Weight management behaviours mediate the relationship between weight cycling, BMI and diet quality among US Army Soldiers.

Weight cycling is prevalent in sports/professions with body composition standards, and has been associated with weight management behaviours that may contribute to suboptimal diet quality and weight gain. US Army Soldiers may be at increased risk of weight cycling relative to civilians due to mandated body composition standards. However, the relationship between weight cycling, weight management behaviours, BMI and diet quality among Soldiers is unknown. In this cross-sectional study, 575 Soldiers (89 % enlisted, 90 % male, 23 ± 4 years) at Army installations at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, AK, Joint-Base Lewis McChord, WA, and Fort Campbell, KY completed questionnaires on food frequency, health-related behaviours and history of weight cycling (≥ 3 weight fluctuations ≥ 5 % body weight). Weight cycling was reported by 33 % of Soldiers. Those who reported weight cycling reported higher BMI (27 ± 4 v. 25 ± 3 kg/m2, P < 0·001) and higher prevalence of engaging in weight management behaviours prior to body weight screening but did not report lower dietary quality (Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI) scores 59 ± 10 v 59 ± 11, P = 0·46) relative to those who did not report weight cycling. Results of mediation analyses suggested that weight cycling may affect BMI both directly (c' = 1·19, 95 % CI: 0·62, 1·75) and indirectly (ab = 0·45, 95 % CI: 0·19, 0·75), and HEI scores indirectly (ab = 0·69, 95 % CI: 0·20, 1·35) through the adoption of weight management behaviours. Weight cycling is common in Soldiers and is associated with higher BMI and higher prevalence of engaging in weight management behaviours that mediate associations between weight cycling, BMI and diet quality.

Severe negative energy balance during 21 d at high altitude decreases fat-free mass regardless of dietary protein intake: a randomized controlled trial.

In this 2-phase randomized controlled study, we examined whether consuming a higher-protein (HP) diet would attenuate fat-free mass (FFM) loss during energy deficit (ED) at high altitude (HA) in 17 healthy males (mean ± sd: 23 ± 6 yr; 82 ± 14 kg). During phase 1 at sea level (SL, 55 m), participants consumed a eucaloric diet providing standard protein (SP; 1.0 g protein/kg,) for 21 d. During phase 2, participants resided at HA (4300 m) for 22 d and were randomly assigned to either an SP or HP (2.0 g protein/kg) diet designed to elicit a 40% ED. Body composition, substrate oxidation, and postabsorptive whole-body protein kinetics were measured. Participants were weight stable during SL and lost 7.9 ± 1.9 kg ( P < 0.01) during HA, regardless of dietary protein intake. Decrements in whole-body FFM (3.6 ± 2.4 kg) and fat mass (3.6 ± 1.3 kg) were not different between SP and HP. HP oxidized 0.95 ± 0.32 g protein/kg per day more than SP and whole-body net protein balance was more negative for HP than for SP ( P < 0.01). Based on changes in body energy stores, the overall ED was 70% (-1849 ± 511 kcal/d, no group differences). Consuming an HP diet did not protect FFM during severe ED at HA.-Berryman, C. E., Young, A. J., Karl, J. P., Kenefick, R. W., Margolis, L. M., Cole, R. E., Carbone, J. W., Lieberman, H. R., Kim, I.-Y., Ferrando, A. A., Pasiakos, S. M. Severe negative energy balance during 21 d at high altitude decreases fat-free mass regardless of dietary protein intake: a randomized controlled trial.

Self-reported eating behaviors of military recruits are associated with body mass index at military accession and change during initial military training.

Eating behaviors such as eating fast and ignoring internal satiety cues are associated with overweight/obesity, and may be influenced by environmental factors. This study examined changes in those behaviors, and associations between those behaviors and BMI, cardiometabolic biomarkers, and diet quality in military recruits before and during initial military training (IMT), an environment wherein access to food is restricted. Eating rate and reliance on internal satiety cues were self-reported, and BMI, body fat, cardiometabolic biomarkers, and diet quality were measured in 1389 Army, Air Force and Marine recruits (45% female, mean ±â€¯SEM BMI = 24.1 ±â€¯0.1 kg/m2) before and after IMT. Pre-IMT, habitually eating fast relative to slowly was associated with a 1.1 ±â€¯0.3 kg/m2 higher BMI (P < 0.001), but not with other outcomes; whereas, habitually eating until no food is left (i.e., ignoring internal satiety cues) was associated with lower diet quality (P < 0.001) and, in men, 1.6 ±â€¯0.6% lower body fat (P = 0.03) relative to those that habitually stopped eating before feeling full. More recruits reported eating fast (82% vs 39%) and a reduced reliance on internal satiety cues (55% vs 16%) during IMT relative to pre-IMT (P < 0.001). Findings suggest that eating behaviors correlate with body composition and/or diet quality in young, predominantly normal-weight recruits entering the military, and that IMT is associated with potentially unfavorable changes in these eating behaviors.

Nutrition Knowledge Is Associated With Diet Quality Among US Army Soldiers.

OBJECTIVE: Examine the relationship between nutrition knowledge, diet quality, and eating behavior among active-duty US Army Soldiers. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with data collection in February 2018 via paper surveys during the validation of the Military Eating Behavior Survey. RESULTS: Among 440 US Army Soldiers, nutrition knowledge was positively and significantly associated with diet quality (b = 0.29, P < 0.001). For every 1-point increase in nutrition knowledge, the Healthy Eating Index-2015 score was expected to increase by 0.29 points. Nutrition knowledge was not significantly associated with skipping breakfast (odds ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval, 0.98-1.04) or dining out (odds ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval, 0.98-1.03). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The outcomes of this study warrant further investigation to determine what interventions provide the strongest outcomes for improving nutrition knowledge and diet quality, as well as create and support an environment that enhances healthy behaviors regarding nutrition that lead to improved diet quality among active-duty Soldiers.

Adjusting body weight for edema in severely burned patients.

Weight loss is difficult to quantify in critically ill burn patients, as the presence of edema can mask changes in dry body weight. We sought to estimate dry body weight using measured weights adjusted for reported extremity edema. We evaluated patients with at least 20% total body surface area (TBSA) burns admitted to our intensive care unit over a 3½-year period. Body weights were collected for this analysis from admission to the time of a recorded dry weight after wound healing. Extremity edema was collected at the time of each weight measurement and was categorized into three groups: (1) no edema, (2) 1 + pitting edema, (3) 2 + or 3 + pitting edema. Logistic regression yielded the following formula for estimating dry weight (in kg): 0.66 x measured body weight + 25 - (3 for 1 + pitting edema or 4 for 2 + or 3 + pitting edema of either upper extremity) - (4 for any pitting edema to either lower extremity) (p < 0.01, R2 = 0.81). These results may allow us to better estimate dry body weight changes in our edematous patients with severe burns. Nutrition goals can be adjusted earlier, when appropriate, based on these estimated dry body weight changes.

Go for Green® Nutrition Program: Translating Evidence Into Practice.

INTRODUCTION: Go for Green® (G4G) is an evidence-based, multi-component nutrition program for military dining facilities (DFAC) to improve nutritional fitness among Service Members. The program evolved from supporting "fueling" during initial Army training into a robust intervention across all U.S. Military branches. The current G4G program consists of eight program requirements to optimize the nutrition environment, including traffic light labeling, nutritious menus, choice architecture, food promotion, marketing, and staff training. The evolution of the G4G program, development of standardized program requirements, and lessons learned are described. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The latest scientific evidence, best practices in health promotion and nutrition education, results and data from G4G implementation in the military community support the current version of G4G. Feedback and observations from program developers, military branch foodservice headquarters, installation leadership, and local G4G DFAC teams provided insight into implementation challenges, successes, facilitators, and barriers. RESULTS: The G4G program has evolved and expanded from its initial inception over 10 years ago to its current version. Research studies, nutrition science, and feedback from military community stakeholders have informed programmatic changes and improvements. CONCLUSIONS: G4G 2.0 is a robust, innovative, multi-component, performance nutrition program with clear program element requirements. Value was added to elevate the G4G program by setting program requirements, expanding program components, and establishing a centralized resource hub. Performance nutrition initiatives in local military DFAC for dining facilities, such as G4G 2.0, has great potential to impact the health and well-being of Service Members.

Multidisciplinary intervention with sibutramine: assessing successful weight loss predictors in military adolescent dependents.

OBJECTIVES: Assess body mass index (BMI) reduction through a multidisciplinary intervention with sibutramine in adolescents of military parents and examine characteristics and behavioral traits as predictors of successful weight loss. METHODS: A prospective study where participants received sibutramine daily for 6 months. Adolescents ages 12 to 18 with BMI-for-age and sex greater than 95 percentile and good health were enrolled. Outcome variables are BMI, biochemical indices, and clinical measurements. Predictor variables are participant demographics, family history, lifestyle changes, and behavioral traits assessed with behavioral assessment for children. RESULTS: One hundred participants were recruited with 81% completion. In those participants who completed the 6-month intervention, a mean participant BMI reduction of 3.1 kg/m2 (-9.3%) (p < 0.001; 95% CI: -10.5% to -7.9%) was obtained with 79% successfully meeting the weight loss goal. Sibutramine dose was increased from 10 to 15 mg at 3 months for participant with <2.5% BMI reduction from baseline. Sibutramine dose at 3 months (p < 0.001) and participants perception of relationship with parents (p = 0.05) were statistically significant predictors of successful weight loss (> or =10% reduction in BMI). CONCLUSIONS: Sibutramine was effective at promoting minimum beneficial BMI reduction of 5% in adolescents with service-connected parents; however, increasing dosage at 3 months did not improve the likelihood of being successful.

Healthy Eating Score-7 as a Measure of Diet Quality in a Military Population.

OBJECTIVE: Identify potential revisions to the Healthy Eating Score (HES-5) that improve associations with the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) -2015 total and component scores. METHODS: Pearson r correlations were determined from soldiers' (n = 433) survey data, including the HES, proposed additional questions, and the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire. RESULTS: Adding sugar-sweetened beverages and energy drink questions (HES-7) strengthened the HES and HEI-2015 correlation (HES-5; r = 0.42, n = 433, r2 = 0.18, P < 0.001) (HES-7; r = 0.52, r2 = 0.27, P < 0.001). The HES components and Block Food Frequency Questionnaire consumption correlations were as follows: quantity of fruit (r = 0.37, r2 = 0.14, P < 0.001), vegetables (r = 0.41, r2 = 0.17, P < 0.001), whole grains (r = 0.35, r2 = 0.12 P < 0.001), dairy (r = 0.34, r2 = 0.12, P < 0.001), fish (r = 0.31, r2 = 0.10, P < 0.001), and energy drink (r = 0.59, r2 = 0.35, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: HES-7 had the strongest correlation with HEI-2015. Future studies can explore if including consumption quantity in the HES improves its representation of diet quality.

Barriers to Nutrition Interventions in Army Dining Facilities: A Qualitative Study.

INTRODUCTION: Interventions that encourage good nutrition-related behaviors in the dining environment can potentially influence the health of large numbers of military personnel. Thus, the Army has studied the effectiveness of implementing nutrition education and dining facility (DFAC) changes that included healthier recipes, revised menus, and population-specific point-of-choice labeling, but successful intervention implementation largely depends on the foodservice employees' understanding, knowledge, and desire to sustain changes. This phenomenological, qualitative study aimed to better understand common barriers to the implementation and sustainment of DFAC-based nutrition interventions at two U.S. Army DFACs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Focus group sessions (n = 168 participants) ranging from 60 to 90 minutes in length were conducted at two large DFACs on three separate occasions every 4 months from May 2015 to January 2016 among the foodservice staff during intervention implementation. Focus group transcripts were analyzed using NVivo 11 software. Researchers conducted multiple rounds of coding following an iterative process until four principal themes emerged. RESULTS: Principal themes related to the foodservice employees' experience during the nutrition intervention revealed barriers to a successful implementation related to (1) nutrition knowledge deficits, (2) inadequate culinary training, (3) poor management practices, and (4) low staff morale. CONCLUSION: A lack of foodservice staff training and education is a significant contributor to implementation barriers. Future interventions should increase engagement with foodservice employees during intervention planning and implementation phases with a structured and tailored nutrition education and culinary skill training program. Addressing these barriers may enhance staff morale and promote intervention adherence.

Development and Validation of the Military Eating Behavior Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the Military Eating Behavior Survey (MEBS), developed, and validated for use in military populations. DESIGN: Questionnaire development using a 6-phase approach that included item generation, subject matter expert review, cognitive interviewing, factor analysis, test-retest reliability testing, and parallel forms testing. SETTING: US Army soldiers were surveyed at 8 military bases from 2016 to 2019 (n = 1,561). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Content, face, and construct validity and reliability of the MEBS. ANALYSIS: Item variability, internal consistency, and exploratory factor analysis using principal coordinates analysis, orthogonal varimax rotation, and scree test (correlation coefficient and Cronbach alpha), as well as consistency and agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient) of test-retest reliability and parallel forms reliability. RESULTS: Over 6 phases of testing, a comprehensive tool to examine military eating habits and mediators of eating behavior was developed. Questionnaire length was reduced from 277 items to 133 items (43 eating habits; 90 mediating behaviors). Factor analysis identified 14 eating habit scales (hunger, satiety, food craving, meal pattern, restraint, diet rigidity, emotional eating, fast/slow eating rate, environmental triggers, situational eating, supplement use, and food choice) and 8 mediating factor scales (body composition strategy, perceived stress, food access, sleep habits, military fitness, physical activity, military body image, and nutrition knowledge). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The MEBS provides a new approach for assessing eating behavior in military personnel and may be used to inform and evaluate health promotion interventions related to weight management, performance optimization, and military readiness and resiliency.

Exceeding body composition standards is associated with a more negative body image and increased weight cycling in active duty U.S. soldiers.

Negative body image is more often identified in individuals with overweight or obesity. More than 65% of U.S. soldiers have a body mass index (BMI) that classifies them with overweight or obesity. Additionally, all soldiers must meet body composition and physical fitness standards which may increase the risk of negative body image. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify associations between compliance with body composition standards, body image, and weight cycling through surveying 969 active-duty soldiers (86% male, 24.0 ± 5.5 years of age, BMI 26.0 ± 3.6 kg/m2). Compliance with body composition standards was measured by whether a soldier had ever taken and failed the circumference-based body fat assessment. Weight cycling was self-reported as ≥3 weight fluctuations of ≥5% of body weight during their military career. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between compliance with body composition standards, body image, weight cycling, and sociodemographic characteristics while controlling for BMI. Failing the circumference-based body fat assessment was associated with increased concern with conforming to military image. Negative body image was associated with higher odds of weight cycling. Further examination is warranted to understand the effects of body composition standards on soldiers' body image and weight cycling.

Eating Behaviors Are Associated With Physical Fitness and Body Composition Among US Army Soldiers.

OBJECTIVE: Examine associations between soldiers' eating behaviors, compliance with body composition and fitness standards, and physical performance. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Eight Army installations. PARTICIPANTS: US Army Soldiers (n = 1,591; 84% male). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Characteristics, eating behaviors, compliance with body composition and physical fitness standards, and fitness level were assessed via questionnaire. ANALYSIS: Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Eating mostly at a dining facility was associated with lower odds of body composition failure (odds ratio [OR], 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.26-0.73); whereas, eating at a fast rate (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.05-2.17) or often/always ignoring satiety cues (OR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.06-4.27) was associated with higher odds of body composition failure. Eating mostly fast-food/convenience meals (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.19-2.59) and eating at a fast rate (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.04-1.93) was associated with higher odds of physical fitness failure. Skipping breakfast was associated with lower odds of high physical performance (OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.23-0.74); whereas, nutrition education was associated with higher odds of high physical performance (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.04). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: As eating behaviors are modifiable, findings suggest opportunities for improving the specificity of Army health promotion and education programs.

Dietary Supplement Use in US Army Personnel: A Mixed-Methods, Survey and Focus-Group Study Examining Decision Making and Factors Associated With Use.

BACKGROUND: Dietary supplement (DS) use by Army personnel is high and is a safety and readiness issue. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to examine factors motivating use of DSs among US Army personnel and preferred safety education strategies. DESIGN: This mixed-method study used a validated DS questionnaire and subsequent focus groups that were formed based on questionnaire-identified demographic characteristics. An embedded qualitative dominant design was used. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: Data were collected from April to July 2015 from active duty soldiers at 3 military installations in the United States. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A self-report questionnaire (n = 289) provided data on demographic characteristics, health, exercise, detailed use, and attitudes regarding DS safety and efficacy. Fourteen focus-group sessions (n = 129) examined factors motivating DS use, education strategies, and identified themes and DS-related behaviors. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED: Descriptive statistics and χ2 analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Of the soldiers who completed questionnaires, 83% were male, 60% were enlisted, and 40% were officers; mean age ± standard deviation was 27.6 ± 0.36 years and 75% used at least 1 type of DS per week: 52% used protein/amino acids, 47% used multivitamins/minerals, and 35% used a combination of products. Focus groups indicated reasons for use included physical appearance, fitness, peer endorsement, ease of access, limited availability of healthy food, occupational demands, and health. Participants requested education from an expert on safe use that was not focused on dangerous products. CONCLUSIONS: Soldiers are high DS users, especially products marked for purported performance enhancement. Motivating factors for DS use are fitness/appearance and occupational demands, but soldiers lack knowledge of DS regulatory requirements and safety/efficacy. Soldiers wished to receive education on DSs from trusted health care professionals, such as registered dietitian nutritionists, that was not focused on dangerous products. Study findings suggest guidance and education should occur before periods of high DS use, such as deployment.

Caffeine, Energy Beverage Consumption, Fitness, and Sleep in U.S. Army Aviation Personnel.

BACKGROUND: Caffeine-containing products and dietary supplements are widely used by military populations, but little is known about their use by aviation personnel. This study assessed self-reported sleep, fitness, work-schedules, and caffeine/energy drink use.METHODS: A standardized survey was conducted in person by study personnel using tablet computers. A total of 188 aircrew members from the Combat Aviation Brigade at Fort Campbell, KY, participated in the survey. Focus groups were conducted with a subset of 47 subjects.RESULTS: The majority of subjects reported their physical fitness, health, and diets were good. They reported sleeping about 6 h per day and stated they needed additional sleep to feel fully rested. Their caffeine consumption averaged 346 ± 23 mg · d-1 with most derived from coffee (139 ± 12 mg · d-1) and energy drinks (110 ± 13 mg · d-1). About half (55%) of participants used energy drinks at least once per week and they consumed greater amounts of caffeine than nonusers. Focus group data indicated crewmembers primarily consumed energy drinks to enhance performance degraded by variations in work schedules and lack of sufficient sleep. Participants expressed a desire for additional education on diets and energy drinks as well as on aeromedical policies governing energy drink and supplement use.CONCLUSIONS: Caffeinated products, including coffee and energy drinks, are routinely used by Army aircrews to increase alertness. Aircrew personnel consider them generally safe, but would like to receive education about these beverages, other dietary issues, and Army policies governing their use in aircrew.Bukhari AS, Caldwell JA, DiChiara AJ, Merrill EP, Wright AO, Cole RE, Hatch-McChesney A, McGraw SM, Lieberman HR. Caffeine, energy beverage consumption, fitness, and sleep in U.S. Army aviation personnel. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(8):641-650.

Body weight status, perceived stress, and emotional eating among US Army Soldiers: A mediator model.

BACKGROUND: In civilians, overweight and obesity are associated with emotional eating behaviors such as eating in response to stress, but this association has not been examined in Soldiers, a population with unique stressors. This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between perceived stress (PS), emotional eating (EE), and outcomes of body mass index (BMI), and failing Army body composition (BC) standards among Soldiers. METHODS: Soldiers (N = 1460, 83% male, 23.5 ±â€¯5.2 years old) completed validated surveys on PS, EE, and adherence with military BC standards. Conditional process models and mediation models tested gender as a moderator and EE as a mediator of associations between PS and BMI and PS and BC failure, respectively. RESULTS: Higher PS was associated with more frequent self-reported EE behaviors (p < 0.001), higher BMI (p < 0.001), and BC failure (p < 0.001). BMI significantly increased with frequency of reported EE behaviors (p < 0.001). Gender was not a statistically significant moderator in the relationship between PS, EE, and, BMI (p = 0.83) or BC failure (p = 0.57). PS appears to affect BMI indirectly through EE behaviors (c' = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.04). PS may affect BC failure directly (c' = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.08) and indirectly (ab = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.03) through EE as a mediator. CONCLUSIONS: EE behaviors may mediate the positive association between PS, BMI, and BC failure. Prospective investigation is warranted to better understand the role of EE in health-related outcomes among Soldiers and populations in high stress professions.

The My Body Knows When Program Increased Intuitive Eating Characteristics in a Military Population.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the effectiveness of the revised My Body Knows When (MBKW) program to promote intuitive eating behaviors within a sample of a military population through an online or in-person delivery mode. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-six overweight or obese adults (70% female); military service members (20%), retirees (38%) and family (42%) participated in the 10-week MBKW program at two military installations from 2012 to 2014. Body Mass Index, Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2; 23-item) and Motivation for Eating scale (MFES; 43-item) were collected at baseline and 10-weeks. Data were stratified by sex. Descriptive data were reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD), frequency, or percentage. A paired t-test was conducted with data at baseline and 10 weeks (α = 0.05, 80% power). RESULTS: Participants were predominantly female (70%); mean age of 51 ± 13 years; and BMI of 34.1 ± 5.5 kg/m2. There were no demographic, MFES, or IES-2 baseline differences between groups (in-person vs. online) or location. All subjects were collapsed into one group for a pre-post MBKW implementation assessment due to small sample size despite the original intent to stratify by online and in-person grouping. At 10 weeks, the remaining 26 participants exhibited a significant improvement (mean ± SD) in BMI (-0.4 ± 0.6 kg/m2; p = 0.012), environmental/social eating score (2.7 ± 0.4 points [pts]; -0.5 pt change; p < 0.001), emotional eating score (2.2 ± 0.5 pts; -0.6 pt change; p = 0.001), unconditional permission to eat score (3.4 ± 0.4 pts; +0.3 pt change; p = 0.017), eating for physical rather than emotional eating score (3.7 ± 0.8 pts; +1.0 pt change; p < 0.001), and reliance on hunger and satiety cues score (3.6 ± 0.5 pts; +0.8 pt change; p = 0.001). High attrition rates at the 10-week follow-up assessment precluded accurate assessment of long-term intervention effects. CONCLUSIONS: The MBKW program was associated with improved intuitive eating behaviors and with less external eating influence on behavior; however, a larger sample is required to assess the effectiveness of MBKW delivery mode. Modest weight loss was attained but testing the efficacy of the MBKW program in a large diverse sample with alternate scenarios may be worthwhile (e.g., primary prevention against weight gain, or during weight maintenance to prevent weight regain).

Personality Traits and Occupational Demands Are Linked to Dietary Supplement Use in Soldiers: A Cross-sectional Study of Sensation Seeking Behaviors.

INTRODUCTION: Military personnel use dietary supplements (DS) more frequently and in a higher quantity than the general population. Patterns of DS used and the motivation for use among the military population are different than those of the civilian population. Soldiers are much more likely to use potentially dangerous DS purported to enhance physical performance and/or promote weight loss in spite of limited evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of these products. Sensation seeking (SS) behaviors can be associated with risky lifestyle behaviors and may be associated with use of DS by Soldiers. This study assessed Soldiers' SS behaviors in relation to DS use and various demographic factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Demographic and behavioral questionnaires were administered to 289 Soldiers (mean ± SD, 28 ± 6 years, 27 ± 3 kg/m2 BMI, 83% male) at three U.S. military installations. The Brief SS Scale (four 10-point subscales) and Arnett Inventory of SS (two 40-point subscales) were used to assess SS behaviors. Independent sample t-tests determined the significant differences between SS subscale scores of DS users and non-users for each type of DS (i.e., protein, multivitamin, etc.). One-way analysis of variances and Tukey's post hoc comparisons assessed differences in SS scores across demographic categories. Tukey's post hoc analyses assessed SS scores between users and non-users within the DS categories. RESULTS: Overall, 75% of Soldiers used DS ≥1 time/week. The most frequently used DS were protein/amino acids (52%), multivitamins/multiminerals (47%), "other" supplements (43%), and combination products (35%). Overall, DS users scored higher in experience seeking (8.0 ± 1.7 vs 7.5 ± 2.0; p < 0.05) and novelty (28.4 ± 3.7 vs 26.8 ± 4.7; p < 0.05) than non-users. Protein/amino acid users scored higher than non-users for all six SS traits: experience seeking (p < 0.001), boredom susceptibility (p < 0.001), thrill seeking (p < 0.001), disinhibition (p < 0.01), novelty (p < 0.001), and intensity (p < 0.001). Users of bodybuilding DS scored higher than non-users in four of the six SS traits: boredom susceptibility (p < 0.05), thrill seeking (p < 0.001), disinhibition (p < 0.01), and intensity (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Soldiers who use DS that are frequently associated with health risks scored higher for sensation-seeking characteristics which are predictors of risky behaviors. Protein/AA and combination product DS users scored higher in sensation-seeking traits and this may be due to underestimation of risk, anticipation of positive outcomes, and/or high levels of confidence in these types of DS by high sensation seekers. Additional investigation into the association of sensation-seeking behaviors as predictors of harmful DS use is warranted.

US Military Dietetic Internship and Graduate Program: Retrospective Analysis of Selection Criteria and Student Success.

BACKGROUND: The US Military-Baylor Graduate Program in Nutrition (GPN) has a 10% 7-year attrition rate representing wasted military resources. Evidence-based selection criteria for dietetics masters of science (MS) programs do not exist, nor does descriptive information of successful students. OBJECTIVE: Identify GPN student characteristics predicting program success in the didactic and internship phases. DESIGN: Retrospective study using demographic, academic, and nonacademic data extracted from existing files. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: There were 72 GPN students enrolled from 2006 to 2013 in San Antonio, TX. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Categorization by optimal performance (no course grade <3.0, no internship rotation delays, first attempt pass registered dietitian nutritionist examination) and GPN completion. RESULTS: The average GPN student was female (65%), in the US Army (94%), and single (64%), with a mean age of 26 years. Mean Quantitative, Verbal Reasoning, and Analytical Writing Graduate Record Examination (GRE) scores were 149, 153, and 4.2 points, respectively. Odds of GPN failure increased 1.3 times with each year increase in age at GPN program start (95% CI=1.089 to 1.612; P=0.005). Odds of attaining optimal performance decreased 4.5 times with each additional year increase between GRE completion and GPN start (95% CI=1.623 to 16.236; P=0.005) and 0.157 times with each grade point average point decrease in Biochemistry (95% CI=0.49 to 0.430; P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Modification of selection criteria based on time between GRE and GPN start and undergraduate Biochemistry grades could improve GPN success. However, identification and mitigation of potential student weaknesses is a more realistic approach to promote student success. Intentional development of students with optimal characteristics will strengthen the dietetics profession during the transition to an MS degree requirement.

Performance Nutrition Dining Facility Intervention Improves Special Operations Soldiers' Diet Quality and Meal Satisfaction.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of the Special Operations Forces Human Performance Program dining facility (DFAC) intervention on patron diet quality and meal satisfaction. DESIGN: Nonrandomized, controlled time series study using digital food photography and surveys pre-post intervention (0, 4, 8, and 12 months). SETTING: Two Fort Bragg, NC military installation DFACs. PARTICIPANTS: Volunteers (n = 688 total; n = 573 complete dataset) were US Army active duty soldiers. INTERVENTION: The DFAC intervention included food choice architecture, new performance-optimizing food recipes to increase nutrient density, revised menus to offer more performance foods daily, and nutrition labeling to influence food choice. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Daily DFAC nutrient intake and Healthy Eating Index (HEI) 2010 scores. ANALYSIS: Descriptive and ANOVA statistical analyses were performed between control and intervention groups and from baseline to 4, 8, and 12 months postintervention (α = .05; 80% power). RESULTS: The intervention resulted in a higher posttest HEI score (60.1 ± 8.8 points; +3.4%; P = .005) and DFAC satisfaction compared with control (49.0 ± 10.4 points; P > .05). Improved intervention HEI scores were attributed to changes in citrus and melon fruit (+46%), red and orange vegetables (+35%), whole grains (+181%), legumes (65%), yogurt (+45%), oils (-26%), and solid fat (-18%) consumption (all P < .05). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: These data illustrate that the Special Operations Forces Human Performance Program military DFAC nutrition intervention was feasible to implement and was associated with diet quality improvements. Access to high-quality ingredients and recipes may improve soldier meal quality and acceptance in other settings and warrants further investigation.

Clinical and cost benefits of medical nutrition therapy by registered dietitian nutritionists for management of dyslipidemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Faced with increasing health care costs, it is incumbent to discern whether managing dyslipidemia with medical nutrition therapy (MNT) by a registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) is clinically and cost effective. OBJECTIVE: To systematically examine evidence on the clinical effectiveness and cost benefit of MNT by an RDN for the treatment of dyslipidemia. METHODS: English and full-text research articles published between January 2003 and October 2014 were identified using PubMed, MEDLINE, and the Worldcat.org site to identify literature specific to clinical and cost effectiveness of MNT for dyslipidemia. Studies were required to have at least one outcome measure of dyslipidemia: total cholesterol (Total C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and/or metabolic syndrome. RESULTS: This systematic review identified 34 primary studies with 5704 subjects. Multiple individual face-to-face MNT sessions by an RDN over 3 to 21 months led to significant improvements in lipid profile, body mass index, glycemic status, and blood pressure. Results were summarized as mean differences with 95% confidence intervals when meta-analysis was possible. In a pooled analysis, MNT interventions lowered low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total C, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and body mass index compared to a control group. Cost effectiveness and economic savings of MNT for dyslipidemia showed improved quality-adjusted life years and cost savings from reduced medication use. CONCLUSION: Evidence from this systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates that multiple MNT sessions by an RDN are clinically effective and cost beneficial in patients with dyslipidemia and cardiometabolic risk factors.