levels and may allow the use of radiolabelled beta-galactosidase inhibitors for non-invasive monitoring of lacZ gene expression.