Renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava involvement: Prognostic effect of tumor thrombus consistency on cancer specific survival.

BACKGROUND: Renal cell carcinoma forming a venous tumor thrombus (VTT) in the inferior vena cava (IVC) has a poor prognosis. Recent investigations have been focused on prognostic markers of survival. Thrombus consistency (TC) has been proposed to be of significant value but yet there are conflicting data. The aim of this study is to test the effect of IVC VTT consistency on cancer specific survival (CSS) in a multi-institutional cohort. METHODS: The records of 413 patients collected by the International Renal Cell Carcinoma-Venous Thrombus Consortium were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent radical nephrectomy and tumor thrombectomy. Kaplan-Meier estimate and Cox regression analyses investigated the impact of TC on CSS in addition to established clinicopathological predictors. RESULTS: VTT was solid in 225 patients and friable in 188 patients. Median CSS was 50 months in solid and 45 months in friable VTT. TC showed no significant association with metastatic spread, pT stage, perinephric fat invasion, and higher Fuhrman grade. Survival analysis and Cox regression rejected TC as prognostic marker for CSS. CONCLUSIONS: In the largest cohort published so far, TC seems not to be independently associated with survival in RCC patients and should therefore not be included in risk stratification models. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:764-768. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The Adoption of Nephron-Sparing Surgery in Europe - A Trend Analysis in Two Referral Centers from Austria and Germany.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the trends of partial nephrectomy (PN) and radical nephrectomy (RN) in 2 European tertiary referral centers with regards to guideline changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1,573 patients who underwent RN or PN for localized (≤T2) renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were included. Logistic regression analyses assessed the predictors of PN and laparoscopy over time. RESULTS: Out of the total, 1,013 patients (65.6%) were treated with RN and 560 patients (34.4%) with PN. Also, 1,233 patients (80%) had open surgery whereas 340 patients (22%) were treated with a laparoscopic approach. Laparoscopic RN and PN were performed in 216 (13.7%) and 124 (7.8%) patients, respectively. T1b tumors were 73% less likely (p < 0.001) to be treated with PN compared to T1a tumors. The odds of undergoing PN or laparoscopy in 2008-2010 relative to 2000-2001 were 6.5-fold (p < 0.001) and 36-fold higher (p < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Tumor size and year of surgery are independent predictors of PN in our cohort. Our data exemplify the adoption of PN for RCC in tertiary care centers in Austria and Germany in line with implemented guideline changes. The utilization of PN has increased over time regardless of surgical approach. Further studies need to address the use of robot-assisted surgery and care in community hospitals.

Impact of synchronous metastasis distribution on cancer specific survival in renal cell carcinoma after radical nephrectomy with tumor thrombectomy.

PURPOSE: Metastatic renal cell carcinoma can be clinically diverse in terms of the pattern of metastatic disease and response to treatment. We studied the impact of metastasis and location on cancer specific survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 2,017 patients with renal cell cancer and tumor thrombus who underwent radical nephrectomy and tumor thrombectomy from 1971 to 2012 at 22 centers in the United States and Europe were analyzed. Number and location of synchronous metastases were compared with respect to patient cancer specific survival. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to quantify the impact of covariates. RESULTS: Lymph node metastasis (155) or distant metastasis (725) was present in 880 (44%) patients. Of the patients with distant disease 385 (53%) had an isolated metastasis. The 5-year cancer specific survival was 51.3% (95% CI 48.6-53.9) for the entire group. On univariable analysis patients with isolated lymph node metastasis had a significantly worse cancer specific survival than those with a solitary distant metastasis. The location of distant metastasis did not have any significant effect on cancer specific survival. On multivariable analysis the presence of lymph node metastasis, isolated distant metastasis and multiple distant metastases were independently associated with cancer specific survival. Moreover higher tumor thrombus level, papillary histology and the use of postoperative systemic therapy were independently associated with worse cancer specific survival. CONCLUSIONS: In our multi-institutional series of patients with renal cell cancer who underwent radical nephrectomy and tumor thrombectomy, almost half of the patients had synchronous lymph node or distant organ metastasis. Survival was superior in patients with solitary distant metastasis compared to isolated lymph node disease.

Cardiopulmonary Bypass has No Significant Impact on Survival in Patients Undergoing Nephrectomy and Level III-IV Inferior Vena Cava Thrombectomy: Multi-Institutional Analysis.

PURPOSE: The impact of cardiopulmonary bypass in level III-IV tumor thrombectomy on surgical and oncologic outcomes is unknown. We determine the impact of cardiopulmonary bypass on overall and cancer specific survival, as well as surgical complication rates and immediate outcomes in patients undergoing nephrectomy and level III-IV tumor thrombectomy with or without cardiopulmonary bypass. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 362 patients with renal cell cancer and with level III or IV tumor thrombus from 1992 to 2012 at 22 U.S. and European centers. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare overall and cancer specific survival between patients with and without cardiopulmonary bypass. Perioperative mortality and complication rates were assessed using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Median overall survival was 24.6 months in noncardiopulmonary bypass cases and 26.6 months in cardiopulmonary bypass cases. Overall survival and cancer specific survival did not differ significantly in both groups on univariate analysis or when adjusting for known risk factors. On multivariate analysis no significant differences were seen in hospital length of stay, Clavien 1-4 complication rate, intraoperative or 30-day mortality and cancer specific survival. Limitations include the retrospective nature of the study. CONCLUSIONS: In our multi-institutional analysis the use of cardiopulmonary bypass did not significantly impact cancer specific survival or overall survival in patients undergoing nephrectomy and level III or IV tumor thrombectomy. Neither approach was independently associated with increased mortality on multivariate analysis. Greater surgical complications were not independently associated with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass.

Do young patients with renal cell carcinoma feature a distinct outcome after surgery? A comparative analysis of patient age based on the multinational CORONA database.

PURPOSE: We analyzed the distinct clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with renal cell carcinoma age 40 years or less compared to a reference group of patients 60 to 70 years old. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Overall 2,572 patients retrieved from a multicenter international database comprised of 6,234 patients with surgically treated renal cell carcinoma were included in this retrospective study. Clinical and histopathological features of 297 patients 40 years old or younger (4.8%) were compared to those of 2,275 patients (36.5%) 60 to 70 years old, who served as the reference group. Median followup was 59 months. The impact of young age and further parameters on disease specific mortality and all cause mortality was evaluated by multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. RESULTS: Young patients more frequently underwent nephron sparing surgery (27% vs 20%, p = 0.008) and regional lymph node dissection compared to older patients (38% vs 32%, p = 0.025). Organ confined tumor stage (81% vs 70%, p <0.001), smaller tumor diameter (4.5 vs 4.7 cm, p = 0.014) and chromophobe subtype (10% vs 4%, p <0.001) were significantly more frequent in young patients. On multivariate analysis older patients had a higher disease specific (HR 2.21, p <0.001) and all cause mortality (HR 3.05, p <0.001). The c indices for the Cox models were 0.87 and 0.78, respectively. However, integration of the variable age group did not significantly increase the predictive accuracy of the disease specific and all cause mortality models. CONCLUSIONS: Young patients with renal cell carcinoma (40 years old or younger) have significantly different frequencies of clinical and histopathological features, and a significantly lower all cause and disease specific mortality compared to patients 60 to 70 years old.

Lessons learned from the International Renal Cell Carcinoma-Venous Thrombus Consortium (IRCC-VTC).

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) extension into the renal vein or the inferior vena cava occurs in 4%-10% of all kidney cancer cases. This entity shows a wide range of different clinical and surgical scenarios, making natural history and oncological outcomes variable and poorly characterized. Infrequency and variability make it necessary to share the experience from different institutions to properly analyze surgical outcomes in this setting. The International Renal Cell Carcinoma-Venous Tumor Thrombus Consortium was created to answer the questions generated by competing results from different retrospective studies in RCC with venous extension on current controversial topics. The aim of this article is to summarize the experience gained from the analysis of the world's largest cohort of patients in this unique setting to date.

Impact of clinical and histopathological parameters on disease specific survival in patients with collecting duct renal cell carcinoma: development of a disease specific risk model.

PURPOSE: Collecting duct renal cell carcinoma is a rare, aggressive histological subtype of renal cell carcinoma. Since few groups have evaluated the oncological prognosis in these patients based on clinical and pathological parameters, we assessed parameters prognostic for disease specific mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From a cohort of 14,047 patients with renal cell carcinoma we retrieved the records of 95 with collecting duct renal cell carcinoma at a total of 16 European and American centers of the CORONA (Collaborative Research on Renal Neoplasms Association) and SATURN (Surveillance and Treatment Update Renal Neoplasms) projects, and another 2 centers. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was applied to determine the influence of parameters on disease specific mortality. Median followup was 48.1 months (IQR 24-103). RESULTS: The disease specific survival rate at 1, 2, 5 and 10 years was 60.4%, 47.3%, 40.3% and 32.8%, respectively. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score 3-4, tumor size greater than 7 cm, stage M1, Fuhrman grade 3-4 and lymphovascular invasion independently predicted disease specific mortality. Based on these parameters, patients were divided into 26 (27%) at low, 13 (14%) at intermediate and 56 (59%) at high risk with a 5-year disease specific survival rate of 96%, 62% and 8%, respectively (bootstrap corrected c-index 0.894, 95% CI 0.820-0.967, p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: While patients with collecting duct renal cell carcinoma are commonly diagnosed at advanced stage and have poor prognosis after surgery, a subset has excellent survival. Histopathological features can help risk stratify patients based on the described, highly accurate risk model to predict disease specific mortality, facilitating patient counseling and risk based clinical decision making for adjuvant therapy and clinical trial inclusion.

Presence and extent of histological tumour necrosis is an adverse prognostic factor in papillary type 1 but not in papillary type 2 renal cell carcinoma.

AIMS: To date, only limited information is available on the prognostic significance of the presence and extent of histological tumour necrosis with regard to papillary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) types 1 and 2 subclassification. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of these pathological features on the clinical outcome in papillary subtypes. METHODS AND RESULTS: The influence of histological tumour necrosis on the clinical outcome in 177 patients with papillary RCC was evaluated. For papillary subtype 1, the presence of histological tumour necrosis was an independent negative prognostic factor for disease-free survival (P = 0.039), and a greater extent of necrosis (>20%) was significantly associated with both poor disease-free and overall survival (P = 0.033 and P = 0.041, respectively). Regarding papillary subtype 2, neither the presence nor extent of histological tumour necrosis was a statistically significant negative prognostic factor. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the presence and extent of histological tumour necrosis are independent prognosticators in papillary RCC subtype 1, but not in papillary subtype 2. Thus, previously reported conflicting data regarding the prognostic impact of tumour necrosis in papillary RCC might be explained, in part, by heterogeneous subtypes.

Comparison of the 2002 and 2010 TNM classification systems regarding outcome prediction in clear cell and papillary renal cell carcinoma.

AIMS: A novel version of the tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) classification system for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was introduced in 2010, although the prognostic significance with regard to different histological subtypes has not been explored. Therefore, the aim of our study was to compare the predictive ability of the 2002 and 2010 versions of the TNM classification system for clear cell and papillary RCC. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data from 2263 consecutive clear cell and 309 papillary RCC patients, operated at a single tertiary academic centre, were evaluated. According to TNM 2010, statistically significant differences for cancer-specific survival (CSS) were observed for pT1a versus pT1b (P < 0.001) and pT3a versus pT3b (P < 0.004) in clear cell RCC; and pT1b versus pT2a (P = 0.002) and pT3b versus pT3c (P = 0.046) in papillary RCC. The c-index for CSS in clear cell RCC was 0.74 and 0.73, and in papillary RCC 0.79 and 0.78, for the 2002 and 2010 versions of the TNM classification system, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: According to our data, the predictive ability of the 2010 version of the TNM classification system regarding CSS is not superior to the 2002 version, either in clear cell or in papillary RCC.

Tumour-associated macrophages might represent a favourable prognostic indicator in patients with papillary renal cell carcinoma.

AIMS: Tumour-associated macrophages (TAM) have been reported to be regulators of progression in various human cancers. We evaluated the prognostic relevance of TAM in a large series of patients with papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC). METHODS AND RESULTS: The impact of TAM on cancer-specific survival (CSS) in 177 patients with PRCC was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. A multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed with respect to CSS. The presence of TAM was noted in 112 of 177 (63%) tumours and was associated statistically significantly with favourable pathological parameters, including low pathological T stage, node-negative tumours, low tumour grade, absence of vascular invasion and papillary subtype (all P < 0.05), respectively. Five-year CSS probabilities for patients with TAM-positive tumours were 93.5%, compared with 72.5% in patients with TAM-negative tumours, respectively (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed node-positive tumours, distant metastases and UICC stage (I versus II-IV) as independent predictors of death from PRCC, whereas the presence of TAM was associated independently with favourable outcome (hazard ratio = 0.45, 95% confidence interval 0.24-0.84, P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of TAM was shown independently to reduce the risk of death from cancer by 55%. The presence of TAM should therefore become part of routine pathology reporting in PRCC.

Predictive ability of the 2002 and 2010 versions of the Tumour-Node-Metastasis classification system regarding metastasis-free, cancer-specific and overall survival in a European renal cell carcinoma single-centre series.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the predictive ability of the Tumour-Node-Metastasis (TNM) classification systems for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) using three different endpoints: metastasis-free (MFS); overall (OS); and cancer-specific survival (CSS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from 2739 consecutive patients with RCC, who underwent surgery at a single academic centre, were evaluated using multivariate Cox proportional models, Harrell's concordance (c)-index and by applying decision curve analysis (DCA) with regard to MFS, OS and CSS. RESULTS: According to TNM 2010, significant differences for MFS were observed for pT1a vs pT1b, pT1b vs pT2a, pT3a vs pT3b and pT3b vs pT3c stages, respectively (all P < 0.05). With regard to OS, significant differences could be observed in pT1a vs pT1b and pT3a vs pT3b stages, respectively (all P < 0.05). The c-index for CSS, OS and MFS was slightly higher for the 2002 than for the 2010 version of the TNM classification system. Non-inferiority of the 2002 TNM system is supported by the results of the DCA. CONCLUSION: According to our data, the predictive ability of the 2010 version of the TNM classification system regarding three different clinical endpoints is not superior to the 2002 version of this staging system.

Assessing the accuracy and generalizability of the preoperative and postoperative Karakiewicz nomograms for renal cell carcinoma: results from a multicentre European and US study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy and generalizability of the pre- and postoperative Karakiewicz nomograms for predicting cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 3231 patients from European and US centres, who were treated by radical or partial nephrectomy for RCC between 1992 and 2010. Prognostic scores for each patient were calculated and the primary endpoint was CSS. Discriminating ability was assessed by Harrell's c-index for censored data. The 'validation by calibration' method proposed by Van Houwelingen was used for checking the calibration of covariate effects. Calibration was graphically explored. RESULTS: Local and systemic symptoms were present in 23.2% and 9.1% of the patients, respectively. The median follow-up (FU) was 49 months. At the last FU, 408 cancer-related deaths were recorded, Kaplan-Meier estimates of CSS (with 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) at 5 and 10 years were 0.86 (0.84-0.87) and 0.77 (0.75-0.80), respectively. Both nomograms discriminated well. Stratified c-indices for CSS were 0.784 (95% CI 0.753-0.814) for the preoperative nomogram, and 0.842 (95% CI 0.816-0.867) for the postoperative one, with a significant difference between the two values (P < 0.001). The covariate-based predictions on our data for both nomograms were valid. The calibration plots showed no relevant departures from ideal predictions. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the postoperative Karakiewicz nomogram discriminates substantially better than the preoperative one. These nomogram-based predictions may be used as benchmark data for pretreatment and postoperative decision-making in patients at various stages of RCC.

Obesity is associated with worse oncological outcomes in patients treated with radical cystectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) and oncological outcomes in patients after radical cystectomy (RC) for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) in a large multi-institutional series. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data were collected from 4118 patients treated with RC and pelvic lymphadenectomy for UCB. Patients receiving preoperative chemotherapy or radiotherapy were excluded. Univariable and multivariable models tested the effect of BMI on disease recurrence, cancer-specific mortality and overall mortality. BMI was analysed as a continuous and categorical variable (<25 vs 25-29 vs ≥30 kg/m(2)). RESULTS: Median BMI was 28.8 kg/m(2) (interquartile range 7.9); 25.3% had a BMI <25 kg/m(2), 32.5% had a BMI between 25 and 29.9 kg/m(2), and 42.2% had a BMI ≥30 kg/m(2). Patients with a higher BMI were older (P < 0.001), had higher tumour grade (P < 0.001), and were more likely to have positive soft tissue surgical margins (P = 0.006) compared with patients with lower BMI. In multivariable analyses that adjusted for the effects of standard clinicopathological features, BMI >30 was associated with higher risk of disease recurrence (hazard ratio (HR) 1.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.46-1.91, P < 0.001), cancer-specific mortality (HR 1.43, 95% CI 1.24-1.66, P < 0.001), and overall mortality (HR 1.81, CI 1.60-2.05, P < 0.001). Themain limitation is the retrospective design of the study. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity is associated with worse cancer-specific outcomes in patients treated with RC for UCB. Focusing on patient-modifiable factors such as BMI may have significant individual and public health implications in patients with invasive UCB.

Does preoperative platelet count and thrombocytosis play a prognostic role in patients undergoing nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma? Results of a comprehensive retrospective series.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the still controversially discussed prognostic role of preoperative platelet level (PPL) and thrombocytosis (TC) in patients who undergo surgery for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) based on the largest patient series reported to date. METHODS: A total of 3,139 patients, who underwent radical or nephron-sparing nephrectomy at four centres, were subdivided based on a threshold for preoperative platelets of 400 × 10(9) cells/L. Univariate and multivariable Cox regression analyses were applied to determine the prognostic influence of PPL and TC on cancer-specific survival (CSS) for patients with localized and metastatic disease at presentation. RESULTS: Group 1 (PPL ≤ 400/nl) and Group 2 (PPL > 400/nl) included 2,862 (91 %) and 277 patients (9 %), respectively. With a median follow-up (FU) of 69.5 months (IQR: 35-105), CSS of all patients after 5 years was 84.6 % in Group 1 versus 53.4 % in Group 2 (p < 0.001). At multivariable analysis, TC (HR:1.337; p = 0.007) and continuous PPL (HR:1.001; p = 0.002) independently predicted a decreased survival. However, integration of these parameters into multivariable models for the entire study group and for patients with localized tumours did only result in marginal improvement of the model quality (0.66 and 1.04 %, respectively). Interestingly, neither TC (p = 0.257) nor PPL (p = 0.132) significantly influenced survival in M1 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative TC turned out an independent predictor for decreased CSS in patients undergoing surgery for localized RCC. However, significant improvement of multivariable models comprising standard clinical and pathological parameters by the inclusion of TC is not achieved. In metastatic disease, TC did not reveal an independent influence on CSS.

Gender differences in clinicopathological features and survival in surgically treated patients with renal cell carcinoma: an analysis of the multicenter CORONA database.

PURPOSE: To investigate gender differences in clinicopathological features and to analyze the prognostic impact of gender in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients undergoing surgery. METHODS: A total of 6,234 patients (eleven centers; Europe and USA) treated by radical or partial nephrectomy were included in this retrospective study (median follow-up 59 months; IQR 30-106). Gender differences in clinicopathological parameters were assessed. Multivariable Cox regression models were applied to determine the influence of parameters on disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: A total of 3,751 patients of the study group were male patients (60.2 %), who were significantly younger at diagnosis and received more frequently NSS than women. Significantly, more often high-grade tumors and simultaneous metastasis were present in men. Whereas tumor size and pTN stages did not differ between genders, clear-cell and chromophobe RCC was diagnosed less frequently, but papillary RCC more often in men. Gender also independently influenced DSS (HR 0.75, p < 0.001) and OS (HR 0.80, p < 0.001) with a benefit for women. However, inclusion of gender in multivariable models did not significantly gain predictive accuracies (PA) for DSS (0.868-0.870, p = 0.628) and OS (0.775-0.777, p = 0.522). Furthermore, no significantly different DSS and OS rates were found in patients undergoing NSS. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates important gender differences in clinicopathological features and outcome of RCC patients with improved DSS and OS for women compared to men, even if solely patients with clear-cell RCC or M0-stage are taken into evaluation. However, inclusion of gender in multivariable models does not significantly gain PA of multivariable models.

Prognostic value of the Leibovich prognosis score supplemented by vascular invasion for clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

PURPOSE: We assessed whether supplementing the Leibovich prognosis score with vascular invasion would improve prognostic value to predict metastatic disease in patients with nonmetastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the pathology records of 1,754 patients with nonmetastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma treated with surgery between 1984 and 2006 at a single tertiary academic center. The Leibovich prognosis score was supplemented by additional scoring for vascular invasion. Metastasis-free survival was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method for each score category. A Cox regression model was used for multivariate testing. Predictive accuracy was determined by the Harrell concordance index and decision curve analysis. RESULTS: Median followup was 84 months. Ten-year metastasis-free survival probability for a score of 0 to 1 and 2 to 8 or greater was 95%, 83%, 78%, 81%, 69%, 51%, 15% and 13%, respectively. The concordance index was 0.792 compared to 0.778 from our external validation of the Leibovich prognosis score using routine pathological findings (p <0.05). Decision curve analysis also favored the predictive ability of the novel model. CONCLUSIONS: Adding vascular invasion improved the predictive accuracy of our validation data by 1.4% over that of the Leibovich prognosis score. Patients with a score of 7 or greater had a more than 85% probability of metastatic disease at 10 years. Thus, they could be considered candidates for adjuvant treatment trials.

Risk stratification of organ confined bladder cancer after radical cystectomy using cell cycle related biomarkers.

PURPOSE: We tested whether assessing the expression of cell cycle related proteins (p53, pRB, p21 and p27) could predict clinical outcomes after radical cystectomy in patients with organ confined urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study included a development cohort of 272 patients and an external testing cohort of 52 patients with chemotherapy naïve pT1-2N0M0 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder treated with radical cystectomy. Immunohistochemical staining of p53, p27, p21 and pRB was performed on the development cohort of 272 patients and the external testing cohort of 52 patients. RESULTS: Overall 260 (80.2%) patients had altered expression of at least 1 molecular marker and 105 (32.4%), 95 (29.3%), 44 (13.6%) and 16 (4.9%) had 1 to 4 altered molecular markers, respectively. Addition of the number of altered molecular markers increased the predictive accuracy of the base model for disease recurrence and cancer specific mortality by 15.6% and 14.8%, respectively (p <0.001). The base model included age, gender, pT1 vs pT2 stage, grade, number of lymph nodes removed, lymphovascular invasion and concomitant carcinoma in situ. The combination of molecular markers yielded a predictive accuracy superior to that of any single molecular marker. We developed nomograms for the prediction of recurrence-free and cancer specific survival. CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of the number of altered cell cycle regulatory proteins in the cystectomy specimen improves the prediction of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder recurrence and survival in patients with organ confined disease. A combination of multiple markers is needed to capture the complex biological behavior of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.

Prognostic value of extranodal extension and other lymph node parameters in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

PURPOSE: We assessed the prognostic value of extranodal extension and other lymph node parameters in a large multicenter cohort of patients with lymph node metastasis after radical nephroureterectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the records of 222 patients with lymph node metastasis treated with radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma without neoadjuvant therapy. Each lymph node metastasis was microscopically evaluated for extranodal extension. RESULTS: A median of 4 lymph nodes (IQR 8) was removed. Two lymph nodes (IQR 2) were positive. Lymph node density was 51.3% (IQR 71.7%). Overall 110 patients (49.5%) had extranodal extension, which was associated with more advanced pT stage (p = 0.026). On multivariable analysis extranodal extension was associated with disease recurrence (p = 0.01) and cancer specific mortality (p = 0.013). When stratified by a 30% cutoff, lymph node density was associated with disease recurrence and cancer specific mortality on univariable but not multivariable analysis (p = 0.048 and 0.049, respectively). Adding extranodal extension to a multivariable model including pT stage and tumor architecture improved predictive accuracy for disease recurrence from 70.3% to 74.5% (p <0.001). Adding extranodal extension to a multivariable model including age, pT stage and tumor architecture improved predictive accuracy for cancer specific mortality from 70.6% to 74.4% (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Extranodal extension is a powerful predictor of clinical outcomes in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma with lymph node metastasis. While other lymph node parameters seem to have limited clinical value, extranodal extension could help risk stratify patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma and lymph node metastasis for better counseling and clinical trial design.

Decision curve analysis assessing the clinical benefit of NMP22 in the detection of bladder cancer: secondary analysis of a prospective trial.

OBJECTIVE: • To employ decision curve analysis to determine the impact of nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) on clinical decision making in the detection of bladder cancer using data from a prospective trial. PATIENTS AND METHODS: • The study included 1303 patients at risk for bladder cancer who underwent cystoscopy, urine cytology and measurement of urinary NMP22 levels. • We constructed several prediction models to estimate risk of bladder cancer. The base model was generated using patient characteristics (age, gender, race, smoking and haematuria); cytology and NMP22 were added to the base model to determine effects on predictive accuracy. • Clinical net benefit was calculated by summing the benefits and subtracting the harms and weighting these by the threshold probability at which a patient or clinician would opt for cystoscopy. RESULTS: • In all, 72 patients were found to have bladder cancer (5.5%). In univariate analyses, NMP22 was the strongest predictor of bladder cancer presence (predictive accuracy 71.3%), followed by age (67.5%) and cytology (64.3%). • In multivariable prediction models, NMP22 improved the predictive accuracy of the base model by 8.2% (area under the curve 70.2-78.4%) and of the base model plus cytology by 4.2% (area under the curve 75.9-80.1%). • Decision curve analysis revealed that adding NMP22 to other models increased clinical benefit, particularly at higher threshold probabilities. CONCLUSIONS: • NMP22 is a strong, independent predictor of bladder cancer. • Addition of NMP22 improves the accuracy of standard predictors by a statistically and clinically significant margin. • Decision curve analysis suggests that integration of NMP22 into clinical decision making helps avoid unnecessary cystoscopies, with minimal increased risk of missing a cancer.

Novel therapeutics for the management of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).

Androgen-deprivation therapy is the initial treatment for metastatic prostate cancer. Although highly effective, all men who live long enough will eventually experience disease progression and develop castration resistance. Patients who have castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) have a median survival of ≈1-3 years. When evaluating novel therapies for CRPC, one must consider the endpoints measured for determination of response. We will discuss PSA, circulating tumour cells, progression-free survival, overall survival, and other endpoints used in clinical trials. Docetaxel and sipuleucel-T are currently the preferred first-line treatment options for patients with CRPC; cabazitaxel is a new option for patients after docetaxel failure. Patients with CRPC historically have very poor survival, underscoring the unmet need for novel therapeutics. Although many agents appear promising, well-designed randomized phase III trials are necessary to establish their impact on survival and health-related quality of life. Promising new therapies include hormonal agents, such as abiraterone and MDV3100, as well as other novel immunotherapeutics and anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen therapies. In the future, we anticipate therapies tailored to individual patients' malignancies using various molecular analyses.