Naturally occurring antibodies isolated from PD patients inhibit synuclein seeding in vitro and recognize Lewy pathology.

Deposition of α-synuclein into Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites is the hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). It is hypothesized that α-synuclein pathology spreads by a "prion-like" mechanism (i.e., by seeded aggregation or templated misfolding). Therefore, various extracellular α-synuclein conformers and/or posttranslational modifications may serve as biomarkers of disease or potential targets for novel interventions. To explore whether the antibody repertoires of PD patients contain anti-α-synuclein antibodies that can potentially be used as markers or immunotherapy, we interrogated peripheral IgG+ memory B cells from PD patients for reactivity to α-synuclein. In total, ten somatically mutated antibodies were recovered, suggesting the presence of an ongoing antigen-driven immune response. The three antibodies that had the highest affinity to recombinant full-length α-synuclein, aSyn-323.1, aSyn-336.1 and aSyn-338.1, were characterized further and shown to recognize epitopes in the C terminus of α-synuclein with binding affinities between 0.3 and 2.8 µM. Furthermore, all three antibodies were able to neutralize the "seeding" of intracellular synuclein aggregates in an in vitro α-synuclein seeding assay. Finally, differential reactivities were observed for all three human anti-α-synuclein antibodies across tissue treatment conditions by immunohistochemistry. Our results suggest that the memory B-cell repertoire of PD patients might represent a potential source of biomarkers and therapies.

Immunological memory to hyperphosphorylated tau in asymptomatic individuals.

Several reports have described the presence of antibodies against Alzheimer's disease-associated hyperphosphorylated forms of tau in serum of healthy individuals. To characterize the specificities that can be found, we interrogated peripheral IgG+ memory B cells from asymptomatic blood donors for reactivity to a panel of phosphorylated tau peptides using a single-cell screening assay. Antibody sequences were recovered, cloned, and expressed as full-length IgGs. In total, 52 somatically mutated tau-binding antibodies were identified, corresponding to 35 unique clonal families. Forty-one of these antibodies recognize epitopes in the proline-rich and C-terminal domains, and binding of 26 of these antibodies is strictly phosphorylation dependent. Thirteen antibodies showed inhibitory activity in a P301S lysate seeded in vitro tau aggregation assay. Two such antibodies, CBTAU-7.1 and CBTAU-22.1, which bind to the proline-rich and C-terminal regions of tau, respectively, were characterized in more detail. CBTAU-7.1 recognizes an epitope that is similar to that of murine anti-PHF antibody AT8, but has different phospho requirements. Both CBTAU-7.1 and CBTAU-22.1 detect pathological tau deposits in post-mortem brain tissue. CBTAU-7.1 reveals a similar IHC distribution pattern as AT8, immunostaining (pre)tangles, threads, and neuritic plaques. CBTAU-22.1 shows selective detection of neurofibrillary changes by IHC. Taken together, these results suggest the presence of an ongoing antigen-driven immune response against tau in healthy individuals. The wide range of specificities to tau suggests that the human immune repertoire may contain antibodies that can serve as biomarkers or be exploited for therapy.

Desigualdades de cor/raça na disponibilidade de instalações para a prática de atividades físicas e esportes nas escolas públicas de educação básica do Brasil / Color/race inequalities in the availability of facilities for physical activities and sports in public elementary schools in Brazil / Desigualdades de color/raza en la disponibilidad de instalaciones para la práctica de actividades físicas y deportivas en escuelas públicas de educación básica en Brasil

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo ecológico foi estimar desigualdades nas instalações para atividades físicas e esportes (AF) nas escolas públicas de Educação Básica brasileiras (n=70.276), conforme a proporção de matrículas de estudantes autodeclarados negros. Os resultados mostraram que escolas urbanas e rurais com maior proporção de matrículas de estudantes negros (≥60%) apresentaram menos pátio descoberto, quadra coberta e descoberta, parque infantil, estúdio de dança e materiais para a prática desportiva e recreação. Essas desigualdades são traços do racismo, que é estruturante na sociedade brasileira e é institucionalizado na oferta de condições desfavoráveis ao engajamento em AF nas escolas públicas que atendem um maior número de alunos pretos e pardos.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to estimate inequality in physical activity and sports facilities at Brazilian public elementary schools, according to percent of self-reported black students. Our results showed that schools from urban or rural areas with a higher percentage of enrollments of self-reported black students (≥60%) presented fewer outdoor courtyards, sport court indoor and outdoor, playgrounds, dance studios, and materials for sports and recreation. These inequalities are a feature of racism, which is structural in Brazilian society and institutionalized in unfavorable conditions for engaging in physical activity and sports at public elementary schools where there is a higher number of black students.

RESUMEN Este estudio ecológico tuvo como objetivo estimar las desigualdades en las instalaciones para actividades físicas y deportivas (AF) en las escuelas públicas brasileñas de Educación Básica (n=70.276), según la proporción de matrículas de alumnos que se declararon negros. Los resultados mostraron que las escuelas urbanas y rurales con mayor proporción de matrículas de estudiantes negros (≥60%) tenían menos patio al aire libre, canchas interiores y exteriores, parques infantiles, estudios de danza y materiales para deportes y recreación. Esas desigualdades son rasgos del racismo, que es estructural en la sociedad brasileña y está institucionalizado al ofrecer condiciones desfavorables para la práctica de AF en las escuelas públicas que atienden a un mayor número de alumnos negros y pardos.

Lesões associadas a dispositivos médicos em recém-nascidos e crianças em situação crítica / Injuries associated with medical devices in newborns and children in critical situations / Lesiones asociadas a dispositivos médicos en recién nacidos y niños en situaciones críticas

Objetivo: identificar nas evidências científicas as principais causas, medidas de prevenção e estratégias de cuidado aos recém-nascidos e crianças em situação de risco de lesão por pressão. Método: Revisão integrativa realizada nas bases: SCielo, MEDLINE, BDENF, LILACS, EBSCO, CINAHL. Foram analisados 18 artigos quanto ao nível de evidência e ao conteúdo, realizado a estratégia PICO, método duplo-cego e atemporal com os descritores: recém-nascido AND pele AND lesão por pressão. Resultados: Evidenciou-se literaturas publicadas em 2003, com nível IV de evidência, mais publicados por enfermeiros. Como principais causas identificou-se: predomínio de lesões por dispositivosmédicos, com destaque ao CPAP nasal e oxímetros de pulso. Bem como as características individuais (idade, tamanho, duração da terapia, umidade e temperatura do ambiente).Quanto às medidas preventivas e estratégias destaca-se: a utilização de instrumentosválidos e confiáveis para a avaliação vigilância rigorosa dos profissionais. Dentre os cuidados identificou-se: curativos de barreira, espuma de polivinila e adesivos de barreira. Conclusões: Conclui-se que as lesões por dispositivos médicos são as principais causas de lesão por pressão nos recém-nascidos e crianças, utilizou-se as escalas de avaliação de pele e a vigilância profissional como estratégias de prevenção. Como estratégia de cuidado destacou-se o uso do curativo de barreira.

Objective: to identify in scientific evidence the main causes, prevention measures and care strategies for newborns and children at risk of pressure injury. Method:Integrative review performed in the bases: SCielo, MEDLINE, BDENF, LILACS, EBSCO, CINAHL. Eighteen articles were analyzed regarding the level of evidence and content, using the PICO strategy, double-blind and timeless method with the descriptors: newborn AND skin AND pressure lesion. Results:Therewas evidence of literature published in 2003, with level IV of evidence, more published by nurses. The main causes identified were: predominance of injuries caused by medical devices, especially nasal CPAP and pulse oximeters. As well as individual characteristics (age, size, duration of therapy, ambient humidity and temperature). As for preventive measures and strategies, the following stand out: the use of valid and reliable instruments for evaluating the rigorous surveillance of professionals. Among thecare measures identified were: barrier dressings, polyvinyl foam and barrier adhesives. Conclusions:It is concluded that injuries caused by medical devices are the main causes of pressure injuries in newborns and children, using skin assessment scales and professional surveillance as prevention strategies. As a care strategy, the use of barrier dressings was highlighted.

Objetivo: identificar en la evidencia científica las principales causas, medidas de prevención y estrategias de atención al recién nacido y niño en riesgo de lesión por presión. Método:Revisión integrativa realizada en las bases: SCielo, MEDLINE, BDENF, LILACS, EBSCO, CINAHL. Se analizaron 18 artículos en cuanto al nivel de evidencia y contenido, utilizando la estrategia PICO, método doble ciego y atemporal con los descriptores: recién nacido Y piel Y lesión por presión. Resultados:hubo evidencia de literatura publicada en 2003, con nivel de evidencia IV, más publicada por enfermeras. Lasprincipales causas identificadas fueron: predominio de lesiones provocadas por dispositivos médicos, especialmente CPAP nasal y oxímetros de pulso. Así como las características individuales (edad, tamaño, duración de la terapia, humedad ambiental y temperatura). En cuanto a las medidas y estrategias preventivas, destacan: el uso de instrumentos válidos y fiables para evaluar la vigilancia rigurosa de los profesionales. Entre las medidas de cuidado identificadas se encuentran: apósitos de barrera, espuma depolivinilo y adhesivos de barrera. Conclusiones:Se concluye que las lesiones ocasionadas por dispositivos médicos son las principales causas de lesiones por presión en recién nacidos y niños, utilizando escalas de valoración cutánea y vigilancia profesional como estrategias de prevención. Como estrategia asistencial, se destacó el uso de apósitos barrera.

Behaviour of Sotalia guianensis (van Bénéden, 1864) (Cetacea, Delphinidae) and ethnoecological knowledge of artisanal fishermen from Canavieiras, Bahia, Brazil.

Artisanal fishermen, because of their direct and frequent contact with the aquatic environment, possess a wealth of knowledge about the natural history of the fauna of the region in which they live. This knowledge, both practical and theoretical, has been frequently utilized and integrated into academic research. Taking this into consideration, this study discusses the ethnoecological knowledge of artisanal fishermen from a community in Canavieiras, state of Bahia, Brazil regarding the Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis), a typically costal member of the family Delphinidae that is little studied in this region. To this end, the behaviour of S. guianensis in Canavieiras was recorded over one year and the data obtained were compared with fishermen's reports. A total of 609 hours of behavioural observations of S. guianensis was conducted from a fixed point in alternate morning and afternoon sessions between October 2009 and September 2010. Observations were conducted from a pier (15°40'59"S and 38°56'38"W) situated on the banks of the Pardo River estuary --the region's main river--at 5.5 m above water level. For ethnoecological data collection, semi-structured interviews were carried out with 26 fishermen in May, June and September 2010 and January 2011 in the fishing community of Atalaia. Occasional boat expeditions were made with the fishermen to compare their reports with direct observations of the behaviour of S. guianensis. The results demonstrate that fishermen possess a body of knowledge about S. guianensis that describes in detail the main behavioural aspects of the species. They reported the presence of S. guianensis in the Pardo River estuary throughout the year and its gregarious behaviour. They cited a relationship between the movement of dolphins and tidal cycles, and their presence in the estuary associated with the search for food. In addition, the fishermen reported that numbers of infants in groups were proportional to group size. Behaviours described were compatible with the observations made in situ and with data found in the scientific literature, confirming the importance of traditional knowledge in complementing scientific data. One behaviour mentioned by the fishermen that had no equivalence in the scientific literature was confirmed in situ and, therefore, constitutes the first record for this species.

Educação física na Educação Infantil e o currículo da formação inicial / Physical education in Early Childhood Education and the basic training curriculum / Educación física en la Educación Infantil y el plan de estudios de la formación inicial

Esta pesquisa é uma análise do currículo de formação dos professores de Educação Física de uma universidade estadual baiana no que diz respeito às especificidades para a futura atuação na Educação Infantil. O trabalho objetivou identificar se o currículo atual do referido curso oferece subsídios para atuação dos futuros professores nas escolas de Educação Infantil. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa documental com enfoque dialético. O currículo analisado dá conta de aspectos gerais referentes a uma atuação consciente na Educação Infantil. No entanto, poucas são as citações específicas à Educação Infantil, e estas apresentam enfoques contraditórios, além de uma sobreposição de conteúdos entre as disciplinas.

This research is an analysis of the curriculum of physical education for teachers, at a state university of Bahia, with regard to the specific characteristics for future performance in kindergarten. This study aimed to identify whether the current curriculum of this course provides grants for the performance of future teachers in schools for children's education. It was a documental research with dialectical approach. The analysis of the curriculum found general aspects related to a conscious activity in kindergarten. However, there are few specific citations to kindergarten and they have conflicting approaches, and an overlap of content between the disciplines.

Esta investigación es un análisis de los programas de capacitación de profesores de educación física en una universidad del estado de Bahía, con respecto a las características específicas para el desempeño futuro en la educación infantil. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar si el actual plan de estudios de este curso proporciona subvenciones para el desempeño de los futuros maestros en las escuelas para la educación infantil. Es una investigación documental con el enfoque dialéctico. Los informes de planes de estudios muestran aspectos generales relacionados con una actividad consciente en el kindergarten. Sin embargo, hay pocas citaciones específicas a la educación infantil, y estas presentan enfoques conflictivos y un solapamiento de contenidos entre las disciplinas.