Air Bubbles Activate Complement and Trigger Hemostasis and C3-Dependent Cytokine Release Ex Vivo in Human Whole Blood.

Venous air embolism, which may complicate medical and surgical procedures, activates complement and triggers thromboinflammation. In lepirudin-anticoagulated human whole blood, we examined the effect of air bubbles on complement and its role in thromboinflammation. Whole blood from 16 donors was incubated with air bubbles without or with inhibitors of C3, C5, C5aR1, or CD14. Complement activation, hemostasis, and cytokine release were measured using ELISA and quantitative PCR. Compared with no air, incubating blood with air bubbles increased, on average, C3a 6.5-fold, C3bc 6-fold, C3bBbP 3.7-fold, C5a 4.6-fold, terminal complement complex sC5b9 3.6-fold, prothrombin fragments 1+2 (PTF1+2) 25-fold, tissue factor mRNA (TF-mRNA) 26-fold, microparticle tissue factor 6.1-fold, ß-thromboglobulin 26-fold (all p < 0.05), and 25 cytokines 11-fold (range, 1.5-78-fold; all p < 0.0001). C3 inhibition attenuated complement and reduced PTF1+2 2-fold, TF-mRNA 5.4-fold, microparticle tissue factor 2-fold, and the 25 cytokines 2.7-fold (range, 1.4-4.9-fold; all p < 0.05). C5 inhibition reduced PTF1+2 2-fold and TF-mRNA 12-fold (all p < 0.05). C5 or CD14 inhibition alone reduced three cytokines, including IL-1ß (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03). Combined C3 and CD14 inhibition reduced all cytokines 3.9-fold (range, 1.3-9.5-fold; p < 0.003) and was most pronounced for IL-1ß (3.2- versus 6.4-fold), IL-6 (2.5- versus 9.3-fold), IL-8 (4.9- versus 8.6-fold), and IFN-γ (5- versus 9.5-fold). Antifoam activated complement and was avoided. PTF1+2 was generated in whole blood but not in plasma. In summary, air bubbles activated complement and triggered a C3-driven thromboinflammation. C3 inhibition reduced all mediators, whereas C5 inhibition reduced only TF-mRNA. Combined C5 and CD14 inhibition reduced IL-1ß release. These data have implications for future mechanistic studies and possible pharmacological interventions in patients with air embolism.

A Complement C3-Specific Nanobody for Modulation of the Alternative Cascade Identifies the C-Terminal Domain of C3b as Functional in C5 Convertase Activity.

The complement system is an intricate cascade of the innate immune system and plays a key role in microbial defense, inflammation, organ development, and tissue regeneration. There is increasing interest in developing complement regulatory and inhibitory agents to treat complement dysfunction. In this study, we describe the nanobody hC3Nb3, which is specific for the C-terminal C345c domain of human and mouse complement component C3/C3b/C3c and potently inhibits C3 cleavage by the alternative pathway. A high-resolution structure of the hC3Nb3-C345c complex explains how the nanobody blocks proconvertase assembly. Surprisingly, although the nanobody does not affect classical pathway-mediated C3 cleavage, hC3Nb3 inhibits classical pathway-driven hemolysis, suggesting that the C-terminal domain of C3b has an important function in classical pathway C5 convertase activity. The hC3Nb3 nanobody binds C3 with low nanomolar affinity in an SDS-resistant complex, and the nanobody is demonstrated to be a powerful reagent for C3 detection in immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Overall, the hC3Nb3 nanobody represents a potent inhibitor of both the alternative pathway and the terminal pathway, with possible applications in complement research, diagnostics, and therapeutics.

Open chest and pericardium facilitate transpulmonary passage of venous air emboli.

BACKGROUND: Transpulmonary passage of air emboli can lead to fatal brain- and myocardial infarctions. We studied whether pigs with open chest and pericardium had a greater transpulmonary passage of venous air emboli than pigs with closed thorax. METHODS: We allocated pigs with verified closed foramen ovale to venous air infusion with either open chest with sternotomy and opening of the pleura and pericardium (n = 8) or closed thorax (n = 16). All pigs received a five-hour intravenous infusion of ambient air, starting at 4-6 mL/kg/h and increased by 2 mL/kg/h each hour. We assessed transpulmonary air passage by transesophageal M-mode echocardiography and present the results as median with inter-quartile range (IQR). RESULTS: Transpulmonary air passage occurred in all pigs with open chest and pericardium and in nine pigs with closed thorax (56%). Compared to pigs with closed thorax, pigs with open chest and pericardium had a shorter to air passage (10 minutes (5-16) vs. 120 minutes (44-212), P < .0001), a smaller volume of infused air at the time of transpulmonary passage (12 mL (10-23) vs.170 mL (107-494), P < .0001), shorter time to death (122 minutes (48-185) vs 263 minutes (248-300, P = .0005) and a smaller volume of infused air at the time of death (264 mL (53-466) vs 727 mL (564-968), P = .001). In pigs with open chest and, infused air and time to death correlated strongly (r = 0.95, P = .001). CONCLUSION: Open chest and pericardium facilitated the transpulmonary passage of intravenously infused air in pigs.

Gender- and Sex-Based Contributors to Sex Differences in PTSD.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Sex differences in PTSD are well-established with a 2:1 sex ratio favouring women. Less well-established is the basis of such differences. The purpose of this review is to explore recent research examining potential gender- and sex-based contributors to sex differences in PTSD. RECENT FINDINGS: We identified 19 studies published since 2015. Masculinity is inconclusively associated with PTSD, but masculine ideals and masculine gender role stress are positively associated with PTSD. Among the sex-related factors, testosterone, oestradiol, progesterone, and ALLO/5α-progesterone ratio are believed to be involved in the development of PTSD. These factors likely affect PTSD risk directly and through epigenetic mechanisms. Findings suggest that gender and sex have multiple ways of affecting PTSD, including gender roles, genetic predisposition, and hormonal influences. These factors work together to put women at a particular risk of developing PTSD. By conducting more research, we may improve prediction, prevention, and treatment of PTSD.

Comparison of cytokine changes in three different lipoprotein apheresis systems in an ex vivo whole blood model.

INTRODUCTION: Even if proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors have replaced lipoprotein apheresis in many patients, lipoprotein apheresis still is an important option in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, progressive atherosclerosis or when removal of lipoprotein(a) is indicated. Additional possible favorable effects beyond lipid lowering could include changes in the concentration of cytokines and improvement of hemorheology. METHODS: We evaluated how whole blood adsorption, dextran sulfate plasma adsorption, and double filtration plasmapheresis lipoprotein apheresis systems affected cytokine concentrations, using a human whole blood ex vivo model differentiating the effect of the lipoprotein apheresis and plasma separation columns and describing temporal changes. RESULTS: Compared to the control bag, the whole blood adsorption system reduced Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-8, IL-1ra, eotaxin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB, regulated on activation T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), macrophage inflammatory protein-1ß (MIP-1ß), and IP-10 (P < .05). The dextran sulfate plasma adsorption system reduced IFN-γ, IL-8, IL-1ra, eotaxin, TNF, MCP-1, PDGF-BB, MIP-1ß, and IP-10 (P < .05). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were increased in the whole blood and dextran sulfate plasma adsorption systems (P < .05). The double filtration plasmapheresis system reduced IFN-γ, IL-1ra, TNF, MIP-1ß, and IP-10 (P < .05), while MCP-1,VEGF, GM-CSF, and RANTES were increased (P < .05). The plasma separation column increased concentration of RANTES, and was a barrier to reduction of eotaxin. Temporal patterns of concentration change indicated first pass increase of PDGF-BB and first pass reduction of IP-10. CONCLUSION: There were marked differences in how the three systems affected total and temporal cytokine concentration changes in this in vitro model, as well as compared to former in vivo studies.

Effect of the anticoagulant, storage time and temperature of blood samples on the concentrations of 27 multiplex assayed cytokines - Consequences for defining reference values in healthy humans.

Cytokines are potentially useful biomarkers of sepsis and other inflammatory conditions. Many cytokines can be released by leukocytes and platelets after sampling. The sampling and processing techniques are consequently critically important to measure the in vivo levels. We therefore examined the effects of four different anticoagulants, EDTA, citrate, lepirudin, heparin compared to serum, on the levels of 27 different cytokines. The effects of storage temperature, freezing and thawing on the plasma cytokines were examined. Cytokines were analysed using a multiplex immunoassay. The cytokine levels in serum were significantly higher compared with plasma, consistent with release of cytokines in vitro during coagulation. In general, the lowest values for all cytokines were found in EDTA samples, stored on crushed ice, centrifuged within 4h and thereafter stored at -80°C. MCP-1 and MIP-1ß levels were highest in heparin plasma and storage of blood for up to 4h at room temperature significantly increased the interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ and GM-CSF levels in EDTA plasma, indicating post-sampling release. In contrast, the IP-10 levels were unaffected by sample storage at both temperatures. Our results indicate that the cytokines were more stable in plasma than in whole blood after sampling. Thus, cytokines should be analysed in EDTA plasma samples stored on ice and centrifuged within 4h. Based on these data, the reference ranges of 27 cytokines in EDTA plasma in 162 healthy human donors were calculated.

Combined Inhibition of Complement and CD14 Attenuates Bacteria-Induced Inflammation in Human Whole Blood More Efficiently Than Antagonizing the Toll-like Receptor 4-MD2 Complex.

BACKGROUND: Single inhibition of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-MD2 complex failed in treatment of sepsis. CD14 is a coreceptor for several TLRs, including TLR4 and TLR2. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of single TLR4-MD2 inhibition by using eritoran, compared with the effect of CD14 inhibition alone and combined with the C3 complement inhibitor compstatin (Cp40), on the bacteria-induced inflammatory response in human whole blood. METHODS: Cytokines were measured by multiplex technology, and leukocyte activation markers CD11b and CD35 were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory markers were efficiently abolished by both anti-CD14 and eritoran. Anti-CD14 was significantly more effective than eritoran in inhibiting LPS-binding to HEK-293E cells transfected with CD14 and Escherichia coli-induced upregulation of monocyte activation markers (P < .01). Combining Cp40 with anti-CD14 was significantly more effective than combining Cp40 with eritoran in reducing E. coli-induced interleukin 6 (P < .05) and monocyte activation markers induced by both E. coli (P < .001) and Staphylococcus aureus (P < .01). Combining CP40 with anti-CD14 was more efficient than eritoran alone for 18 of 20 bacteria-induced inflammatory responses (mean P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Whole bacteria-induced inflammation was inhibited more efficiently by anti-CD14 than by eritoran, particularly when combined with complement inhibition. Combined CD14 and complement inhibition may prove a promising treatment strategy for bacterial sepsis.

Combined inhibition of complement and CD14 efficiently attenuated the inflammatory response induced by Staphylococcus aureus in a human whole blood model.

The complement and TLR systems are activated in sepsis, contributing to an unfavorable inflammatory "storm." Combined inhibition of these systems has been documented to efficiently attenuate the inflammatory responses induced by Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, we hypothesized that the combined inhibition would attenuate the inflammatory responses induced by Gram-positive bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (strains Cowan and Wood), as well as S. aureus cell wall lipoteichoic acid (LTA), were incubated in thrombin-inhibited human whole blood. Complement was inhibited at the level of C3 and C5, and the TLRs by inhibiting CD14 and TLR2. Thirty-four inflammatory markers were measured by multiplex technology and flow cytometry. Thirteen markers increased significantly in response to Cowan and Wood, and 12 in response to LTA. Combined inhibition with the C3 inhibitor compstatin and the anti-CD14 Ab 18D11 significantly reduced 92 (Cowan, LTA) and 85% (Wood) of these markers. Compstatin alone significantly reduced 54 (Cowan), 38 (Wood), and 83% (LTA), whereas anti-CD14 alone significantly reduced 23, 15, and 67%, respectively. Further experiments showed that the effects of complement inhibition were mainly due to inhibition of C5a interaction with the C5a receptor. The effects on inhibiting CD14 and TLR2 were similar. The combined regimen was more efficient toward the bacterial effects than either complement or anti-CD14 inhibition alone. Complement was responsible for activation of and phagocytosis by both granulocytes and monocytes. Disrupting upstream recognition by inhibiting complement and CD14 efficiently attenuated S. aureus-induced inflammation and might be a promising treatment in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive sepsis.

Impact of traumatic events on posttraumatic stress disorder among Danish survivors of sexual abuse in childhood.

Childhood sexual abuse can be extremely traumatic and lead to lifelong symptomatology. The present study examined the impact of several demographic, abuse, and psychosocial variables on posttraumatic stress disorder severity among a consecutive sample of treatment-seeking, adult child sexual abuse survivors (N = 480). The child sexual abuse sample was characterized by severe trauma exposure, insecure attachment, and significant traumatization, with an estimated 77% suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder, more than twice the level of the comparison group. Regression analyses revealed risk factors associated with the development of posttraumatic stress disorder in which the strongest predictors being additional traumas, negative affectivity, and somatization. The findings add to existing research confirming the stressful nature of child sexual abuse and the variables that contribute to the development and severity of posttraumatic stress disorder.

A novel selective leukocyte depletion human whole blood model reveals the specific roles of monocytes and granulocytes in the cytokine response to Escherichia coli.

The lepirudin-based human whole blood model is a well-established ex vivo system to characterize inflammatory responses. However, the contribution of individual cell populations to cytokine release has not been investigated. Thus, we modified the model by selectively removing leukocyte subpopulations to elucidate their contribution to the inflammatory response. Lepirudin-anticoagulated whole blood was depleted from monocytes or granulocytes using StraightFrom Whole Blood MicroBeads. Reconstituted blood was incubated with Escherichia coli (108/mL) for 2 hours at 37 °C. CD11b, CD62P, and CD63 were detected by flow cytometry. Complement (C3bc, sC5b-9) and platelet activation (platelet factor 4, NAP-2) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cytokines were quantified by multiplex assay. A significant (P < 0.05) specific depletion of the monocyte (mean = 86%; 95% confidence interval = 71%-92%) and granulocyte (mean = 97%; 95% confidence interval = 96%-98%) population was obtained. Background activation induced by the depletion protocol was negligible for complement (C3bc and sC5b-9), leukocytes (CD11b), and platelets (NAP-2). Upon Escherichia coli incubation, release of 10 of the 24 cytokines was solely dependent on monocytes (interleukin [IL]-1ß, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-17A, interferon-γ, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, and fibroblast growth factor-basic), whereas 8 were dependent on both monocytes and granulocytes (IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, macrophage inflammatory protein-1ß, tumor necrosis factor, and eotaxin). Six cytokines were not monocyte or granulocyte dependent, of which platelet-derived growth factor and RANTES were mainly platelet dependent. We document an effective model for selective depletion of leukocyte subpopulations from whole blood, without causing background activation, allowing in-depth cellular characterization. The results are in accordance with monocytes playing a major role in cytokine release and expand our knowledge of the significant role of granulocytes in the response to E. coli.

Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in female help-seeking victims of sexual assault.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common in the aftermath of rape and other sexual assault, but the risk factors leading to PTSD following rape have been shown to differ from those related to PTSD following nonsexual assault. This prospective study examined risk factors for PTSD severity in 148 female help-seeking victims of sexual assault. Approximately 70% of the victims experienced significant levels of traumatization, with 45% reporting symptoms consistent with a probable PTSD diagnosis. Regression analyses showed that relationship with the assailant, number of assailants, the nature of the assault, perceived positive social support, support satisfaction, feeling let down by others, and prior exposure to sexual trauma did not significantly predict PTSD severity at the final level of analysis. In accordance with suggestions by Dancu, Riggs, Hearst-Ikeda, and Shoyer (1996), it is suggested that this is partly caused by a very high degree of traumatization in the sample. Instead, previous nonsexual traumatic experiences and negative affectivity accounted for 30% of the variance in PTSD severity. Although more research is needed on risk factors of assault-related PTSD, these findings suggest that although sexual assault is associated with a high degree of PTSD severity, prior nonsexual victimization and high levels of negative affectivity appear to further increase the vulnerability toward developing symptoms of assault-related PTSD.

Human genetic deficiencies reveal the roles of complement in the inflammatory network: lessons from nature.

Complement component C5 is crucial for experimental animal inflammatory tissue damage; however, its involvement in human inflammation is incompletely understood. The responses to gram-negative bacteria were here studied taking advantage of human genetic complement-deficiencies--nature's own knockouts--including a previously undescribed C5 defect. Such deficiencies provide a unique tool for investigating the biological role of proteins. The experimental conditions allowed cross-talk between the different inflammatory pathways using a whole blood model based on the anticoagulant lepirudin, which does not interfere with the complement system. Expression of tissue factor, cell adhesion molecules, and oxidative burst depended highly on C5, mediated through the activation product C5a, whereas granulocyte enzyme release relied mainly on C3 and was C5a-independent. Release of cytokines and chemokines was mediated to varying degrees by complement and CD14; for example, interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-8 were more dependent on complement than IFN-gamma and IL-6, which were highly dependent on CD14. IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) and IFN-gamma inducible protein 10 (IP-10) were fully dependent on CD14 and inversely regulated by complement, that is, complement deficiency and complement inhibition enhanced their release. Granulocyte responses were mainly complement-dependent, whereas monocyte responses were more dependent on CD14. Notably, all responses were abolished by combined neutralization of complement and CD14. The present study provides important insight into the comprehensive role of complement in human inflammatory responses to gram-negative bacteria.

Secondary victims of rape.

Rape is often a very traumatic experience, which affects not only the primary victim (PV) but also his/her significant others. Studies on secondary victims of rape are few and have almost exclusively studied male partners of female rape victims. This study examined the impact of rape on 107 secondary victims, including family members, partners, and friends of male and female rape victims. We found that many respondents found it difficult to support the PV and that their relationship with the PV was often affected by the assault. Furthermore, the sample showed significant levels of traumatization, and it was estimated that approximately one quarter of the respondents suffered from posttraumatic stress syndrome (PTSD). Degree of traumatization was associated with a more recent assault, higher efforts to support the PV, recurrent thoughts about having been able to prevent the assault, a lack of social support for the respondent, and feeling let down by others. The respondents were generally interested in friend-, family-, and partner-focused interventions, particularly in receiving education about how best to support a rape victim.

Where Sex Meets Gender: How Sex and Gender Come Together to Cause Sex Differences in Mental Illness.

Sex differences are prevalent in multiple mental disorders. Internalizing disorders are more commonly diagnosed in women, whereas externalizing and neurodevelopmental disorders are more often diagnosed in men. Significant sex/gender differences are reported in prevalence, symptom profile, age of onset, comorbidities, functional impairment, prognosis, as well as in responses to various treatments. In this conceptual article, we discuss theories and empirical studies of sex- and gender-related influences in mental health, by focusing on three examples: autism spectrum disorder (ASD), acknowledged as a disorder whose roots are mainly biological; eating disorders, whose origins are considered to be mainly psychosocial, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), an environmentally caused disorder with both psychosocial and biological underpinnings. We examine the ways in which sex differences emerge, from conception through adulthood. We also examine how gender dichotomies in exposures, expectations, role assumptions, and cultural traditions impact the expression of our three selected mental illnesses. We are especially interested in how sex-based influences and gender-based influences interact with one another to affect mental illness. We suggest that sex and gender are multi-faceted and complex phenomena that result in variations, not only between men and women, but also within each sex and gender through alterations in genes, hormone levels, self-perceptions, trauma experiences, and interpersonal relationships. Finally, we propose a conceptual diatheses-stress model, depicting how sex and gender come together to result in multiple sex/gender differences across mental disorders. In our model, we categorize diatheses into several categories: biological, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental. These diatheses interact with exposure to stressors, ranging from relatively minor to traumatic, which allows for the sometimes bidirectional influences of acute and long-term stress responses. Sex and gender are discussed at every level of the model, thereby providing a framework for understanding and predicting sex/gender differences in expression, prevalence and treatment response of mental disorders. We encourage more research into this important field of study.

Sex Differences in the Outcome of Expressive Writing in Parents of Children With Leukaemia.

Background: Sex differences are widely reported in clinical psychology but are rarely examined in interventions. Method: This mixed-method explorative study examined sex differences in 13 mothers and 10 fathers of children in the off-therapy phase of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Parents underwent an expressive writing intervention using the guided written disclosure protocol (GWDP). Results: Mothers had more negative mood profiles than fathers but improved more during the intervention. Conclusion: Though preliminary, our findings highlight the importance of sex as a potential moderator of intervention and treatment outcome that could be of great clinical significance.

Complement C3b contributes to Escherichia coli-induced platelet aggregation in human whole blood.

Introduction: Platelets have essential functions as first responders in the immune response to pathogens. Activation and aggregation of platelets in bacterial infections can lead to life-threatening conditions such as arterial thromboembolism or sepsis-associated coagulopathy. Methods: In this study, we investigated the role of complement in Escherichia coli (E. coli)-induced platelet aggregation in human whole blood, using Multiplate® aggregometry, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy. Results and Discussion: We found that compstatin, which inhibits the cleavage of complement component C3 to its components C3a and C3b, reduced the E. coli-induced platelet aggregation by 42%-76% (p = 0.0417). This C3-dependent aggregation was not C3a-mediated as neither inhibition of C3a using a blocking antibody or a C3a receptor antagonist, nor the addition of purified C3a had any effects. In contrast, a C3b-blocking antibody significantly reduced the E. coli-induced platelet aggregation by 67% (p = 0.0133). We could not detect opsonized C3b on platelets, indicating that the effect of C3 was not dependent on C3b-fragment deposition on platelets. Indeed, inhibition of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) and complement receptor 1 (CR1) showed that these receptors were involved in platelet aggregation. Furthermore, aggregation was more pronounced in hirudin whole blood than in hirudin platelet-rich plasma, indicating that E. coli-induced platelet aggregation involved other blood cells. In conclusion, the E. coli-induced platelet aggregation in human whole blood is partly C3b-dependent, and GPIIb/IIIa and CR1 are also involved in this process.

Vitamin C, Hydrocortisone, and the Combination Thereof Significantly Inhibited Two of Nine Inflammatory Markers Induced by Escherichia Coli But Not by Staphylococcus Aureus - When Incubated in Human Whole Blood.

ABSTRACT: Vitamin C combined with hydrocortisone is increasingly being used to treat septic patients, even though this treatment regimen is based on questionable evidence. When used, a marked effect on key players of innate immunity would be expected, as sepsis is featured by a dysregulated immune response.Here, we explored the effect of vitamin C and hydrocortisone alone and combined, in an ex vivo human whole-blood model of Escherichia coli- or Staphylococcus aureus-induced inflammation. Inflammatory markers for activation of complement (terminal C5b-9 complement complex [TCC]), granulocytes (myeloperoxidase), platelets (ß-thromboglobulin), cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF], IL-1ß, IL6, and IL-8), and leukocytes (CD11b and oxidative burst) were quantified, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, multiplex technology, and flow cytometry.In E. coli- and S. aureus-stimulated whole blood, a broad dose-titration of vitamin C and hydrocortisone alone did not lead to dose-response effects for the central innate immune mediators TCC and IL-6. Hence, the clinically relevant doses were used further. Compared to the untreated control sample, two of the nine biomarkers induced by E. coli were reduced by hydrocortisone and/or vitamin C. TNF was reduced by hydrocortisone alone (19%, P = 0.01) and by the combination (31%, P = 0.01). The oxidative burst of monocytes and granulocytes was reduced for both drugs alone and their combination, (ranging 8-19%, P < 0.05). Using S. aureus, neither of the drugs, alone nor in combination, had any effects on the nine biomarkers.In conclusion, despite the limitation of the ex vivo model, the effect of vitamin C and hydrocortisone on bacteria-induced inflammatory response in human whole blood is limited and following the clinical data.

Venous Air Embolism Activates Complement C3 Without Corresponding C5 Activation and Trigger Thromboinflammation in Pigs.

Introduction: Air embolism may complicate invasive medical procedures. Bubbles trigger complement C3-mediated cytokine release, coagulation, and platelet activation in vitro in human whole blood. Since these findings have not been verified in vivo, we aimed to examine the effects of air embolism in pigs on thromboinflammation. Methods: Forty-five landrace pigs, average 17 kg (range 8.5-30), underwent intravenous air infusion for 300 or 360 minutes (n=29) or served as sham (n=14). Fourteen pigs were excluded due to e.g. infections or persistent foramen ovale. Blood was analyzed for white blood cells (WBC), complement activation (C3a and terminal C5b-9 complement complex [TCC]), cytokines, and hemostatic parameters including thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) using immunoassays and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM). Lung tissue was analyzed for complement and cytokines using qPCR and immunoassays. Results are presented as medians with interquartile range. Results: In 24 pigs receiving air infusion, WBC increased from 17×109/L (10-24) to 28 (16-42) (p<0.001). C3a increased from 21 ng/mL (15-46) to 67 (39-84) (p<0.001), whereas TCC increased only modestly (p=0.02). TAT increased from 35 µg/mL (28-42) to 51 (38-89) (p=0.002). ROTEM changed during first 120 minutes: Clotting time decreased from 613 seconds (531-677) to 538 (399-620) (p=0.006), clot formation time decreased from 161 seconds (122-195) to 124 (83-162) (p=0.02) and α-angle increased from 62 degrees (57-68) to 68 (62-74) (p=0.02). In lungs from pigs receiving air compared to sham animals, C3a was 34 ng/mL (14-50) versus 4.1 (2.4-5.7) (p<0.001), whereas TCC was 0.3 CAU/mL (0.2-0.3) versus 0.2 (0.1-0.2) (p=0.02). Lung cytokines in pigs receiving air compared to sham animals were: IL-1ß 302 pg/mL (190-437) versus 107 (66-120), IL-6 644 pg/mL (358-1094) versus 25 (23-30), IL-8 203 pg/mL (81-377) versus 21 (20-35), and TNF 113 pg/mL (96-147) versus 16 (13-22) (all p<0.001). Cytokine mRNA in lung tissue from pigs receiving air compared to sham animals increased 12-fold for IL-1ß, 121-fold for IL-6, and 17-fold for IL-8 (all p<0.001). Conclusion: Venous air embolism in pigs activated C3 without a corresponding C5 activation and triggered thromboinflammation, consistent with a C3-dependent mechanism. C3-inhibition might represent a therapeutic approach to attenuate this response.

Quantification of Porcine Complement Activation Fragment C3a by a Neoepitope-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) enables fast and simple quantification of analytes in the pico- to nanogram range in complex samples. Here, we describe an ELISA for the detection of porcine C3a as a marker for complement activation. Antibody specificity is critical for a robust assay. This assay is based on a pair of antibodies specific for the porcine C3a molecule and thus does not react with native C3.

Cognitive schemata and processing among parents bereaved by infant death.

The present prospective study examined cognitive schemata and processing among 93 parents bereaved by infant death. The Trauma Constellation Identification Scale (TCIS) was used to assess maladaptive cognitive schemata associated with the loss. The impact of pre-, peri-, and post-trauma factors on the TCIS scores was assessed. Compared to parents who had not lost an infant, bereaved parents displayed significantly higher TCIS scores. High TCIS scores were significantly associated with PTSD as well as general symptomatology. Although interesting gender differences were found, the variables most strongly related to TCIS scores were posttraumatic emotional coping and cognitive processing.