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The wildland-urban interface (WUI) is where buildings and wildland vegetation meet or intermingle1,2. It is where human-environmental conflicts and risks can be concentrated, including the loss of houses and lives to wildfire, habitat loss and fragmentation and the spread of zoonotic diseases3. However, a global analysis of the WUI has been lacking. Here, we present a global map of the 2020 WUI at 10 m resolution using a globally consistent and validated approach based on remote sensing-derived datasets of building area4 and wildland vegetation5. We show that the WUI is a global phenomenon, identify many previously undocumented WUI hotspots and highlight the wide range of population density, land cover types and biomass levels in different parts of the global WUI. The WUI covers only 4.7% of the land surface but is home to nearly half its population (3.5 billion). The WUI is especially widespread in Europe (15% of the land area) and the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome (18%). Of all people living near 2003-2020 wildfires (0.4 billion), two thirds have their home in the WUI, most of them in Africa (150 million). Given that wildfire activity is predicted to increase because of climate change in many regions6, there is a need to understand housing growth and vegetation patterns as drivers of WUI change.
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Biomassa , Cidades , Mapeamento Geográfico , Densidade Demográfica , Meio Selvagem , Humanos , Florestas , Incêndios Florestais/prevenção & controle , Incêndios Florestais/estatística & dados numéricos , Urbanização , Cidades/estatística & dados numéricos , África , Europa (Continente) , Habitação/provisão & distribuição , Habitação/tendências , Mudança ClimáticaRESUMO
Piperacillin-tazobactam (TZP) is frequently used for intra-abdominal infection (IAI). Our institution experienced consecutive shortages of TZP and cefepime, providing an opportunity to review prescribing patterns and microbiology for IAI. Hospitalized adult patients treated for IAI, based on provider selection of IAI as the indication within the antibiotic order, between March 2014 and February 2018 were identified from the University of Virginia Clinical Data Repository and Infection Prevention and Control Database. Antimicrobial utilization, microbiologic data, and clinical outcomes were compared across four year-long periods: pre-shortage, TZP shortage, cefepime shortage, and post-shortage. There were 7,668 episodes of antimicrobial prescribing for an indication of IAI during the study period. Cefepime use for IAI increased 190% during the TZP shortage; meanwhile ceftriaxone use increased by only 57%. There was no increase in in-house mortality, colonization with resistant organisms, or Clostridiodes difficile infection among patients treated with IAI during the shortage periods. Among a subset of cases randomly selected for review, Pseudomonas sp. was a rare cause of IAI, but anti-pseudomonal antibiotics were commonly prescribed empirically. We observed a large increase in cefepime utilization for IAI during a TZP shortage that was not warranted based on the observed frequency of identification of Pseudomonas sp. as the causative organism in IAI, suggesting a need to revisit national guideline recommendations.
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BACKGROUND: Non-immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to nafcillin are commonly reported, but scarce data are available to guide appropriate antibiotic change following these reactions. Although cefazolin is an attractive therapeutic alternative in methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infections when patients experience an HSR to nafcillin, more data are needed to evaluate the tolerability of cefazolin after switching from nafcillin. The purpose of this study was to describe the tolerability of cefazolin in patients who develop a suspected non-IgE-mediated HSR to nafcillin. METHODS: This was a retrospective, descriptive case series of patients who received nafcillin for an MSSA infection, experienced a suspected non-IgE-mediated HSR, and were switched to cefazolin between October 2015 and November 2019 at a single academic medical center. The primary objective was to identify the percentage of patients who completed cefazolin after experiencing a suspected non-IgE-mediated HSR to nafcillin. RESULTS: There were 80 patients with 87 prespecified non-IgE-mediated HSRs during the study period. Seventy-one (89%) patients completed cefazolin, with 53 (75%) of these patients completing at least 2 weeks of therapy. One patient was ultimately switched from cefazolin to daptomycin due to concern for treatment failure. Eight patients (10%) did not tolerate cefazolin after switching from nafcillin. Of these, 3 patients experienced an unrelated HSR, whereas 5 patients experienced the same non-IgE-mediated HSR that was attributed to nafcillin and discontinued cefazolin within 7 days. The most common HSR cited was immune-mediated nephritis; however, the majority were clinically presumed but did not meet objective diagnostic criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with cefazolin after experiencing a suspected non-IgE-mediated HSR to nafcillin appears to be safe, even for patients requiring a prolonged duration of cefazolin.
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Bacteriemia , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Cefazolina/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Meticilina , Nafcilina/uso terapêutico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Staphylococcus aureusRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Implementation of the Accelerate PhenoTM Gram-negative platform (RDT) paired with antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) intervention projects to improve time to institutional-preferred antimicrobial therapy (IPT) for Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) bloodstream infections (BSIs). However, few data describe the impact of discrepant RDT results from standard of care (SOC) methods on antimicrobial prescribing. METHODS: A single-center, pre-/post-intervention study of consecutive, nonduplicate blood cultures for adult inpatients with GNB BSI following combined RDT + ASP intervention was performed. The primary outcome was time to IPT. An a priori definition of IPT was utilized to limit bias and to allow for an assessment of the impact of discrepant RDT results with the SOC reference standard. RESULTS: Five hundred fourteen patients (PRE 264; POST 250) were included. Median time to antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) results decreased 29.4 hours (Pâ <â .001) post-intervention, and median time to IPT was reduced by 21.2 hours (Pâ <â .001). Utilization (days of therapy [DOTs]/1000 days present) of broad-spectrum agents decreased (PRE 655.2 vs POST 585.8; Pâ =â .043) and narrow-spectrum beta-lactams increased (69.1 vs 141.7; Pâ <â .001). Discrepant results occurred in 69/250 (28%) post-intervention episodes, resulting in incorrect ASP recommendations in 10/69 (14%). No differences in clinical outcomes were observed. CONCLUSIONS: While implementation of a phenotypic RDT + ASP can improve time to IPT, close coordination with Clinical Microbiology and continued ASP follow up are needed to optimize therapy. Although uncommon, the potential for erroneous ASP recommendations to de-escalate to inactive therapy following RDT results warrants further investigation.
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Gestão de Antimicrobianos , Bacteriemia , Sepse , Adulto , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Hemocultura , Bactérias Gram-Negativas , Humanos , Sepse/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
With multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacterales on the rise, a nontoxic antimicrobial agent with a unique mechanism of action such as fosfomycin seems attractive. However, establishing accurate fosfomycin susceptibility testing for non-Escherichia coli isolates in a clinical microbiology laboratory remains problematic. We evaluated fosfomycin susceptibility by multiple methods with 96 KPC-producing clinical isolates of multiple strains and species collected at a single center between 2008 and 2016. In addition, we assessed the presence of fosfomycin resistance genes from whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data using NCBI's AMRFinder and custom HMM search. Susceptibility testing was performed using a glucose-6-phosphate-supplemented fosfomycin Etest and Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion (DD) assays, and the results were compared to those obtained by agar dilution. Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoints for E. coli were applied for interpretation. Overall, 63% (60/96) of isolates were susceptible by Etest, 70% (67/96) by DD, and 88% (84/96) by agar dilution. fosA was detected in 80% (70/88) of previously sequenced isolates, with species-specific associations and alleles, and fosA-positive isolates were associated with higher MIC distributions. Disk potentiation testing was performed using sodium phosphonoformate to inhibit fosA and showed significant increases in the zone diameter of DD testing for isolates that were fosA positive compared to those that were fosA negative. The addition of sodium phosphonoformate (PPF) corrected 10/14 (71%) major errors in categorical agreement with agar dilution. Our results indicate that fosA influences the inaccuracy of susceptibility testing by methods readily available in a clinical laboratory compared to agar dilution. Further research is needed to determine the impact of fosA on clinical outcomes.
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Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Fosfomicina/farmacologia , Infecções por Klebsiella/microbiologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genética , beta-Lactamases/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/biossíntese , Genoma Bacteriano , Humanos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma , beta-Lactamases/biossínteseRESUMO
Background: Nucleic acid microarray (NAM) testing for detection of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) and S. aureus resistance gene determinants can reduce time to targeted antibiotic administration. Evidence-based management of SAB includes bedside infectious diseases (ID) consultation. As a healthcare improvement initiative at our institution, with the goal of improving management and outcomes for subjects with SAB, we implemented NAM with a process for responding to positive NAM results by directly triggered, mandatory ID consultation. Methods: Preintervention, SAB was identified by traditional culture and results passively directed to antibiotic stewardship program (ASP) pharmacists. Postintervention, SAB in adult inpatients was identified by Verigene Gram-Positive Blood Culture test, results paged directly to ID fellow physicians, and consultation initiated immediately. In the new process, ASP assisted with management after the initial consultation. A single-center, retrospective, pre-/postintervention analysis was performed. Results: One hundred six preintervention and 120 postintervention subjects were assessed. Time to ID consultation after notification of a positive blood culture decreased 26.0 hours (95% confidence interval [CI], 45.1 to 7.1 hours, P < .001) postintervention compared with preintervention. Time to initiation of targeted antibiotic decreased by a mean of 21.2 hours (95% CI, 31.4 to 11.0 hours, P < .001) and time to targeted antibiotics for methicillin-sensitive S. aureus decreased by a mean of 40.7 hours (95% CI, 58.0 to 23.5 hours, P < .001). The intervention was associated with lower in-hospital (13.2% to 5.8%, P = .047) and 30-day (17.9% to 8.3%, P = .025) mortality. Conclusions: Compared with an ASP-directed response to traditionally detected SAB, an efficient physician response to NAM was associated with improved care and outcomes for SAB.
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Bacteriemia/diagnóstico , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Gerenciamento Clínico , Análise em Microsséries/métodos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/diagnóstico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bacteriemia/mortalidade , Técnicas Bacteriológicas/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Encaminhamento e Consulta , Estudos Retrospectivos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/mortalidade , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Análise de Sobrevida , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Aminoimidazolecarboxamide ribonucleotide formyl transferase (AICARFT): Inosine monophosphate cyclohydrolase (IMPCH, collectively called ATIC) is a bifunctional enzyme that catalyses the penultimate and final steps in the purine de novo biosynthesis pathway. The bifunctional protein is dimeric and each monomer contains two different active sites both of which are capable of binding nucleotide substrates, this means to a potential total of four distinct binding events might be observed. Within this work we used a combination of site-directed and truncation mutants of ATIC to independently investigate the binding at these two sites using calorimetry. A single S10W mutation is sufficient to block the IMPCH active site allowing investigation of the effects of mutation on ligand binding in the AICARFT active site. The majority of nucleotide ligands bind selectively at one of the two active sites with the exception of xanthosine monophosphate, XMP, which, in addition to binding in both AICARFT and IMPCH active sites, shows evidence for cooperative binding with communication between symmetrically-related active sites in the two IMPCH domains. The AICARFT site is capable of independently binding both nucleotide and folate substrates with high affinity however no evidence for positive cooperativity in binding could be detected using the model ligands employed in this study.
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Hidroximetil e Formil Transferases/química , Modelos Moleculares , Complexos Multienzimáticos/química , Nucleotídeo Desaminases/química , Nucleotídeos/química , Domínio Catalítico , Humanos , Hidroximetil e Formil Transferases/genética , Hidroximetil e Formil Transferases/metabolismo , Complexos Multienzimáticos/genética , Complexos Multienzimáticos/metabolismo , Nucleotídeo Desaminases/genética , Nucleotídeo Desaminases/metabolismo , Nucleotídeos/genética , Nucleotídeos/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Especificidade por Substrato/fisiologiaRESUMO
The recent widespread emergence of carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is a major public health concern, as carbapenems are a therapy of last resort against this family of common bacterial pathogens. Resistance genes can mobilize via various mechanisms, including conjugation and transposition; however, the importance of this mobility in short-term evolution, such as within nosocomial outbreaks, is unknown. Using a combination of short- and long-read whole-genome sequencing of 281 blaKPC-positive Enterobacteriaceae isolates from a single hospital over 5 years, we demonstrate rapid dissemination of this carbapenem resistance gene to multiple species, strains, and plasmids. Mobility of blaKPC occurs at multiple nested genetic levels, with transmission of blaKPC strains between individuals, frequent transfer of blaKPC plasmids between strains/species, and frequent transposition of blaKPC transposon Tn4401 between plasmids. We also identify a common insertion site for Tn4401 within various Tn2-like elements, suggesting that homologous recombination between Tn2-like elements has enhanced the spread of Tn4401 between different plasmid vectors. Furthermore, while short-read sequencing has known limitations for plasmid assembly, various studies have attempted to overcome this by the use of reference-based methods. We also demonstrate that, as a consequence of the genetic mobility observed in this study, plasmid structures can be extremely dynamic, and therefore these reference-based methods, as well as traditional partial typing methods, can produce very misleading conclusions. Overall, our findings demonstrate that nonclonal resistance gene dissemination can be extremely rapid, presenting significant challenges for public health surveillance and achieving effective control of antibiotic resistance.
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Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/epidemiologia , Enterobacteriaceae/genética , Transferência Genética Horizontal , Resistência beta-Lactâmica/genética , beta-Lactamases/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Carbapenêmicos/farmacologia , Conjugação Genética , Elementos de DNA Transponíveis , Enterobacteriaceae/classificação , Enterobacteriaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiologia , Expressão Gênica , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Recombinação Homóloga , Humanos , Filogenia , Plasmídeos/química , Plasmídeos/metabolismo , Vigilância em Saúde Pública , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Virginia/epidemiologia , beta-Lactamases/metabolismoAssuntos
Bacteriemia , Ácidos Nucleicos , Médicos , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Humanos , Staphylococcus aureusRESUMO
OXA-48 has emerged as a major carbapenemase associated with the Enterobacteriaceae in Europe, North Africa, and Asia. We report the first two clinical cases of OXA-48-type carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the United States from patients recently hospitalized in Saudi Arabia and India. Each is more carbapenem resistant than nearly all previously reported OXA-48-type-producing Enterobacteriaceae.
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Infecções por Klebsiella/microbiologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/classificação , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência beta-Lactâmica , beta-Lactamases/biossíntese , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Feminino , Humanos , Infecções por Klebsiella/diagnóstico , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Estados Unidos , Resistência beta-Lactâmica/genética , beta-Lactamases/genéticaRESUMO
Background: Limited data exist to guide blood culture ordering in persistent febrile neutropenia (FN), resulting in substantial variation in practice. Unnecessary repeat blood cultures have been associated with patient harm including increased antimicrobial exposure, hospital length of stay, catheter removal, and overall cost. Methods: We conducted a single-center study of adult hematology-oncology patients with ≥3 days of FN. The yield of blood cultures was first evaluated in a 2-year historical cohort. Additionally, a pilot pre-/postintervention study was performed in non-stem cell transplant (SCT) patients following a change in our population clinical practice guideline from a recommendation of daily blood cultures to a clinically guided approach. The primary outcome was cultures collected per days of FN after day 3 of persistent FN. Results: One hundred forty-six episodes of ≥3 days of FN in 108 patients were identified during the historical period. Day 1 blood cultures were positive in 23 of 146 (16%) episodes. Blood cultures were drawn on 374 of 513 (73%) subsequent episode-days (day 2-12) and were negative in 366 of 374 (98%). After the intervention, a 53% decrease was observed in the rate of total blood cultures collected (1.4 preintervention vs 0.7 postintervention; P = .03). Blood cultures obtained after 48â hours rarely yielded clinically significant organisms. Conclusions: Repeat blood cultures are low-yield in persistent FN without new clinical change. A pilot intervention in non-SCT patients successfully reduced the frequency of blood culture collection.
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OBJECTIVE: Postprocedural infection is a consequential complication of neurosurgical intervention. Periprocedural antimicrobial prophylaxis is routinely administered to prevent infection, and in some cases, continued for extended periods while surgical drains remain in place. However, there is little evidence that extended antimicrobial administration is necessary to reduce postprocedural infection, and extended antimicrobials can be associated with harm, such as Clostridioides difficile infection. The authors sought to evaluate whether shortening the duration of postprocedural antimicrobial prophylaxis would decrease the incidence of C. difficile infection without increasing the incidence of postprocedural infection. METHODS: In this retrospective study, two general neurosurgical cohorts were examined. In one cohort, postoperative antimicrobial prophylaxis was limited to 24 hours; in the other, some patients received extended postoperative antimicrobial prophylaxis while surgical drains or external ventricular drains (EVDs) remained in place. Rates of infection with C. difficile as well as postprocedural infection after surgery and EVD placement were compared. RESULTS: Seven thousand two hundred four patients undergoing 8586 surgical procedures and 413 EVD placements were reviewed. The incidence of C. difficile infection decreased significantly from 0.5% per procedural encounter to 0.07% with the discontinuation of extended postprocedural antibiotics within 90 days of a procedure. Rates of postprocedural infection and EVD infection did not significantly change. Results were similar in subgroups of patients with closed suction drains as well as cranial and spine subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Discontinuation of extended antimicrobial prophylaxis was associated with a significant decrease in the incidence of C. difficile infection without a concomitant change in postprocedural infections or EVD-associated infection. This study provides evidence in support of specialtfy-wide discontinuation of extended postoperative antimicrobial prophylaxis, even in the presence of closed suction drains.
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Patients with widespread atherosclerosis such as peripheral artery disease (PAD) have a high risk of cardiovascular and limb symptoms and complications, which affects their quality of life and longevity. Over the past 2 decades there have been substantial advances in diagnostics, pharmacotherapy, and interventions including endovascular and open surgical to aid in the management of PAD patients. To summarize the evidence regarding approaches to diagnosis, risk stratification, medical and intervention treatments for patients with PAD, guided by the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework, evidence was synthesized, and assessed for quality, and recommendations provided-categorized as weak or strong for each prespecified research question. Fifty-six recommendations were made, with 27% (15/56) graded as strong recommendations with high-quality evidence, 14% (8/56) were designated as strong recommendations with moderate-quality evidence, and 20% (11/56) were strong recommendations with low quality of evidence. Conversely 39% (22/56) were classified as weak recommendations. For PAD patients, strong recommendations on the basis of high-quality evidence, include smoking cessation interventions, structured exercise programs for claudication, lipid-modifying therapy, antithrombotic therapy with a single antiplatelet agent or dual pathway inhibition with low-dose rivaroxaban and aspirin; treatment of hypertension with an angiotensin converting enzyme or angiotensin receptor blocker; and for those with diabetes, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor should be considered. Furthermore, autogenous grafts are more effective than prosthetic grafts for surgical bypasses for claudication or chronic limb-threatening ischemia involving the popliteal or distal arteries. Other recommendations indicated that new endovascular techniques and hybrid procedures be considered in patients with favourable anatomy and patient factors, and finally, the evidence for perioperative risk stratification for PAD patients who undergo surgery remains weak.
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Doença Arterial Periférica , Qualidade de Vida , Canadá , Humanos , Claudicação Intermitente , Doença Arterial Periférica/diagnóstico , Doença Arterial Periférica/cirurgia , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/uso terapêutico , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Thyroid nodules are found in 12-52% of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT). With the increasing use of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP), there is no standard approach for the management of incidental thyroid nodules in pHPT patients. METHODS: A survey was conducted of the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons. Information was obtained regarding parathyroidectomy practice patterns, including surgical technique, preoperative localization procedures, and algorithms used in the diagnosis/treatment of incidental thyroid nodules. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 74%. Sixty-seven percent were high-volume parathyroid surgeons (>5/mo); the majority performed MIP. High-volume surgeons were more likely to use Sestamibi/single photon emitted computed tomography for preoperative localization (40% versus 24%; P = 0.011) and to disregard incidentally discovered thyroid nodules <1 cm (41% versus 22%; P = 0.023). They were less likely to evaluate nodules discovered intraoperatively by frozen section (28% versus 41%; P = 0.081), fine-needle aspiration (13% versus 24%; P = 0.078), or thyroidectomy (24% versus 40%; P = 0.03). Surgeons performing open parathyroidectomy were more likely than those who use MIP to biopsy nodules intraoperatively (32% versus 20%; P < 0.05) and perform simultaneous thyroidectomy (30% versus 10%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Experienced endocrine surgeons disagree about the optimal management of incidental thyroid nodules encountered during parathyroidectomy. Our data suggest that high-volume parathyroid surgeons are less aggressive in their evaluation of thyroid pathology in patients with pHPT. Variation in practice among this experienced group implies even greater variation in the broader surgical community, and in the quality and cost of care for patients with pHPT.
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Hiperparatireoidismo Primário/epidemiologia , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário/cirurgia , Paratireoidectomia/estatística & dados numéricos , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide/epidemiologia , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide/cirurgia , Algoritmos , Biópsia , Estudos Transversais , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Humanos , Incidência , Achados Incidentais , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Minimamente Invasivos , Prática Profissional/estatística & dados numéricos , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide/diagnóstico , Tireoidectomia/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Levodopa, the gold standard for Parkinson's disease treatment, is associated with debilitating abnormal involuntary movements or dyskinesias, for which few treatments are currently available. Studies have implicated numerous neurotransmitters in the development of levodopa-induced dyskinesias. However, the cholinergic system has received little attention despite an extensive overlap between dopaminergic terminals and cholinergic interneurons in the striatum and the well-known ability of nicotine to stimulate striatal dopamine release. Our objective, therefore, was to determine whether nicotine treatment reduced levodopa-induced dyskinesias. METHODS: The effect of nicotine (provided in the drinking water) was determined on dyskinesias induced by levodopa (5 mg/kg twice daily by oral gavage) in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated monkeys. RESULTS: Nicotine pretreatment reduced peak and total levodopa-induced dyskinesias in levodopa-naive monkeys over an 8-week period, with a decrease in total dyskinesias of about 50%. A crossover study was then done in which levodopa-treated monkeys originally receiving vehicle were administered nicotine, whereas the levodopa-treated animals initially receiving nicotine were placed on vehicle. Nicotine treatment to levodopa-primed monkeys led to an approximately 35% reduction in total dyskinesias that lasted for at least 8 weeks, at which time the study was ended. In contrast, a significant increase in levodopa-induced dyskinesias was observed in the group of animals that had previously received nicotine and were then switched to vehicle. Nicotine treatment did not appear to affect the antiparkinsonian action of levodopa. INTERPRETATION: These data suggest that nicotine or selective nicotinic agonists may represent a useful treatment strategy to reduce levodopa-induced dyskinesias.
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Discinesia Induzida por Medicamentos/fisiopatologia , Levodopa , Nicotina/farmacologia , Agonistas Nicotínicos/farmacologia , 1-Metil-4-Fenil-1,2,3,6-Tetra-Hidropiridina , Animais , Ritmo Circadiano , Discinesia Induzida por Medicamentos/patologia , Levodopa/farmacologia , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/fisiopatologia , Saimiri , Substância Negra/patologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Calcitonin is a sensitive tumor marker for medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) and is useful in preoperative diagnosis and postoperative surveillance for recurrent disease. Calcitonin-negative MTC is a rare occurrence. We present the case of a 68-year-old man with a 6.5 cm sporadic MTC with a 5-cm metastasis in the neck, but only minimally elevated serum calcitonin levels. He underwent total thyroidectomy, resection of internal jugular vein, and limited ipsilateral lymph node dissection. He remains disease-free 12 months after surgery. We review the literature on calcitonin-negative MTC and discuss methods of postoperative surveillance in this subset of patients.
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Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Calcitonina/sangue , Carcinoma Medular/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/diagnóstico , Idoso , Carcinoma Medular/sangue , Carcinoma Medular/cirurgia , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Esvaziamento Cervical , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/prevenção & controle , Prevenção Secundária , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/sangue , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/cirurgia , TireoidectomiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Including and prioritising community voice in policy development means policy is more likely to reflect community values and priorities. This project trialled and evaluated a storyboard approach in a deliberative community forum to engage Australian Aboriginal people in health policy priority setting. METHODS: The forum was co-constructed with two Aboriginal community-controlled organisations. A circle storyboard was used to centre Aboriginal community knowledge and values and encourage the group to engage with broader perspectives and evidence. The forum asked a diverse (descriptively representative) group of Aboriginal people in a rural town what governments should do to support the wellbeing of children and youth, particularly to encourage them to eat well and be active. RESULTS: The storyboard provided a tactile device to allow shared stories and identification of community issues. The group identified policies they believed governments should prioritise, including strategies to combat racism and provide local supports and outlets for young people. CONCLUSIONS: An informed deliberative storyboard approach offers a novel way of engaging with Aboriginal communities in a culturally appropriate and inclusive manner. Implications for public health: The identification of racism as a major issue of concern in preventing children from living healthy lifestyles highlights the need for policy responses in this area.
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Participação da Comunidade/métodos , Dieta/métodos , Política de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Promoção da Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Serviços de Saúde do Indígena/legislação & jurisprudência , Estilo de Vida , Adolescente , Austrália , Criança , Prioridades em Saúde , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Humanos , Havaiano Nativo ou Outro Ilhéu do Pacífico/legislação & jurisprudência , População RuralRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Rapid diagnostics for enterococcal bloodstream infections (E-BSIs) can decrease the time to speciation and determination of vancomycin resistance but may not lead to improved antibiotic stewardship. METHODS: Over 3 years, the time to administration of institutionally preferred antibiotics (IPT) for patients with E-BSI was evaluated and compared between 3 intervention groups: before (baseline) and after implementation of a rapid diagnostic (BC-GP), and the use of BC-GP with an Infectious Diseases (ID) fellow-driven consultative intervention (BC-GPâ¯+â¯ID). RESULTS: A total of 110 patients (63 baseline, 13â¯BC-GP, 34â¯BC-GPâ¯+â¯ID) with E-BSI were evaluated. Evaluation of Enterococcus faecium BSI showed that the time IPT was significantly reduced with BC-GPâ¯+â¯ID by 10.6â¯h from baseline (Pâ¯=â¯0.02) and 5.4â¯h from BC-GP (Pâ¯=â¯0.04). CONCLUSIONS: An ID fellow-driven stewardship intervention was associated with a significant improvement in time to IPT for patients with E. faecium but not E. faecalis BSI.
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Bacteriemia , Enterococcus , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/diagnóstico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Hemocultura , Enterococcus/classificação , Enterococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterococcus/genética , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/mortalidade , Humanos , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
We hypothesized that a computerized clinical decision support tool for Clostridium difficile testing would reduce unnecessary inpatient tests, resulting in fewer laboratory-identified events. Census-adjusted interrupted time-series analyses demonstrated significant reductions of 41% fewer tests and 31% fewer hospital-onset C. difficile infection laboratory-identified events following this intervention.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:737-740.
Assuntos
Clostridioides difficile/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Clostridium/diagnóstico , Infecção Hospitalar/diagnóstico , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Sistemas de Apoio a Decisões Clínicas , Infecções por Clostridium/economia , Infecção Hospitalar/economia , Educação de Pós-Graduação em Medicina , Fezes/microbiologia , Humanos , Planos de Incentivos Médicos , Melhoria de Qualidade , Centros de Atenção TerciáriaRESUMO
Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) are exposed to many conditions in their habitat that may adversely impact health and impair immune function in this endangered species. In an effort to increase the current knowledge base regarding the manatee immune system, the production of an important reactive nitrogen intermediate, nitric oxide (NO), by manatee peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was investigated. PBMC from healthy captive manatees were stimulated with LPS, IFN-gamma, or TNF-alpha, either alone or in various combinations, with NO production assessed after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of culture. NO production in response to LPS stimulation was significantly greater after 48, 72, or 96 h of culture compared to NO production after 24h of culture. A specific inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), L-NIL (L-N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)lysine), significantly decreased NO production by LPS-stimulated manatee PBMC. Manatee specific oligonucleotide primers for iNOS were designed to measure expression of relative amounts of mRNA in LPS-stimulated manatee PBMC from captive manatees. NO production by PBMC from manatees exposed to red tide toxins was analyzed, with significantly greater NO production by both unstimulated and LPS stimulated PBMC from red tide exposed compared with healthy captive or cold-stress manatees. Free-ranging manatees produced significantly lower amounts of nitric oxide compared to either captive or red tide rescued manatees. Results presented in this paper contribute to the current understanding of manatee immune function and represent the first report of nitric oxide production in the immune system of a marine mammal.