Tracking the amyloidogenic core of IAPP amyloid fibrils: Insights from micro-Raman spectroscopy.

Human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) is the major protein component of extracellular amyloid deposits, located in the islets of Langerhans, a hallmark of type II diabetes. The underlying mechanisms of IAPP aggregation have not yet been clearly defined, although the highly amyloidogenic sequence of the protein has been extensively studied. Several segments have been highlighted as aggregation-prone regions (APRs), with much attention focused on the central 8-17 and 20-29 stretches. In this work, we employ micro-Raman spectroscopy to identify specific regions that are contributing to or are excluded from the amyloidogenic core of IAPP amyloid fibrils. Our results demonstrate that both the N-terminal region containing a conserved disulfide bond between Cys residues at positions 2 and 7, and the C-terminal region containing the only Tyr residue are excluded from the amyloid core. Finally, by performing detailed aggregation assays and molecular dynamics simulations on a number of IAPP variants, we demonstrate that point mutations within the central APRs contribute to the reduction of the overall amyloidogenic potential of the protein but do not completely abolish the formation of IAPP amyloid fibrils.

Complexation of lysozyme with poly(sodium(sulfamate-carboxylate)isoprene).

The complexation between hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) and a novel pH-sensitive and intrinsically hydrophobic polyelectrolyte poly(sodium(sulfamate-carboxylate)isoprene) (SCPI), was investigated by means of dynamic, static, and electrophoretic light scattering and isothermal titration calorimetry measurements. The complexation process was studied at both pH 7 and 3 (high and low charge density of the SCPI, respectively) and under low ionic strength conditions for two polyelectrolyte samples of different molecular weights. The solution behavior, structure, and effective charge of the formed complexes proved to be dependent on the pH, the [-]/[+] charge ratio, and the molecular weight of the polyelectrolyte. Increasing the ionic strength of the solution led to vast aggregation and eventually precipitation of the complexes. The interaction between HEWL and SCPI was found to be mainly electrostatic, associated with an exothermic enthalpy change. The structural investigation of the complexed protein by fluorescence, infrared, circular dichroism spectroscopic, and differential scanning calorimetric measurements revealed no signs of denaturation upon complexation.

Non-contact detection of ciprofloxacin in a model anterior chamber using Raman spectroscopy.

We examine the application of an improved noncontact and noninvasive Raman spectroscopic technique in measuring medicines at therapeutic concentrations in a model system mimicking the anterior chamber of the eye. A 90-deg laser Raman scattering geometry is employed to reduce the direct exposure of the basic cordial ocular tissues to the laser beam and increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the spectra. The technique is applied to a commercially available artificial anterior chamber (AAC) fitted with corneas of porcine eyes. Specific Raman signatures of ciprofloxacin (Ciproxin, a fluoroquinolone based antibiotic, have been resolved. Last, a partial least-squares (PLS) chemometric algorithm has been developed to predict the concentration of ciprofloxacin in AAC over the range from 0 to 1 mgmL with a correlation coefficient R(2)=98.4% and an RMS error of prediction equal to 41 microgmL.

Molecular interactions between dimethoxycurcumin and Pamam dendrimer carriers.

Dimethoxycurcumin, a lipophilic analog of curcumin found as a major pigment in the Indian species turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.), is known to possess significant activity against various cancer cell lines, but its use as an anticancer drug is hindered by its poor water solubility. The conjugation of dimethoxycurcumin to water-soluble PAMAM dendrimers (generations 3.5 and 4) is demonstrated. The maximum drug-dendrimer incorporation efficiency is 4.3 and 5.0 molar for G3.5 and G4, respectively. The FTIR-ATR investigation of the neat compounds and the drug-dendrimer systems indicate that dimethoxycurcumin is in the enolic form, while its interaction with the integer generation dendrimer involves the major conformational change of the terminal ethylene amine groups.

Dogfish egg case structural studies by ATR FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy.

The dogfish egg case is a composite structure that combines mechanical tensile strength, toughness and elasticity with high permeability to small molecules and ions. Presumably, it provides both a protective and a filtering role for the egg/embryo contained within it. In this work, we performed structural studies of the Galeus melastomus egg case at two different stages of the hardening process, utilizing ATR FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy. Based on these data we deduce that: (a) The G. melastomus egg case, in close analogy to that of the related species Scyliorhinus cunicula, is a complex, composite structure which consists mainly of an analogue of collagen IV. This network forming protein appears to have common secondary structural characteristics in the entire egg case. (b) The outermost layer of the non-sclerotized egg case is especially rich in tyrosine, while the innermost layer is rich in polysaccharides, presumably glycosaminoglycans, and lipids. These differences are diminished upon hardening. (c) Disulfide bonds do not appear to play a significant role in cross-linking. However, cross-links involving tyrosine residues appear to sclerotize the egg case. It is proposed that the intensity of the Raman band at ca. 1615 cm(-1), which is due to ring stretching vibrations of Tyr, might be a useful indicator of the sclerotization status of a certain proteinaceous tissue, when tyrosines are involved in sclerotization mechanisms.

Amyloid fibril formation propensity is inherent into the hexapeptide tandemly repeating sequence of the central domain of silkmoth chorion proteins of the A-family.

Peptide-analogues of the A and B families of silkmoth chorion proteins form amyloid fibrils under a variety of conditions [Iconomidou, V.A., Vriend, G. Hamodrakas, S.J. 2000. Amyloids protect the silkmoth oocyte and embryo. FEBS Lett. 479, 141-145; Iconomidou,V.A., Chryssikos, G.D.,Gionis, V., Vriend, G., Hoenger, A., Hamodrakas, S.J., 2001. Amyloid-like fibrils from an 18-residue peptide-analogue of a part of the central domain of the B-family of silkmoth chorion protein. FEBS Lett. 499, 268-273; Hamodrakas, S.J. Hoenger, A., Iconomidou, V. A., 2004 . Amyloid fibrillogenesis of silkmoth chorion protein peptide-analogues via a liquid crystalline intermediate phase. J. Struct. Biol. 145, 226-235.], which led us to propose that silkmoth chorion is a natural protective amyloid. In this study, we designed and synthesized two mutant peptide-analogues of the central conservative domain of the A family: (a) one, cA_m1, with a length half of that of the central domain of the A family, which folds and self-assembles, in various conditions, into amyloid fibrils very similar in properties and structure to the fibrils formed by the cA peptide, which corresponds to the entire length of the A family central domain [Iconomidou, V.A., Vriend, G. Hamodrakas, S.J. 2000. Amyloids protect the silkmoth oocyte and embryo. FEBS Lett. 479, 141-145.], in full support of our previous proposal, (b) the second, cA_m2, differing from cA_m1 at three positions, where three glutamates have replaced two valines and one alanine residues, does not form amyloid fibrils in any conditions. It appears that (a) the amyloidogenic properties of silkmoth chorion peptides are encoded into the tandemly repeating hexapeptides comprising the central domain of silkmoth chorion proteins, and, that (b) suitable mutations, properly and carefully designed, greatly affect the strong amyloidogenic properties inherent in certain aminoacid sequences and may inhibit amyloid formation.

FT-Raman spectroscopy as diagnostic tool of Congo red binding to amyloids.

Chorion is the major component of silkmoth eggshell. More than 95% of its dry mass consists of the A and B families of low molecular weight structural proteins, which have remarkable mechanical and chemical properties protecting the oocyte and developing embryo from environmental hazards. We present data from FT-Raman spectroscopy of silkmoth chorion and amyloid-like fibrils formed from peptide analogues of chorion proteins, both unstained and stained by Congo red. The results show that FT-Raman spectroscopy is not a straightforward diagnostic tool for the specific interactions of Congo red with amyloids: a dilute aqueous solution of the Congo red dye at pH 5.5 and a thin solid film of the dye cast from this solution exhibit the same "diagnostic" Raman shifts relative to the neat Congo red dry powder as do amyloid fibrils formed from peptide analogues of chorion proteins stained by Congo red. An important consequence of this finding is that these shifts of the Raman active modes of Congo red are probably due to the formation of supramolecular dye aggregates in the presence of water. Therefore, this is not an appropriate diagnostic test for Congo red binding to amyloids.