Breastfeeding Practices and Postpartum Depression in Mexican Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Breastfeeding is a characteristic process of mammals that ensures delivery of an adequate nutritional supply to infants. It is the gold standard food source during an infant's first months of life. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, people in quarantine have experienced a wide range of feelings, which may make isolation challenging in terms of maternal health. This study focused on the prevalence of breastfeeding practices and postpartum depression (PPD) among Mexican women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 586 postpartum women who completed an online survey 4-8 weeks after delivery from April to December 2020 in Guadalajara, Mexico. The aim was to identify potentially depressed mothers according to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and describe their breastfeeding practices. Results: The mean maternal age was 30.4 ± 4.6 years, the mean EPDS score was 9.6 ± 5.0, and the PPD prevalence according EPDS scores was 27.1%. Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was reported by 32.3% of mothers in the first 48 h and by 70.3% of mothers 48 h after delivery. EBF was associated with a lower prevalence of PPD during the first 48 h (p = 0.015) and after the first 48 h (p = 0.001) after delivery. Skin-to-skin contact (SSC) was reported by 385 (65.7%) mothers. PPD was less frequent in mothers practicing SSC (20.3%) than it was in those not practicing SSC (40.3%) (p = 0.001). A higher percentage of mothers practiced SSC breastfed (66.9%) and used EBF (150, 79.4%) (p = 0.012 and 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: Results suggest that the pandemic emergency and restrictions imposed on the population significantly affected the well-being of mothers after birth, and that these effects may have posed risks to the mental health and emotional stability of postpartum mothers. Therefore, encouraging BF or EBF and SSC may improve or limit depressive symptoms in postpartum mothers.

Multidimensional analysis of health in Mexico: implementation of fuzzy sets.

BACKGROUND: The national health and nutrition survey allows to know the state of health of the Mexican population, it provides data for the analysis of different factors and / or indicators of health, diseases and nutritional conditions, such as chronic degenerative diseases and depressive symptoms, which, in turn, if both occur simultaneously, they will have a negative impact on health. This article studies the four factors involved in the overall health of the population in Mexico: excess weight, diabetes, high blood pressure, and depressive symptoms, which are used to conduct a multidimensional characterization and analysis. METHODS: Two methodological resources are applied, a descriptive statistical characterization and the construction of a multidimensional health index with the use of fuzzy sets, through the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT 2018-19 - for its acronym in Spanish) in Mexico. RESULTS: The results reveal a growing percentage of individuals who experience detriments to their health, that is, the factors being studied have had a negative impact and tend to follow international projections. The construction of a multidimensional index enables the interaction between the factors being studied, thus allowing for an adequate modeling for the identification of health in Mexico. CONCLUSION: This study aims to elucidate the current state of health throughout the population in Mexico by using the most current data provided by the autonomous public body of statistics and geography to build a multidimensional panorama using four elementary public health indicators (diabetes, obesity, high blood pressure, and depressive symptoms).

Comparison of nutritional screening tools to assess nutritional risk and predict clinical outcomes in Mexican patients with digestive diseases.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of malnutrition remains high in hospitals but no "gold standard" has been established to identify nutritional risks adequately. The Nutrition Risk Screening-2002 (NRS-2002), Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), and Controlling Nutritional Status Index (CONUT) are widely used screening tools, but their efficacy has not yet been compared in Mexican patients. Here, we aimed to compare the efficacy of these tools in identifying nutritional risks within the first 48 h of admission in a group of patients with gastrointestinal diseases. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 196 patients. The results of the screening tools, length of hospital stay, serum albumin and cholesterol concentrations, lymphocyte counts, age, body mass index (BMI), complications, and mortality were analyzed. Kappa (κ) statistics were applied to determine the degree of agreement between tools. The performances of the screening tools in predicting complications and mortality were assessed using binary logistic regression. RESULTS: The NRS-2002, SGA, and CONUT tools identified nutritional risk in 67, 74, and 51% of the patients, respectively. The observed agreements between tools were: NRS2002/SGA, κ = 0.53; CONUT/NRS-2002, κ = 0.42; and SGA/CONUT, κ = 0.36. Within age groups, the best agreement was found in those aged 51-65 years (κ = 0.68). CONUT and length of stay were both predictive for the number of complications. The number of complications and serum cholesterol concentrations were predictive for mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of patients identified as having nutritional risk was high using all three screening tools. SGA, NRS-2002, and CONUT had similar capacities for screening risk, but the best agreement was observed between NRS-2002 and SGA. Only CONUT predicted complications, but none of these tools performed well in predicting mortality.

The role of Theory of Mind in the transition towards suicidal attempts in youth NSSI: an exploratory pilot study.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) can both precede and co-occur with suicidal attempts (SA). Underlying mechanisms/factors leading to the transition to SA in NSSI youths have been proposed (including the role of social cognition), despite they should be yet confirmed. Therefore, the study aims at exploring the role of the Theory of Mind in the differentiation of a sample of NSSI youngsters (aged 15-24) according to the presence of SA. We divided the sample into 4 groups using the Deliberate Self Harm Inventory (DSHI) and Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS): control group (notNSSInotSA), NSSI without SA (NSSInotSA), NSSI with SA (NSSIplusSA), and SA without NSSI (SAonly). NSSIplusSA patients displayed higher Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) scores (indicative of ToM abilities) than both the NSSInotSA (p=0.0016) and SAonly groups (p=0.0198), while SAonly patients showed lower RMET scores compared to the control group (p=0.0214). Multiple regression models used to differentiate NSSInotSA and NSSIplusSA found a significant association between RMET and LOSCS-CSC (Level Of Self-Criticism Scale-Comparative Self-Criticism) (pC=0.0802, pD=0.0016, pG=0.0053). Our findings supported the hypothesis that a hypertrophic affective ToM may possibly be associated with the occurrence of SA in youth NSSI. Further larger and longitudinal studies should confirm these preliminary findings, by exploring all social cognition dimensions.

Effectiveness and safety of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide in HIV late presenters.

OBJECTIVES: The efficacy of BIC/FTC/TAF in HIV late presenters initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) has not been sufficiently evaluated. METHODS: The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness and tolerability of BIC/FTC/TAF compared to other first-line antiretroviral regimens in treatment-naïve adult individuals from the CoRIS Cohort starting ART with CD4 counts <200 cells/mm3 and/or AIDS-defining conditions between January 1st 2019 and November 30th 2020. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of association between initial regimen and achievement of viral suppression (VS) (primary objective), defined as HIV RNA <50 cop/mL, and immunological recovery (IR) (secondary objective), defined as CD4 count >200 cells/mm3, at weeks 24 and 48 after initiation of ART. RESULTS: We evaluated 314 individuals (84.7% men, median age 40 years). Of them, 158 initiated with BIC/FTC/TAF. At inclusion, 117 had an AIDS-defining condition. In multivariable analyses, individuals with AIDS-defining conditions initiating ART with BIC/FTC/TAF achieved higher rates of VS at 24 weeks than other regimens (aOR: 0.2; 95% CI: 0.06-0.64) and, at 48 weeks, than DTG/ABC/3TC (aOR: 0.06; 95% CI: 0.01-0.76) and DTG + TDF/3TC (aOR: 0.2; 95% CI: 0.47-0.9). No other differences in VS or IR were observed. At 24 and 48 weeks after ART initiation, treatment discontinuations were lower with BIC/FTC/TAF than with other regimens (3.2% and 7.6% vs. 24.4% and 37.8%, respectively; P < 0.005). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that BIC/FTC/TAF could be a preferred regimen as initial therapy in HIV late presenters because of its high effectiveness and good tolerability.

Real-world discontinuations due to neuropsychiatric symptoms in people living with HIV treated with second-generation integrase inhibitors: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitors such as bictegravir (BIC) and dolutegravir (DTG) are the standard of care for starting therapy in people living with HIV (PLHIV). However, their use has been associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) that may lead to treatment discontinuation. We aim to describe and synthesize information on safety and discontinuation rates and to summarize potential risk factors associated with the development of NPSs in PLHIV treated with these regimens. AREAS COVERED: A systematic review of the literature was carried out in the international databases PubMed/Medline, Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library from 2013 to June 2022. Ninety observational studies reporting data on treatment discontinuation due to drug-related adverse events and NPSs were identified. EXPERT OPINION: Discontinuation rates due to NPSs increase with treatment time and, in light of the reviewed studies, are higher in PLHIV treated with DTG-based regimens compared with those treated with BIC/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (BIC/FTC/TAF). This information could be useful for clinicians during treatment decision-making, reducing discontinuation rates and thereby promoting treatment success and durability. Additionally, the identification of potential risk factors in PLHIV prior to starting therapy could also help make the best therapy choices based on the characteristics of each individual.

Long-acting paliperidone in Ekbom's syndrome in Lewy body dementia: A case report.

Introduction: Ekbom Syndrome (ES) is characterised by fixed, delusional beliefs that one's body is infested by parasites or other vermin in absence of supporting clinical evidence. Antipsychotic (AP) treatment, including long-acting injectable (LAI) AP in subjects with poor compliance, is prescribed to manage behavioural and psychotic symptomatology. Objectives: We describe a 70-year-old woman who was hospitalised after experiencing new-onset delusions of infestation with visual and tactile hallucinations that led to bizarre behaviours and progressive social withdrawal. Methods: She was diagnosed with ES and was initially treated with risperidone 3 mg; however, due to poor compliance and a lack of insight, she was switched to LAI palmitate paliperidone (LAI-PP). She was followed up for 8 months, administering Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Global Assessment of Functioning, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, neurocognitive assessment, and neuroimaging. Results: After a progressive cognitive deterioration, she was diagnosed with an ES secondary to Lewy body dementia (DLB). Conclusion: The LAI-PP treatment determined a complete clinical remission of psychotic symptoms despite the emergence of an iatrogenic akinetic-rigid syndrome. The delay of confirmatory neurological diagnosis, the associated risky behaviours of the patient, and poor treatment adherence led clinicians to prescribe LAI-PP following a good clinical response to oral paliperidone. However, in the case of a suspected DLB diagnosis, the prescription of an LAI-PP as a first-line strategy should be carefully evaluated.

Therapeutic Effect of Fucoidan on Metabolic Diseases: Experimental Data and Clinical Evidence.

The rising prevalence of metabolic diseases represents a major challenge to public health worldwide. Therefore, there is a strong need to conduct research on the effectiveness of complementary and alternative therapies for metabolic disorders. Fucoidan is a fucose-enriched and sulfated polysaccharide extracted from ubiquitous brown seaweed. The antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antiobesity, and hypolipidemic effects of fucoidan have been reported in preclinical research and clinical trials. This study aims to review the mechanisms of action and the experimental and clinical use of different types of fucoidan for the treatment of metabolic diseases.

Low serum uromodulin levels and their association with lupus flares.

BACKGROUND: Only two previous studies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients have identified that the blood concentrations of uromodulin are lower in nephritis. However, none of them had evaluated whether a low serum uromodulin adjusted by the glomerular filtration rate (sUromod/eGFR index) contributed to identify patients in risk of lupus nephritis (LN) using multivariable models. AIM: Therefore, this study aimed two objectives to evaluate the association between low serum uromodulin levels and low sUromod adjusted by eGFR with renal flares in SLE excluding effects of potential confounders in multivariable analyses; and to identify the value of low sUmod and low sUmod/eGFR index as a potential diagnostic marker of LN. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Design: Cross-sectional study. SLE patients (n = 114) were investigated for lupus flare with renal SLEDAI. Two groups: a) SLE with renal flare (renal-SLEDAI≥4, n = 41) and b) SLE non-renal flare (renal SLEDAI<4, n = 73). SLE patients were evaluated by other indices including a global disease activity index (SLEDAI) and SLICC renal disease activity score. Serum uromodulin levels (ng/mL) were quantified by ELISA. Serum uromodulin was adjusted by eGFR (sUromod/eGFR index). Cutt-offs of low sUromodulin and low sUromod/eGFR index were computed, ROC curves were performed and values of diagnostic tests were obtained. Multivariable logistic regression models were performed to identify if low sUromod/eGFR index is associated to renal flares. RESULTS: Low serum uromodulin and low sUromod/eGFR index correlated to high scores of renal-SLEDAI, SLICC-renal and proteinuria. SLE patients with a renal flare had lower uromodulin levels compared to SLE patients without renal flare (p = 0.004). After adjusting by potential confounders, the low sUromod/eGFR index (<0.80 ng/mL) increased the risk of a renal flare (OR, 2.91; 95%CI, 1.21 to 6.98; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: We propose the low sUromod/eGFR index as a potential new marker of renal disease activity in SLE.

Anxious depression in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and its relationship with medication adherence and glycemic control.

A relationship between anxious depression has been proposed in patients with diabetes, which may contribute to the lack of medication adherence. The aim of this study was to investigate if there is a relationship between depression and / or anxiety with medication adherence and glycemic control in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2). An analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out in the internal medicine outpatient clinic of a Hospital in Mexico. Patients with DM2 participated over a period from November 2015 to January 2016. The Morisky scale for medication adherence, and the Goldberg anxiety and depression scale were conducted for each patient. Data was collected from a total of 179 patients. There was a significant difference between anxious depression and medication adherence (p < 0.001) using logistic regression with an R2 of 0.136. There was also a significant difference between anxiety and glycemic control (p < 0.001) with an R2 of 0.175, however no significant difference was found between glycemic control and anxious depression. Our findings demonstrate that patients who suffer from anxious depression also tend to have reduced medication adherence, and anxiety was associated with poor glycemic control in patients with DM2 within the Mexican population.

Use of mNUTRIC-Score for Nutrition Risk Assessment and Prognosis Prediction in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Observational Study.

INTRODUCTION: Nutritional risk is highly prevalent in patients with COVID-19. Relevant data on nutritional assessment in the critically ill population are scarce. This study was conducted to evaluate the modified Nutrition Risk in the Critically Ill (mNUTRIC)-Score as a mortality risk factor in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19. METHODS: We conducted this retrospective observational study in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Patients' characteristics and clinical information were obtained from electronic medical records. The nutritional risk for each patient was assessed at the time of mechanical ventilation using the mNUTRIC-Score. The major outcome was 28-day mortality. RESULTS: Ninety-eight patients were analyzed (mean age, 57.22 ± 13.66 years, 68.4% male); 46.9% of critically ill COVID-19 patients were categorized as being at high nutrition risk (mNUTRIC-Score of ≥5). A multivariate logistic regression model indicated that high nutritional risk has higher 28-day hospital mortality (OR = 4.206, 95% CI: 1.147-15.425, p=0.030). A multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that high-risk mNUTRIC-Score had a significantly increased full-length mortality risk during hospitalization (OR = 1.991, 95% CI: 1.219-3.252, p=0.006). CONCLUSION: The mNUTRIC-Score is an independent mortality risk factor during hospitalization in critically ill COVID-19 patients.

Loss of muscle strength in patients under hemodialysis evaluated by dynamometry in the Mexican population.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: chronic kidney disease contributes to decreased muscle strength and physical function through a decrease in muscle mass. Current evidence suggests that hemodialysis can accentuate this complication, as well as lead to deterioration of the patient's overall health. The aim of this study is to compare muscle strength in a group of Mexican patients undergoing hemodialysis, evaluated by dynamometry, with available reference values. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted in male and female patients between 20 and 81 years of age, with stage-5 chronic kidney disease, from the outpatient Hospital General Regional No 46 of the Mexican Social Security Institute. Muscle strength was assessed by means of a mechanical dynamometer. The average value classified by age and gender was compared with the 50th percentile of a reference study. Inter-group differences were calculated with the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test, and correlation using Pearson's test, logistic regression, and chi-squared test. All patients signed an informed consent form. Results: a total of 150 patients, 97 (64.7 %) men and 53 (35.3 %) women, were included in the study. The mean dynamometric value for muscle strength was 21.5 ± 10.1 kg, and a significant correlation was found with age, weight, and hemoglobin concentration. Conclusion: patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment for chronic kidney disease were found to be at the 10th percentile for muscle strength, as measured by dynamometry, thus demonstrating a marked decrease in muscle strength. This result could, however, also have been affected by different variables such as patient age, height, weight, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), hemoglobin concentration, serum creatinine, serum glucose, and the subjective global assessment, given that a significant association was also found between these and muscle strength.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la enfermedad renal crónica contribuye a disminuir la fuerza muscular y la función física a través de una disminución de la masa muscular. De acuerdo con la evidencia, la hemodiálisis puede acentuar esta complicación, así como llevar al paciente a un deterioro del estado general de salud. El objetivo de la investigación fue comparar la fuerza muscular de pacientes con hemodiálisis, evaluada mediante dinamometría en una población mexicana, con los valores de referencia. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal en pacientes masculinos y femeninos de 20 a 81 años, con enfermedad renal crónica en estadio 5, del área de consulta externa del Hospital General Regional No 46 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. La fuerza muscular se evaluó por medio de un dinamómetro mecánico. El valor promedio clasificado por rango de edad y género se comparó con el percentil 50 de un estudio de referencia. Las diferencias intergrupales se calcularon con la prueba no paramétrica de la U de Mann-Whitney y la correlación mediante la prueba de Pearson. Todos los pacientes firmaron la carta de consentimiento informado. Resultados: la muestra del estudio fue de 150 pacientes, 97 (64,7 %) hombres y 53 (35,3 %) mujeres. De acuerdo con la dinamometría, la media fue de 21,5 ± 10,1 kg; se demostró una correlación significativa entre la edad, el peso y la hemoglobina. Conclusión: se encontró que los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica sometidos a hemodiálisis se encontraban en el percentil 10 de fuerza muscular, medido por dinamometría, lo que demuestra una disminución marcada de dicha fuerza muscular. Sin embargo, este resultado también podría verse afectado por diferentes variables, como la edad del paciente, la altura, el peso, la tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG), la concentración de hemoglobina, la creatinina sérica, la glucosa sérica y la evaluación global subjetiva, dado que se encontró una asociación significativa entre estos factores y la fuerza muscular.

Fasting triglycerides and glucose index: a useful screening test for assessing insulin resistance in patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.

BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance (IR) is frequently observed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In clinical practice, IR assessment is limited to a low proportion of patients due to cost and equipment and technical expertise requirements. The surrogate index of triglycerides and glucose (TyG index) has been validated in non-rheumatic populations, showing adequate sensitivity and specificity for IR, although this index has not yet been used in connective tissue disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of insulin resistance (IR) using the validated surrogate index of triglycerides and glucose (TyG index) and to explore factors associated with IR in Mexican women with RA or SLE. METHODS: Ninety-five female RA and 57 SLE patients were included in a cross-sectional study. Clinical and epidemiological variables were evaluated. IR was assessed using the TyG index with a cutoff value of > 4.68. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with IR excluding confounders. RESULTS: IR frequency in the entire sample was 50%, higher than the 10% observed in non-rheumatic controls (p < 0.001). The frequency of IR was similar in SLE (49.1%) and RA (50.5%, p = 0.8) patients. IR was associated with a longer duration of hypertension and higher total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Based on multivariate analysis, the duration of hypertension (OR: 1.06; 95% CI 1.002-1.12, p = 0.04), waist circumference (OR: 1.04; 95% CI 1.01-1.08, p = 0.007), uric acid levels (OR: 1.46; 95% CI 1.08-1.97, p = 0.01), RA (OR: 4.87; 95% CI 1.31-18.78, p = 0.01) and SLE (OR: 4.22; 95% CI 1.06-16.74, p = 0.04) were the main risk factors for IR. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the TyG index is a useful screening test for IR in RA and SLE patients. Future longitudinal studies should be performed with the aim of identifying the predictive value of TyG index results for identifying complications linked to IR.

Effect of tadalafil administration on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in obese men.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of tadalafil administration on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in obese men without diabetes. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out in obese male patients between 30 and 50 years of age. Eighteen subjects were randomly assigned to two groups of nine patients each. During a 28-day period, subjects received 5 mg orally of tadalafil or placebo each night. Patients were evaluated before and after the intervention. Total insulin secretion and first phase of insulin secretion were calculated by insulinogenic index and Stumvoll index, respectively, and insulin sensitivity was calculated using the Matsuda index. Tolerability and compliance were evaluated permanently throughout the study. RESULTS: There were no significant differences after administration of tadalafil in total insulin secretion (0.82 ± 0.45 vs. 0.61 ± 0.27, p = 0.594), first phase of insulin secretion (1332 ± 487 vs. 1602 ± 800, p = 0.779) and insulin sensitivity (4.6 ± 1.2 vs. 4.9 ± 2.5, p = 0.779). No significant differences were shown in other measurements. CONCLUSION: Tadalafil administration for 28 days did not modify insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity in obese men.

Effect of Linagliptin Versus Metformin on Glycemic Variability in Patients with Impaired Glucose Tolerance.

BACKGROUND: Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and glycemic variability may be associated with increased risk of micro- and macrovascular complications. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of linagliptin versus metformin on glycemic variability in patients with IGT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial with parallel groups was carried out in 16 adult patients with IGT, overweight or obesity. All patients signed an informed consent. The therapies were randomly assigned: (a) metformin 500 mg bid (n = 8) or (b) linagliptin 5 mg a.m. and placebo p.m. (n = 8), both for 90 days. At the beginning of the trial and 3 months later, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1c, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and glycemic variability [area under the curve (AUC) of glucose, mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE), standard deviation (SD) of glucose, coefficient of variation (CV) of glucose, and mean blood glucose (MBG)] were measured. Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon, and Fisher exact tests were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: Both groups were similar in basal characteristics. After linagliptin administration, a significant decrease in glucose levels at 120 min of OGTT (9.0 ± 0.9 vs. 6.9 ± 2.2 mmol/L, P = 0.012) was observed. Glycemic variability showed a similar behavior and there were no significant differences in the AUC, MAGE, SD of glucose, CV of glucose, and MBG between groups. CONCLUSION: Linagliptin administration resulted in better glycemic control according to the decrease of glucose levels by the OGTT at 120 min in patients with IGT. Meanwhile, glycemic variability was not modified in any of the study groups.

Association between Anxiety and Sleepiness in Medical Students of the University of Guadalajara (Mexico) / Asociación entre ansiedad y somnolencia diurna en estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad de Guadalajara (México) / Associação entre ansiedade e sonolência diurna em estudantes de medicina da Universidade de Guadalajara (México)

Introduction: Medical students could potentially be considered as a vulnerable group in terms of increased risk for anxiety and sleep disorders. This could be caused by high academic demands, and high levels of stress. There is little information, however, when it comes to the relationship between anxiety and exces-sive daytime sleepiness among medical students, and the potentially negative effects this relationship could have upon student health and academic performance. The objective was to identify the association between anxiety and excessive daytime sleepiness in medical students of the University of Guadalajara (Mexico). Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out, evaluating 173 students between January and April of 2019. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale was used for the determination of excessive day-time sleepiness, while the anxiety symptoms were measured using the Beck Anxiety Inventory. According to the cut-off points for the Epworth scales, the cut-off point was from 10 and for the Beck anxiety inventory it was 8. Chi square and Fisher's exact test were used for statistical analysis. A value of p<0.05 was consid-ered statistically significant. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between the students when comparing the presence and absence of excessive daytime sleepiness and anxiety with a value of p = 0.036 and Odds Ratio of 2.161. Conclusion: A high prevalence of anxiety and insomnia was found in the group of medical students which was evaluated. Additionally, it was found that students who suffer from anxiety are more likely to develop excessive daytime sleepiness

Introducción: los estudiantes de medicina pueden ser considerados un grupo vulnerable para presentar ansiedad y trastornos del sueño, debido a las altas exigencias académicas y al estrés; sin embargo, se cuenta con pocos datos sobre la relación entre la ansiedad y la somnolencia en estudiantes de medicina, relación que podría generar complicaciones tanto académicas como de salud. El objetivo fue la asociación entre ansiedad y somnolencia excesiva diurna en estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad de Guadalajara (México). Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal con 173 estudiantes entre enero y abril del 2019. Para la determinación de somnolencia excesiva diurna se aplicó la Escala de Somnolencia de Epworth (punto de corte = 10), mientras que para evaluar los síntomas de ansiedad excesiva se utilizó el Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck (punto de corte = 8). Se emplearon chi cuadrado y la prueba exacta de Fisher para el análisis estadístico. Se consideró estadísticamente significativo un valor de p < 0.05. Resultados: se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los estudiantes al comparar la presencia y la ausencia de somnolencia y ansiedad con un valor de p = 0.036 y un odds ratio de 2.161. Conclusión: hay una alta prevalencia de ansiedad e insomnio en los estudiantes de medicina evaluados, y aquellos con ansiedad tienen mayor probabilidad de desarrollar somnolencia excesiva diurna

Introdução: estudantes de medicina podem ser potencialmente considerados um grupo vulnerável em ter-mos de risco aumentado para ansiedade e distúrbios do sono. Isso pode ser causado por altas demandas acadêmicas e altos níveis de estresse. No entanto, há poucas informações sobre a relação entre ansiedade e sonolência diurna excessiva entre estudantes de medicina e os efeitos potencialmente negativos que essa relação pode ter sobre a saúde e o desempenho acadêmico dos alunos. O objetivo foi identificar a associação entre ansiedade e sonolência diurna excessiva em estudantes de medicina da Universidade de Guadalajara (Mêxico). Materiais e métodos: estudo transversal, avaliando 173 alunos entre janeiro e abril de 2019. A Escala de Sonolência de Epworth (ponto de corte = 10) foi utilizada para a determina-ção da sonolência diurna excessiva, enquanto os sintomas de ansiedade foram medidos por meio do Inventário de Ansiedad de Beck (ponto de corte = 8). Qui-quadrado e prova exata Fisher foram usados para análise estatística. Um valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado estadísticamente significativo. Resultados:foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os alunos ao comparar a presença e ausência de sonolência diurna excessiva e ansiedade com um valor de p = 0,036 e um Odds Ratio de 2,16. Conclusão: foi encontrada alta prevalência de ansiedade e insônia no grupo de estudantes de medicina avaliados. Além disso, verificou-se que os alunos que sofrem de ansiedade têm maior probabilidade de desenvolver sonolência diurna excessiva

Hábitos de alimentación asociados a sobrepeso y obesidad en adultos mexicanos: una revisión integrativa

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir hallazgos publicados de hábitos de alimentación y su relación con sobrepeso y obesidad en adultos mexicanos. Material y Método: Revisión integrativa basada en 5 pasos sugeridos por Crossetti, utilizando las palabras clave "hábitos de alimentación", "sobrepeso", "obesidad" y "adultos mexicanos", con operadores booleanos "AND" y "OR"; se buscó en Scielo, PubMed, Conricyt, Scopus y WOS, entre los años 2005 y 2020, publicaciones en español e inglés. Resultados: Se identificaron 64 artículos, de estos se descartaron 52, quedando 12 acordes a criterios de inclusión; los artículos fueron analizados en extenso, identificando 4 categorías: 1) Zona de vivienda; 2) Estrato socioeconómico; 3) Género y 4) Cultura; cada una de ellas con subcategorías. Conclusiones: Las zonas rurales reportan mayor consumo de frutas, verduras, cereales, vitaminas y menor consumo calórico; en zonas urbanas se consume mayor cantidad de grasa, alimentos procesados, azúcares refinadas y menos vegetales, frutas y cereales. Un mayor estrato socioeconómico se asocia con alimentación menos calórica y comidas más naturales. Los hombres consumen más carne, grasa y alcohol, las mujeres consumen más hidratos de carbono y azúcares refinadas. En cuestiones culturales reportan distracciones a la hora de comer, como uso de celular, bajo consumo de agua y alto consumo de gaseosas (70%); refieren barreras para alimentarse sanamente, como el trabajo pagado y doméstico, realizando comidas a prisa, sin considerar la calidad de los alimentos que se consumen. Estos hallazgos sugieren considerar factores socioeconómicos y culturales en las acciones preventivas que los profesionales de enfermería realizan en la práctica clínica y comunitaria.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe published findings on eating habits and their relationship with overweight and obesity in Mexican adults. Materials and Methods: Integrative review based on 5 steps suggested by Crossetti, using the keywords "feeding habits", "overweight", "obesity" and "Mexican adults" along with Boolean operators "AND" and "OR" in the Scielo, PubMed, Conricyt, Scopus and WOS databases, with publications in Spanish and English, between the years 2005 and 2020. Results: 64 articles were identified and 52 were discarded, leaving 12 that complied with the inclusion criteria. The articles were extensively analyzed, identifying 4 categories: 1) Housing area; 2) Socioeconomic stratum; 3) Gender and 4) Culture; each of them divided into subcategories. Conclusions: Rural areas report higher consumption of fruits, vegetables, cereals, vitamins and lower caloric consumption, while in urban areas more fat, processed food, refined sugars and fewer vegetables, fruits and cereals are consumed. A higher socioeconomic stratum is associated with a less caloric diet and more natural food. Men consume more meat, fat and alcohol, while women consume more carbohydrates and refined sugars. Regarding cultural issues, people report distractions at mealtime, such as cell phone use, low water consumption and high consumption of soft drinks (70%); they also refer to barriers to healthy eating, such as work, eating meals quickly without considering the quality of food. These findings suggest considering socioeconomic and cultural factors in the preventive actions that nursing professionals carry out in clinical and community practice.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os resultados publicados sobre hábitos alimentares e sua relação com sobrepeso e obesidade em adultos mexicanos. Material e Método: Revisão integrativa baseada em 5 etapas sugeridas por Crossetti, utilizando as palavras-chave "hábitos alimentares", "sobrepeso", "obesidade" e "adultos mexicanos", com operadores booleanos "AND" e "OR", a busca foi realizada em Scielo, PubMed, Conricyt, Scopus e WOS, entre os anos de 2005 e 2020, publicações em espanhol e inglês. Resultados: Foram identificados 64 artigos, destes, 52 foram descartados, restando 12, de acordo com os critérios de inclusão; os artigos foram amplamente analisados, identificando 4 categorias: 1) Área de habitação; 2) Estrato socioeconómico; 3) Gênero e, 4) Cultura; cada um deles com subcategorias. Conclusões: As áreas rurais relatam maior consumo de frutas, hortaliças, cereais, vitaminas e menor consumo calórico; nas áreas urbanas, o consumo maior é de gordura, alimentos processados, açúcares refinados e menor consumo de vegetais, frutas e cereais. Um estrato socioeconómico mais elevado está associado a uma dieta menos calórica e alimentos mais naturais. Os homens consomem mais carne, gordura e álcool, as mulheres consomem mais carboidratos e açúcares refinados. Em questões culturais, relatam distrações na hora das refeições, como uso do celular, baixo consumo de água e alto consumo de refrigerantes (70%), referem-se a barreiras para uma alimentação saudável, como trabalho remunerado e doméstico, alimentação rápida, sem considerar a qualidade dos alimentos consumidos. Os resultados sugerem considerar fatores socioeconómicos e culturais nas ações preventivas que os profissionais de enfermagem realizam na prática clínica e comunitária.

Effect of fucoidan administration on insulin secretion and insulin resistance in overweight or obese adults.

The aim of this article is to evaluate the effect of fucoidan administration on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in overweight or obese adults. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out in 25 obese or overweight volunteers. Thirteen patients received an oral dose of 500 mg of fucoidan once daily before breakfast and 12 patients received placebo for 3 months. Before and after the intervention, fasting glucose and 2-h postload, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin levels were measured. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and homeostasis model analysis formulas (HOMA) for ß-cell function and insulin resistance were calculated. The results showed a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure (71.7 ± 12.2 vs. 67.8 ± 13.8 mmHg; P<.05) and LDL-C (3.1 ± 0.5 vs. 2.7 ± 0.6 mmol/l; P<.01) with increase in insulin levels (60.6 ± 24.0 vs. 78.6 ± 32.4 pmol/l; P<.05), HOMA ß-cell (35.0 ± 20.8 vs. 50.6 ± 18.7; P<.05) and HOMA IR (1.9 ± 1.2 vs. 2.6 ± 1.8; P<.05) were observed after fucoidan administration. We conclude that fucoidan administration during a 3-month period in overweight or obese adults decreased diastolic blood pressure and LDL-C concentrations, increasing insulin secretion and insulin resistance.

De la exclusión a la inclusión: de entender y atender la diversidad cultural en las instituciones escolares / From exclusion to inclusion: a way to understand and deal with cultural diversity in school institutions

A atenção à diversidade é um princípio básico dos sistemas educacacionais atuais. A literatura sobre diversidade aborda diferentes campos (socioeducativo, educação especial e psicopedagógico), todos eles trabalhando em paralelo. Como conseqüência, diferentes abordagens têm sido desenvolvidas compartilhando bases similares, mas usando terminologias distintas. O objetivo deste artigo é elaborar uma estrutura comum que, derivada da teoria e da prática educativa, nos ajude a compreender os diferentes caminhos de enfrentar e lidar com a diversidade em todas as instituições de escola. Nós defendemos que a teoria de todos os elementos (cultural, específico e individual) estão unidas em uma única dimensão que possa ser útil aos administradores, aos investigatores e aos educadores como objetivo de elaborar propostas educacacionais coerentes e para interpretar a realidade sob a mesma referência.

Attention to student diversity is a basic principle of present educational systems. Literature about diversity can be found on many different fields(social-educative, special education and psycho-pedagogical) all of them working parallel. As a consequence, different approaches have been developed sharing similar bases but using different terminology. The aim of this article is to elaborate, from both the theoretical and the applied education, a common frame of reference which helps us to understand the different ways of facing and dealing with attention to diversity in all school institutions. We support the theory that all elements (cultural, specific and individual) come together in a single dimension that could be useful to all managers, researchers and educational practitioners in order to elaborate coherent educational proposals and to interpret reality from the same frame of reference.