RESUMO
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly invasive breast cancer subtype that is challenging to treat due to inherent heterogeneity and absence of estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth factor 2 receptors. Kinase signaling networks drive cancer growth and development, and kinase inhibitors are promising anti-cancer strategies in diverse cancer subtypes. Kinase inhibitor screens are an efficient, valuable means of identifying compounds that suppress cancer cell growth in vitro, facilitating the identification of kinase vulnerabilities to target therapeutically. The Kinase Chemogenomic Set is a well-annotated library of 187 kinase inhibitor compounds that indexes 215 kinases of the 518 in the known human kinome representing various kinase networks and signaling pathways, several of which are understudied. Our screen revealed 14 kinase inhibitor compounds effectively inhibited TNBC cell growth and proliferation. Upon further testing, three compounds, THZ531, THZ1, and PFE-PKIS 29, had the most significant and consistent effects across a range of TNBC cell lines. These cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)12/CDK13, CDK7, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors, respectively, decreased metabolic activity in TNBC cell lines and promote a gene expression profile consistent with the reversal of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, indicating these kinase networks potentially mediate metastatic behavior. These data identified novel kinase targets and kinase signaling pathways that drive metastasis in TNBC.
RESUMO
The significant increase in the incidence of obesity represents the next global health crisis. As a result, scientific research has focused on gaining deeper insights into obesity and adipose tissue biology. As a result of the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue, obesity results from hyperplasia and hypertrophy within the adipose tissue. The functional alterations in the adipose tissue are a confounding contributing factor to many diseases, including cancer. The increased incidence and aggressiveness of several cancers, including colorectal, postmenopausal breast, endometrial, prostate, esophageal, hematological, malignant melanoma, and renal carcinomas, result from obesity as a contributing factor. The increased morbidity and mortality of obesity-associated cancers are attributable to increased hormones, adipokines, and cytokines produced by the adipose tissue. The increased adipose tissue levels observed in obese patients result in more adipose stromal/stem cells (ASCs) distributed throughout the body. ASCs have been shown to impact cancer progression in vitro and in preclinical animal models. ASCs influence tumor biology via multiple mechanisms, including the increased recruitment of ASCs to the tumor site and increased production of cytokines and growth factors by ASCs and other cells within the tumor stroma. Emerging evidence indicates that obesity induces alterations in the biological properties of ASCs, subsequently leading to enhanced tumorigenesis and metastasis of cancer cells. As the focus of this review is the interaction and impact of ASCs on cancer, the presentation is limited to preclinical data generated on cancers in which there is a demonstrated role for ASCs, such as postmenopausal breast, colorectal, prostate, ovarian, multiple myeloma, osteosarcoma, cervical, bladder, and gastrointestinal cancers. Our group has investigated the interactions between obesity and breast cancer and the mechanisms that regulate ASCs and adipocytes in these different contexts through interactions between cancer cells, immune cells, and other cell types present in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are discussed. The reciprocal and circular feedback loop between obesity and ASCs and the mechanisms by which ASCs from obese patients alter the biology of cancer cells and enhance tumorigenesis will be discussed. At present, the evidence for ASCs directly influencing human tumor growth is somewhat limited, though recent clinical studies suggest there may be some link.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Neoplasias Colorretais , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo/patologia , Animais , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Carcinogênese/patologia , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/metabolismo , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/metabolismo , Células Estromais/metabolismo , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
The liver is a major organ that is involved in essential biological functions such as digestion, nutrient storage, and detoxification. Furthermore, it is one of the most metabolically active organs with active roles in regulating carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. Hepatocellular carcinoma is a cancer of the liver that is associated in settings of chronic inflammation such as viral hepatitis, repeated toxin exposure, and fatty liver disease. Furthermore, liver cancer is the most common cause of death associated with cirrhosis and is the 3rd leading cause of global cancer deaths. LKB1 signaling has been demonstrated to play a role in regulating cellular metabolism under normal and nutrient deficient conditions. Furthermore, LKB1 signaling has been found to be involved in many cancers with most reports identifying LKB1 to have a tumor suppressive role. In this review, we use the KMPlotter database to correlate RNA levels of LKB1 signaling genes and hepatocellular carcinoma patient survival outcomes with the hopes of identifying potential biomarkers clinical usage. Based on our results STRADß, CAB39L, AMPKα, MARK2, SIK1, SIK2, BRSK1, BRSK2, and SNRK expression has a statistically significant impact on patient survival.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Humanos , Quinases Proteína-Quinases Ativadas por AMP , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are clinically aggressive subtypes of breast cancer. TNBC is difficult to treat with targeted agents due to the lack of commonly targeted therapies within this subtype. Androgen receptor (AR) has been detected in 12-55% of TNBCs. AR stimulates breast tumor growth in the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), and it has become an emerging molecular target in TNBC treatment. METHODS: Ceritinib is a small molecule inhibitor of tyrosine kinase and it is used in the therapy of non-small lung cancer patients. Enzalutamide is a small molecule compound targeting the androgen receptor and it is used to treat prostate cancer. Combination therapy of these drugs were investigated using AR positive breast cancer mouse xenograft models. Also, combination treatment of ceritinib and paclitaxel investigated using AR- and AR low mouse xenograft and patient derived xenograft models. RESULTS: We screened 133 FDA approved drugs that have a therapeutic effect of AR+ TNBC cells. From the screen, we identified two drugs, ceritinib and crizotinib. Since ceritinib has a well- defined role in androgen independent AR signaling pathways, we further investigated the effect of ceritinib. Ceritinib treatment inhibited RTK/ACK/AR pathway and other downstream pathways in AR+ TNBC cells. The combination of ceritinib and enzalutamide showed a robust inhibitory effect on cell growth of AR+ TNBC cells in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly Ceritinib inhibits FAK-YB-1 signaling pathway that leads to paclitaxel resistance in all types of TNBC cells. The combination of paclitaxel and ceritinib showed drastic inhibition of tumor growth compared to a single drug alone. CONCLUSIONS: To improve the response of AR antagonist in AR positive TNBC, we designed a novel combinational strategy comprised of enzalutamide and ceritinib to treat AR+ TNBC tumors through the dual blockade of androgen-dependent and androgen-independent AR signaling pathways. Furthermore, we introduced a novel therapeutic combination of ceritinib and paclitaxel for AR negative or AR-low TNBCs and this combination inhibited tumor growth to a great extent. All agents used in our study are FDA-approved, and thus the proposed combination therapy will likely be useful in the clinic.
Assuntos
Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas , Androgênios/uso terapêutico , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Camundongos , Paclitaxel/farmacologia , Paclitaxel/uso terapêutico , Pirimidinas , Receptores Androgênicos/genética , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo , Sulfonas , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/genética , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/metabolismoRESUMO
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) presents a clinical challenge due to the aggressive nature of the disease and a lack of targeted therapies. Constitutive activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway has been linked to chemoresistance and metastatic progression through distinct mechanisms, including activation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) when cells adopt a motile and invasive phenotype through loss of epithelial markers (CDH1), and acquisition of mesenchymal markers (VIM, CDH2). Although MAPK/ERK1/2 kinase inhibitors (MEKi) are useful antitumor agents in a clinical setting, including the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved MEK1,2 dual inhibitors cobimetinib and trametinib, there are limitations to their clinical utility, primarily adaptation of the BRAF pathway and ocular toxicities. The MEK5 (HGNC: MAP2K5) pathway has important roles in metastatic progression of various cancer types, including those of the prostate, colon, bone and breast, and elevated levels of ERK5 expression in breast carcinomas are linked to a worse prognoses in TNBC patients. The purpose of this study is to explore MEK5 regulation of the EMT axis and to evaluate a novel pan-MEK inhibitor on clinically aggressive TNBC cells. Our results show a distinction between the MEK1/2 and MEK5 cascades in maintenance of the mesenchymal phenotype, suggesting that the MEK5 pathway may be necessary and sufficient in EMT regulation while MEK1/2 signaling further sustains the mesenchymal state of TNBC cells. Furthermore, additive effects on MET induction are evident through the inhibition of both MEK1/2 and MEK5. Taken together, these data demonstrate the need for a better understanding of the individual roles of MEK1/2 and MEK5 signaling in breast cancer and provide a rationale for the combined targeting of these pathways to circumvent compensatory signaling and subsequent therapeutic resistance.
Assuntos
Movimento Celular , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , MAP Quinase Quinase 1/metabolismo , MAP Quinase Quinase 2/metabolismo , MAP Quinase Quinase 5/metabolismo , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/biossíntese , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , MAP Quinase Quinase 1/antagonistas & inibidores , MAP Quinase Quinase 1/genética , MAP Quinase Quinase 2/antagonistas & inibidores , MAP Quinase Quinase 2/genética , MAP Quinase Quinase 5/antagonistas & inibidores , MAP Quinase Quinase 5/genética , Células MCF-7 , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/genética , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/genéticaRESUMO
PURPOSE: The transcription factors ZEB1 and ZEB2 mediate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastatic progression in numerous malignancies including breast cancer. ZEB1 and ZEB2 drive EMT through transcriptional repression of cell-cell junction proteins and members of the tumor suppressive miR200 family. However, in estrogen receptor positive (ER +) breast cancer, the role of ZEB2 as an independent driver of metastasis has not been fully investigated. METHODS: In the current study, we induced exogenous expression of ZEB2 in ER + MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 breast cancer cell lines and examined EMT gene expression and metastasis using dose-response qRT-PCR, transwell migration assays, proliferation assays with immunofluorescence of Ki-67 staining. We used RNA sequencing to identify pathways and genes affected by ZEB2 overexpression. Finally, we treated ZEB2-overexpressing cells with 17ß-estradiol (E2) or ICI 182,780 to evaluate how ZEB2 affects estrogen response. RESULTS: Contrary to expectation, we found that ZEB2 did not increase canonical epithelial nor decrease mesenchymal gene expressions. Furthermore, ZEB2 overexpression did not promote a mesenchymal cell morphology. However, ZEB1 and ZEB2 protein expression induced significant migration of MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 breast cancer cells in vitro and MCF-7 xenograft metastasis in vivo. Transcriptomic (RNA sequencing) pathway analysis revealed alterations in estrogen signaling regulators and pathways, suggesting a role for ZEB2 in endocrine sensitivity in luminal A breast cancer. Expression of ZEB2 was negatively correlated with estrogen receptor complex genes in luminal A patient tumors. Furthermore, treatment with 17ß-estradiol (E2) or the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 had no effect on growth of ZEB2-overexpressing cells. CONCLUSION: ZEB2 is a multi-functional regulator of drug sensitivity, cell migration, and metastasis in ER + breast cancer and functions through non-canonical mechanisms.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Homeobox 2 de Ligação a E-box com Dedos de Zinco , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/genética , Feminino , Fulvestranto , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Homeobox 2 de Ligação a E-box com Dedos de Zinco/genéticaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Breast cancer remains a prominent global disease affecting women worldwide despite the emergence of novel therapeutic regimens. Metastasis is responsible for most cancer-related deaths, and acquisition of a mesenchymal and migratory cancer cell phenotypes contributes to this devastating disease. The utilization of kinase targets in drug discovery have revolutionized the field of cancer research but despite impressive advancements in kinase-targeting drugs, a large portion of the human kinome remains understudied in cancer. NEK5, a member of the Never-in-mitosis kinase family, is an example of such an understudied kinase. Here, we characterized the function of NEK5 in breast cancer. METHODS: Stably overexpressing NEK5 cell lines (MCF7) and shRNA knockdown cell lines (MDA-MB-231, TU-BcX-4IC) were utilized. Cell morphology changes were evaluated using immunofluorescence and quantification of cytoskeletal components. Cell proliferation was assessed by Ki-67 staining and transwell migration assays tested cell migration capabilities. In vivo experiments with murine models were necessary to demonstrate NEK5 function in breast cancer tumor growth and metastasis. RESULTS: NEK5 activation altered breast cancer cell morphology and promoted cell migration independent of effects on cell proliferation. NEK5 overexpression or knockdown does not alter tumor growth kinetics but promotes or suppresses metastatic potential in a cell type-specific manner, respectively. CONCLUSION: While NEK5 activity modulated cytoskeletal changes and cell motility, NEK5 activity affected cell seeding capabilities but not metastatic colonization or proliferation in vivo. Here we characterized NEK5 function in breast cancer systems and we implicate NEK5 in regulating specific steps of metastatic progression.
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Neoplasias da Mama , Quinases Relacionadas a NIMA , Animais , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular , Proliferação de Células , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , Quinases Relacionadas a NIMA/genética , Fenótipo , RNA Interferente PequenoRESUMO
Breast cancer affects women globally; the majority of breast cancer-related mortalities are due to metastasis. Acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype has been implicated in the progression of breast cancer cells to an invasive, metastatic state. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes have high rates of metastases, recurrence, and have poorer prognoses compared to other breast cancer types, partially due to lack of commonly targeted receptors. Kinases have diverse and pivotal functions in metastasis in TNBC, and discovery of new kinase targets for TNBC is warranted. We previously used a screening approach to identify intermediate-synthesis nonpotent, nonselective small-molecule inhibitors from the Published Kinase Inhibitor Set that reversed the mesenchymal phenotype in TNBC cells. Two of these inhibitors (GSK346294A and GSK448459A) are structurally similar, but have unique kinase activity profiles and exhibited differential biologic effects on TNBC cells, specifically on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Here, we further interrogate these effects and compare activity of these inhibitors on transwell migration, gene (qRT-PCR) and protein (western blot) expressions, and cancer stem cell-like behavior. We incorporated translational patient-derived xenograft models in these studies, and we focused on the lead inhibitor hit, GSK346294A, to demonstrate the utility of our comparative analysis as a screening modality to identify novel kinase targets and signaling pathways to pursue in TNBC. This study introduces a new method for discovering novel kinase targets that reverse the EMT phenotype; this screening approach can be applied to all cancer types and is not limited to breast cancer.
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Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/farmacologia , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Apoptose , Proliferação de Células , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundário , Camundongos , Estrutura Molecular , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/patologia , Fosforilação , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/patologia , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Tamoxifen is used to prevent and treat estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer (BC); however, its chronic use can increase uterine cancer risk and induce tamoxifen resistance. Novel melatonin-tamoxifen drug conjugates may be promising to treat BC and may help offset the adverse effects of tamoxifen usage alone due to the presence of melatonin. We synthesized and screened five drug conjugates (C2, C4, C5, C9, and C15 linked) for their effects on BC cell (MCF-7, tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7, mouse mammary carcinoma, MDA-MB-231, and BT-549) viability, migration, and binding affinity to melatonin receptor 1 (MT1R) and estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1). C4 and C5 demonstrated the most favorable pharmacological characteristics with respect to binding profiles (affinity for ESR1 and MT1R) and their potency/efficacy to inhibit BC cell viability and migration in four phenotypically diverse invasive ductal BC cell lines. C4 and C5 were further assessed for their actions against tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells and a patient-derived xenograft triple-negative BC cell line (TU-BcX-4IC) and for their mechanisms of action using selective mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MEK1/2, MEK5, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors. C4 and C5 inhibited tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells with equal potency (IC50 = 4-8 µM) and efficacy (â¼90% inhibition of viability and migration) but demonstrated increased potency (IC50 = 80-211 µM) and efficacy (â¼140% inhibition) to inhibit migration versus cell viability (IC50 = 181-304 mM; efficacy â¼80% inhibition) in TU-BcX-4IC cells. Unique pharmacokinetic profiles were observed, with C4 having greater bioavailability than C5. Further assessment of C4 and C5 demonstrates that they create novel pharmacophores within each BC cell that is context specific and involves MEK1/2/pERK1/2, MEK5/pERK5, PI3K, and nuclear factor κB. These melatonin-tamoxifen drug conjugates show promise as novel anticancer drugs and further preclinical and clinical evaluation is warranted.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Receptor alfa de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Melatonina/administração & dosagem , Receptor MT1 de Melatonina/metabolismo , Tamoxifeno/administração & dosagem , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Disponibilidade Biológica , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Células MCF-7 , Melatonina/farmacocinética , Melatonina/farmacologia , Camundongos , Tamoxifeno/farmacocinética , Tamoxifeno/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the USA. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a clinically aggressive subtype of breast cancer with high rates of metastasis, tumor recurrence, and resistance to therapeutics. Obesity, defined by a high body mass index (BMI), is an established risk factor for breast cancer. Women with a high BMI have increased incidence and mortality of breast cancer; however, the mechanisms(s) by which obesity promotes tumor progression are not well understood. METHODS: In this study, obesity-altered adipose stem cells (obASCs) were used to evaluate obesity-mediated effects of TNBC. Both in vitro and in vivo analyses of TNBC cell lines were co-cultured with six pooled donors of obASCs (BMI > 30) or ASCs isolated from lean women (lnASCs) (BMI < 25). RESULTS: We found that obASCs promote a pro-metastatic phenotype by upregulating genes associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and promoting migration in vitro. We confirmed our findings using a TNBC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. PDX tumors grown in the presence of obASCS in SCID/beige mice had increased circulating HLA1+ human cells as well as increased numbers of CD44+CD24- cancer stem cells in the peripheral blood. Exposure of the TNBC PDX to obASCs also increased the formation of metastases. The knockdown of leptin expression in obASCs suppressed the pro-metastatic effects of obASCs. CONCLUSIONS: Leptin signaling is a potential mechanism through which obASCs promote metastasis of TNBC in both in vitro and in vivo analyses.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/citologia , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/metabolismo , Leptina/biossíntese , Células-Tronco/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/patologia , Animais , Biópsia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/genética , Técnicas de Cocultura , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Técnicas de Inativação de Genes , Humanos , Leptina/genética , Camundongos , Obesidade/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/etiologia , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents an aggressive subtype with limited therapeutic options. Experimental preclinical models that recapitulate their tumors of origin can accelerate target identification, thereby potentially improving therapeutic efficacy. Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), due to their genomic and transcriptomic fidelity to the tumors from which they are derived, are poised to improve the preclinical testing of drug-target combinations in translational models. Despite the previous development of breast and TNBC PDX models, those derived from patients with demonstrated health-disparities are lacking. METHODS: We use an aggressive TNBC PDX model propagated in SCID/Beige mice that was established from an African-American woman, TU-BcX-2 K1, and assess its metastatic potential and drug sensitivities under distinct in vitro conditions. Cellular derivatives of the primary tumor or the PDX were grown in 2D culture conditions or grown in mammospheres 3D culture. Flow cytometry and fluorescence staining was used to quantify cancer stem cell-like populations. qRT-PCR was used to describe the mesenchymal gene signature of the tumor. The sensitivity of TU-BcX-2 K1-derived cells to anti-neoplastic oncology drugs was compared in adherent cells and mammospheres. Drug response was evaluated using a live/dead staining kit and crystal violet staining. RESULTS: TU-BcX-2 K1 has a low propensity for metastasis, reflects a mesenchymal state, and contains a large burden of cancer stem cells. We show that TU-BcX-2 K1 cells have differential responses to cytotoxic and targeted therapies in 2D compared to 3D culture conditions insofar as several drug classes conferred sensitivity in 2D but not in 3D culture, or cells grown as mammospheres. CONCLUSIONS: Here we introduce a new TNBC PDX model and demonstrate the differences in evaluating drug sensitivity in adherent cells compared to mammosphere, or suspension, culture.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/genética , Animais , Biomarcadores , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Imunofluorescência , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Camundongos , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/patologia , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/tratamento farmacológico , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Adipose stem cells (ASCs) play an essential role in tumor microenvironments. These cells are altered by obesity (obASCs) and previous studies have shown that obASCs secrete higher levels of leptin. Increased leptin, which upregulates estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and aromatase, enhances estrogen bioavailability and signaling in estrogen receptor positive (ERâº) breast cancer (BC) tumor growth and metastasis. In this study, we evaluate the effect of obASCs on ERâºBC outside of the ERα signaling axis using breast cancer models with constitutively active ERα resulting from clinically relevant mutations (Y537S and D538G). We found that while obASCs promote tumor growth and proliferation, it occurs mostly through abrogated estrogen signaling when BC has constitutive ER activity. However, obASCs have a similar promotion of metastasis irrespective of ER status, demonstrating that obASC promotion of metastasis may not be completely estrogen dependent. We found that obASCs upregulate two genes in both ER wild type (WT) and ER mutant (MUT) BC: SERPINE1 and ABCB1. This study demonstrates that obASCs promote metastasis in ER WT and MUT xenografts and an ER MUT patient derived xenograft (PDX) model. However, obASCs promote tumor growth only in ER WT xenografts.
Assuntos
Adipócitos/citologia , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Estrogênios/metabolismo , Obesidade/metabolismo , Células-Tronco/citologia , Células-Tronco/metabolismo , Animais , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Linhagem Celular , Movimento Celular/genética , Movimento Celular/fisiologia , Proliferação de Células/genética , Proliferação de Células/fisiologia , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Citometria de Fluxo , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Humanos , Camundongos , Metástase Neoplásica/genética , Obesidade/genética , Ovariectomia , Receptores de Estrogênio/genética , Receptores de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes are clinically aggressive and cannot be treated with targeted therapeutics commonly used in other breast cancer subtypes. The claudin-low (CL) molecular subtype of TNBC has high rates of metastases, chemoresistance and recurrence. There exists an urgent need to identify novel therapeutic targets in TNBC; however, existing models utilized in target discovery research are limited. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models have emerged as superior models for target discovery experiments because they recapitulate features of patient tumors that are limited by cell-line derived xenograft methods. METHODS: We utilize immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR and Western Blot to visualize tumor architecture, cellular composition, genomic and protein expressions of a new CL-TNBC PDX model (TU-BcX-2O0). We utilize tissue decellularization techniques to examine extracellular matrix composition of TU-BcX-2O0. RESULTS: Our laboratory successfully established a TNBC PDX tumor, TU-BCX-2O0, which represents a CL-TNBC subtype and maintains this phenotype throughout subsequent passaging. We dissected TU-BCx-2O0 to examine aspects of this complex tumor that can be targeted by developing therapeutics, including the whole and intact breast tumor, specific cell populations within the tumor, and the extracellular matrix. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we characterize a claudin-low TNBC patient-derived xenograft model that can be utilized for therapeutic research studies.
Assuntos
Proliferação de Células/genética , Claudinas/genética , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/genética , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/genética , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Humanos , Camundongos , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/patologia , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Investigation into the mechanisms driving cancer cell behavior and the subsequent development of novel targeted therapeutics requires comprehensive experimental models that mimic the complexity of the tumor microenvironment. Recently, our laboratories have combined a novel tissue culture model and laser direct-write, a form of bioprinting, to spatially position single or clustered cancer cells onto ex vivo microvascular networks containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and interstitial cell populations. Herein, we highlight this new model as a tool for quantifying cancer cell motility and effects on angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in an intact network that matches the complexity of a real tissue. Application of our proposed methodology offers an innovative ex vivo tissue perspective for evaluating the effects of gene expression and targeted molecular therapies on cancer cell migration and invasion. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2333-2338, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assuntos
Movimento Celular , Lasers , Modelos Biológicos , Neoplasias/patologia , Especificidade de Órgãos , Animais , Bioimpressão , Humanos , Ratos , Imagem com Lapso de TempoRESUMO
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is critical to phenotypic maintenance and transition of human breast cancer cells. HOX antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) is a long intergenic non-coding RNA that epigenetically represses gene expression via recruitment of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a histone methyltransferase. Elevated expression of HOTAIR promotes progression of breast cancer. In the current study we examined the expression and function of HOTAIR in MCF-7-TNR cells, a derivative of the luminal-like breast cancer cell line MCF-7 that acquired resistance to TNF-α-induced cell death. The expression of HOTAIR, markers of the luminal-like and basal-like subtypes, and growth were compared between MCF-7 and MCF-7-TNR cells. These variables were further assessed upon inhibition of HOTAIR, EZH2, p38 MAPK, and SRC kinase in MCF-7-TNR cells. When compared with MCF-7 cells, MCF-7-TNR cells exhibited an increase in the expression of HOTAIR, which correlated with characteristics of a luminal-like to basal-like transition as evidenced by dysregulated gene expression and accelerated growth. MCF-7-TNR cells exhibited reduced suppressive histone H3 lysine27 trimethylation on the HOTAIR promoter. Inhibition of HOTAIR and EZH2 attenuated the luminal-like to basal-like transition in terms of gene expression and growth in MCF-7-TNR cells. Inhibition of p38 and SRC diminished HOTAIR expression and the basal-like phenotype in MCF-7-TNR cells. HOTAIR was robustly expressed in the native basal-like breast cancer cells and inhibition of HOTAIR reduced the basal-like gene expression and growth. Our findings suggest HOTAIR-mediated regulation of gene expression and growth associated with the basal-like phenotype of breast cancer cells.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proteína Potenciadora do Homólogo 2 de Zeste , Epigênese Genética/genética , Feminino , Histona Metiltransferases , Histona-Lisina N-Metiltransferase/genética , Histonas/genética , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Complexo Repressor Polycomb 2/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/genética , Quinases da Família src/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is regulated by 17α-estradiol (E2) signaling and mediates E2-induced proliferation and progesterone receptor (PgR) expression in breast cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS: Here we use deep sequencing analysis of previously published data from The Cancer Genome Atlas to demonstrate that expression of a key component of mTOR signaling, rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (Rictor), positively correlated with an estrogen receptor-α positive (ERα+) breast tumor signature. Through increased microRNA-155 (miR-155) expression in the ERα+ breast cancer cells we demonstrate repression of Rictor enhanced activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling with both qPCR and western blot. miR-155-mediated mTOR signaling resulted in deregulated ERα signaling both in cultured cells in vitro and in xenografts in vivo in addition to repressed PgR expression and activity. Furthermore we observed that miR-155 enhanced mTORC1 signaling (observed through western blot for increased phosphorylation on mTOR S2448) and induced inhibition of mTORC2 signaling (evident through repressed Rictor and tuberous sclerosis 1 (TSC1) gene expression). mTORC1 induced deregulation of E2 signaling was confirmed using qPCR and the mTORC1-specific inhibitor RAD001. Co-treatment of MCF7 breast cancer cells stably overexpressing miR-155 with RAD001 and E2 restored E2-induced PgR gene expression. RAD001 treatment of SCID/CB17 mice inhibited E2-induced tumorigenesis of the MCF7 miR-155 overexpressing cell line. Finally we demonstrated a strong positive correlation between Rictor and PgR expression and a negative correlation with Raptor expression in Luminal B breast cancer samples, a breast cancer histological subtype known for having an altered ERα-signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: miRNA mediated alterations in mTOR and ERα signaling establishes a new mechanism for altered estrogen responses independent of growth factor stimulation.
Assuntos
Receptor alfa de Estrogênio/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Sirolimo/análogos & derivados , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismo , Animais , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Receptor alfa de Estrogênio/genética , Estrogênios/farmacologia , Everolimo , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Alvo Mecanístico do Complexo 1 de Rapamicina , Alvo Mecanístico do Complexo 2 de Rapamicina , Camundongos , MicroRNAs/genética , Complexos Multiproteicos/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Receptores de Progesterona/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Sirolimo/farmacologiaRESUMO
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive breast cancer subtype that lacks effective targeted therapies. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key contributor in the metastatic process. We previously showed the pan-deacetylase inhibitor LBH589 induces CDH1 expression in TNBC cells, suggesting regulation of EMT. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of LBH589 on the metastatic qualities of TNBC cells and the role of EMT in this process. A panel of breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and BT-549), drugged with LBH589, was examined for changes in cell morphology, migration, and invasion in vitro. The effect on in vivo metastasis was examined using immunofluorescent staining of lung sections. EMT gene expression profiling was used to determine LBH589-induced changes in TNBC cells. ZEB overexpression studies were conducted to validate requirement of ZEB in LBH589-mediated proliferation and tumorigenesis. Our results indicate a reversal of EMT by LBH589 as demonstrated by altered morphology and altered gene expression in TNBC. LBH589 was shown to be a more potent inhibitor of EMT than other HDAC inhibitors, SAHA and TMP269. Additionally, we found that LBH589 inhibits metastasis of MDA-MB-231 cells in vivo. These effects of LBH589 were mediated in part by inhibition of ZEB, as overexpression of ZEB1 or ZEB2 mitigated the effects of LBH589 on MDA-MB-231 EMT-associated gene expression, migration, invasion, CDH1 expression, and tumorigenesis. These data indicate therapeutic potential of LBH589 in targeting EMT and metastasis of TNBC.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/antagonistas & inibidores , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/farmacologia , Indóis/farmacologia , Proteínas Repressoras/antagonistas & inibidores , Fatores de Transcrição/antagonistas & inibidores , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Mama/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/biossíntese , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Camundongos , Camundongos SCID , Invasividade Neoplásica/patologia , Metástase Neoplásica/tratamento farmacológico , Panobinostat , Proteínas Repressoras/biossíntese , Fatores de Transcrição/biossíntese , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Homeobox 2 de Ligação a E-box com Dedos de Zinco , Homeobox 1 de Ligação a E-box em Dedo de ZincoRESUMO
microRNAs (miRNA) are regulators of cellular pathways and alterations of normal miRNA expression levels have been shown to increase tumorigenesis. miR-24 has been demonstrated as having both tumor suppressive and oncogenic properties depending on cell context. Here, we demonstrate a possible role for pre-miR-24-2 as a tumor suppressor in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line through the preferential processing of mature miR-24-2* over miR-24. Specifically, we show that the ectopic expression of miR-24-2* in MCF-7 breast cancer cells results in a suppression of cellular survival both in vivo and in vitro. Notably, the overexpression of miR-24-2* results in a dampening of cell survival through the targeted suppression of PKCα. In addition, a similar biological change is observed in vivo where MCF-7 cells overexpressing pre-miR-24-2 have decreased tumorigenicity and tumor incidence. Taken together our data demonstrate that when overexpressed biogenesis of the pre-miR-24-2 favors miR-24-2* in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and suggests a tumor suppressive role for miR-24-2* observed through the inhibition of PKCα-mediated cellular survival.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/genética , MicroRNAs/genética , Proteína Quinase C-alfa/genética , Animais , Pareamento de Bases , Sequência de Bases , Sítios de Ligação , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/genética , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/genética , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Isoenzimas , Células MCF-7 , Camundongos , MicroRNAs/química , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Proteína Quinase C-alfa/química , Proteína Quinase C-alfa/metabolismo , Interferência de RNARESUMO
This report describes an improved protocol to generate stranded, barcoded RNA-seq libraries to capture the whole transcriptome. By optimizing the use of duplex specific nuclease (DSN) to remove ribosomal RNA reads from stranded barcoded libraries, we demonstrate improved efficiency of multiplexed next generation sequencing (NGS). This approach detects expression profiles of all RNA types, including miRNA (microRNA), piRNA (Piwi-interacting RNA), snoRNA (small nucleolar RNA), lincRNA (long non-coding RNA), mtRNA (mitochondrial RNA) and mRNA (messenger RNA) without the use of gel electrophoresis. The improved protocol generates high quality data that can be used to identify differential expression in known and novel coding and non-coding transcripts, splice variants, mitochondrial genes and SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms).
Assuntos
Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Biblioteca Gênica , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/isolamento & purificação , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , RNA Ribossômico/química , RNA Ribossômico/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Ribonucleases/químicaRESUMO
Both breast cancer and obesity can regulate epigenetic changes or be regulated by epigenetic changes. Due to the well-established link between obesity and an increased risk of developing breast cancer, understanding how obesity-mediated epigenetic changes affect breast cancer pathogenesis is critical. Researchers have described how obesity and breast cancer modulate the epigenome individually and synergistically. In this review, the epigenetic alterations that occur in obesity, including DNA methylation, histone, and chromatin modification, accelerated epigenetic age, carcinogenesis, metastasis, and tumor microenvironment modulation, are discussed. Delineating the relationship between obesity and epigenetic regulation is vital to furthering our understanding of breast cancer pathogenesis.