Design of a High-Flow Catheter Connector to Enhance Fluid Transfer.

PURPOSE: To compare the performance of a prototype high-flow catheter connector, the Lamprey Lock, with that of a conventional Luer connector. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Lamprey Lock was created to eliminate the choke point resulting from Luer connections by achieving a cross-sectional area approximately 2.5 times larger than that achieved by a conventional Luer connector. A Lamprey Lock 3-way connector was also created by expanding the inner channels of a traditional Luer 3-way connector and exchanging the male Luer connection with a Lamprey Lock connection. These were tested against unaltered Luer and Luer 3-way connectors to compare flow rates using in vitro models of serous and purulent fluid. Each experimental condition was repeated 5 times. RESULTS: In the serous model, the mean drainage rate was 4.4 mL/s (95% CI, 4.3-4.6) and 3.3 mL/s (95% CI, 3.3-3.5) for the Lamprey Lock and Luer connector, respectively (P < .001). The mean drainage rate was 4.2 mL/s (95% CI, 3.9-4.5) and 2.7 mL/s (95% CI, 2.5-2.8) for the Lamprey Lock 3-way and Luer 3-way connector, respectively (P < .001). In the purulent model, the mean drainage rate was 1.4 mL/min (95% CI, 1.3-1.6) and 0.75 mL/min (95% CI, 0.68-0.82) for the Lamprey Lock and Luer connector, respectively (P < .001). The mean drainage rate was 1.5 mL/min (95% CI, 1.3-1.7) and 0.74 mL/min (95% CI, 0.70-0.78) for the Lamprey Lock 3-way and Luer 3-way connector, respectively (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The proposed high-flow catheter connector, the Lamprey Lock, demonstrated higher flow rates than those demonstrated by a conventional Luer connector in vitro.

Added Value of Cone-Beam CT to Identify Arterial Supply during Genicular Artery Embolization for Knee Osteoarthritis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate if the addition of cone-beam computed tomography (CT) to digital subtraction angiography (DSA) improves the identification of the genicular arteries during genicular artery embolization (GAE) for knee pain secondary to osteoarthritis (OA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This single-center study retrospectively analyzed 222 patients who underwent GAE for painful knee OA between May 2018 and April 2022. Intraprocedural cone-beam CT and DSA images were reviewed independently by 2 sets of interventional radiologists. DSA was performed for all patients. Technically adequate cone-beam CT was available for 205 patients (92.3%). The presence of the genicular arteries identified by cone-beam CT and DSA was compared using Φ coefficients. Embolization targets identified by both cone-beam CT and DSA were evaluated against those identified by DSA alone. RESULTS: Genicular arteries with the highest concordance between cone-beam CT and DSA were the inferior lateral (196 vs 198; Φ = 0.3530; P < .0001), superior lateral (197 vs 200; Φ = 0.3060; P < .0001), and superior medial genicular (186 vs 161; Φ = 0.2836; P < .0001) arteries. Cone-beam CT demonstrated higher rates of detection of the inferior medial (195 vs 178; Φ = 0.04573; P = .5150) and median genicular arteries (200 vs 192; Φ = 0.04573; P = .5150). Meanwhile, genicular arteries less frequently identified by cone-beam CT were the descending genicular (197 vs 200; Φ = -0.03186; P = .6502), superior patellar (175 vs 184; Φ = 0.1332; P = .0569), and recurrent anterior tibial (156 vs 186; Φ = 0.01809; P = .7969) arteries. Cone-beam CT in combination with DSA identified 13.4% (372 vs 328) more targets compared to DSA alone. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of the current study, cone-beam CT serves as a valuable adjunct for visualizing the genicular arteries during GAE, and together with DSA, it identifies more potential embolization targets.

Comparison of Feeding-Artery-Only versus Nidus-Plus-Feeding-Artery Embolization of Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations.

PURPOSE: To compare coil embolotherapy outcomes of feeding-artery-only versus nidus-plus-feeding-artery technique for treating pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 219 treatment-naïve PAVMs embolized in 90 patients at a single center from 2008 to 2018 met inclusion criteria for retrospective evaluation. Of the patients, 87% had a diagnosis of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). Feeding artery (FA) diameters ≥2 mm were treated. Coil embolization techniques were classified on the basis of embolic deployment zone: (i) distal feeding artery (DFA) technique (coil-to-nidus distance ≤ 1 cm) or (ii) nidus plus feeding artery (NiFA) technique. Successful embolization predictors were assessed using a multivariate linear regression model with input from patient- and PAVM-specific variables. RESULTS: Treatment success was achieved in 192 of 219 PAVMs (87.7%) over a mean follow-up period of 19 months. Statistically significant predictors of success in the linear regression model included simple angioarchitecture, NiFA embolization technique, and shorter follow-up duration. Stratified by technique, success rates were 99 of 105 (94.3%) and 93 of 114 (81.6%) PAVMs for NiFA and DFA, respectively (P = .007). On average, NiFA-embolized PAVMs had a larger FA diameter (3.6 mm vs 2.7 mm, P < .001) and comprised more complex PAVMs (48% vs 22%, P < .001) than DFA. Treatment success was not significantly associated with sac size or FA diameter. CONCLUSIONS: Coil embolization of both the nidus and FA was associated with a higher persistent occlusion rate than FA embolization alone.

Embolization of De Novo Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations Using High-Volume Detachable Non-Fibered Coils: Propensity-Matched Comparison to Traditional Coils.

Embolization of de novo pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) using high-volume detachable non-fibered (HVDNF) coils was compared to traditional non-HVDNF coils. Persistent-occlusion rates were evaluated. A total of 272 de novo (previously untreated) PAVM treatments were retrospectively stratified into those treated with non-HVDNF coils only (n = 192) and those treated with HVDNF coils with or without other coils (n = 80). Propensity score matching, followed by survival analysis and cost analysis, was performed. The overall persistent-occlusion rate was 86.0% (234/272). Persistent occlusion was achieved in 81.8% of PAVMs using non-HVDNF coils, compared with 96.3% using HVDNF coils (p = 0.0017). The mean follow-up was 30.7 ± 31.9 months versus 14.7 ± 13.4 months, respectively (p < 0.0001). Propensity-matched survival analysis demonstrated PAVMs treated with HVDNF coils recurred significantly less frequently than PAVMs treated with non-HVNDF coils (p = 0.023). The use of HVDNF coils was more expensive than standard coils, however not significantly different for the treatment of complex PAVMs. The use of high-volume detachable non-fibered coils was associated with higher persistent-occlusion rates when compared with non-HVDNF coils. HVDNF coils were more expensive on average; however, cost was similar between groups for the treatment of complex PAVMs.

Predictors of heart failure symptoms in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia patients with hepatic arteriovenous malformations.

BACKGROUND: Hepatic arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) patients are most commonly hepatic artery to hepatic venous shunts which can result in high-output heart failure. This condition can be debilitating and is a leading cause of liver transplantation in HHT patients. However, it is not known what characteristics can discriminate between asymptomatic patients and those who will develop heart failure symptoms. RESULTS: 176 patients with HHT were evaluated with computed tomography angiography (CTA) between April 2004 and February 2019 at our HHT Center of Excellence. 63/176 (35.8%) patients were found to have hepatic AVMs on CTA. 18 of these patients were excluded because of the presence of another condition which could confound evaluation of heart failure symptoms. In the remaining 45 patients included in our cohort, 25/45 (55.6%) patients were classified as asymptomatic and 20/45 (44.4%) were classified as symptomatic, and these groups were compared. In symptomatic patients, mean common hepatic artery (CHA) diameter was significantly higher (11.1 versus 8.4 mm) and mean hemoglobin levels were significantly lower (10.7 vs 12.6 g/dL). A stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that both CHA diameter and hemoglobin level were independent predictors of heart failure symptoms with ORs of 2.554 (95% CI 1.372-4.754) and 0.489 (95% CI 0.299-0.799), respectively. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve of our analysis demonstrated an AUC of 0.906 (95% CI 0.816-0.996), sensitivity 80.0% (95% CI 55.7-93.4%), and specificity 75.0% (95% CI 52.9-89.4%). CONCLUSIONS: CTA is an effective and easily reproducible method to evaluate hepatic involvement of HHT. Utilizing CTA, clinical, and laboratory data we determined CHA diameter and hemoglobin level were independent predictors of heart failure symptoms.

Treatment of Recurrent Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations: Comparison of Proximal Versus Distal Embolization Technique.

PURPOSE: To examine the characteristics of recurrent pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) and compare the success of proximal versus distal embolization technique for treatment of recanalized PAVMs. MATERIALS: Between July 2007 and October 2018, 26 consecutive patients underwent embolization of 64 previously treated recurrent PAVMs at a single center with imaging follow-up. PAVM angioarchitecture was classified as either simple (1 feeding artery) or complex (≥ 2 feeding arteries). The mechanism of recurrence was characterized as recanalization (flow through previously placed embolic material) or reperfusion (flow through accessory arteries). For recanalized PAVMs, we compared embolizing proximal to or within the existing embolic (proximal embolization technique) versus embolizing distal to the existing embolic (distal embolization technique). Follow-up imaging was reviewed to determine treatment success, defined as decrease of the draining vein or sac size by at least 70%. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 47.6 years (range 22-72 years), and 61.5% were female. Twenty-four patients (92.3%) had hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, a disorder associated with PAVM formation. 31/64 (48.4%) PAVMs were simple, and 33/64 (51.6%) PAVMs were complex. Recanalization was the most common pattern of recurrence, occurring in 54/64 (84.4%) PAVMs. Treatment success following repeat embolization was 54.7% at a mean follow-up time of 1.6 years. For recanalized PAVMs, treatment success was significantly more likely with distal embolization technique (14/15, 93.3%) than with proximal embolization technique (19/33, 57.6%) (P = 0.0180). CONCLUSION: Recurrent PAVMs are difficult to treat, with high rates of recurrence following repeat embolization. Distal embolization technique is more likely to produce durable occlusion than proximal embolization.

Type I Interferon Receptor Variants in Gene Regulatory Regions are Associated with Susceptibility to Cerebral Malaria in Malawi.

Cerebral malaria (CM) remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Risk for developing CM partially depends on host genetic factors, including variants encoded in the type I interferon (IFN) receptor 1 (IFNAR1). Type I IFNs bind to IFNAR1 resulting in increased expression of IFN responsive genes, which modulate innate and adaptive immune responses. To comprehensively study IFNAR1 genetic variant associations in Malawians with CM or uncomplicated malaria, we used a tag single nucleotide polymorphism approach, based on the HapMap Yoruba in Ibadan, Nigeria, population database. We identified three novel (rs914142, rs12626750, and rs1041867) and one previously published (Chr21:34696785 [C > G]) IFNAR1 variants to be associated with CM. Some of these variants are in gene regulatory regions. Chr21:34696785 (C > G) is in a region encoding histone modifications and transcription factor-binding sites, which suggests gene regulatory activity. Rs12626750 is predicted to bind embryonic lethal abnormal vision system-like RNA-binding protein 1, a RNA-binding protein which can increase the type I IFN response. Furthermore, we examined these variants in an expression quantitative trait loci database and found that a protective variant, rs914142, is associated with lower expression of IFNAR1, whereas the CM-associated variant rs12626750 was associated with increased IFNAR1 expression, suggesting that activation of the type I IFN pathway may contribute to pathogenesis of CM. Future functional studies of IFNAR1 variants are now needed to clarify the role of this pathway in severe malarial diseases.

Exophiala (Wangiella) dermatitidis Prosthetic Aortic Valve Endocarditis and Prosthetic Graft Infection in an Immune Competent Patient.

Exophiala (Wangiella) dermatitidis is an emerging dematiaceous fungus associated with high mortality rates and is a rare cause of endocarditis. We describe the first case of E. dermatitidis endocarditis of a prosthetic aortic valve and aortic graft in an immune competent patient with no clear risk factors of hematological acquisition.

Rapidly growing Mycobacterium infections after cosmetic surgery in medical tourists: the Bronx experience and a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Medical tourism is increasingly popular for elective cosmetic surgical procedures. However, medical tourism has been accompanied by reports of post-surgical infections due to rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM). The authors' experience working with patients with RGM infections who have returned to the USA after traveling abroad for cosmetic surgical procedures is described here. METHODS: Patients who developed RGM infections after undergoing cosmetic surgeries abroad and who presented at the Montefiore Medical Center (Bronx, New York, USA) between August 2015 and June 2016 were identified. A review of patient medical records was performed. RESULTS: Four patients who presented with culture-proven RGM infections at the sites of recent cosmetic procedures were identified. All patients were treated with a combination of antibiotics and aggressive surgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This case series of RGM infections following recent cosmetic surgeries abroad highlights the risks of medical tourism. Close monitoring of affected patients by surgical and infectious disease specialties is necessary, as aggressive surgical debridement combined with appropriate antibiotic regimens is needed to achieve cure. Given the increasing reports of post-surgical RGM infections, consultants should have a low threshold for suspecting RGM, as rapid diagnosis may accelerate the initiation of targeted treatment and minimize morbidity.

Effects of copper and cadmium on development and superoxide dismutase levels in horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) embryos.

Pollution by metals may adversely affect organisms through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we examined the sublethal effects of two metals, copper and cadmium, on horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) embryos. Exposure to copper or cadmium at concentrations of 0.01-10 mg/L for periods of 4, 8, 16 and 24 h had minimal effect on embryo survival except at 100 mg/L Cu. However, metal-exposed embryos took significantly longer to hatch into first instar ("trilobite") larvae than seawater controls. Levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), believed to be important in the response to oxidative stress, were determined by Western blotting. Both the Cu/Zn and Mn cofactor forms of SOD tended to be somewhat elevated in metal-exposed embryos, but the increases were neither dose nor time-dependent. Likewise, SOD enzymatic activity showed no significant differences comparing embryos exposed to metals with seawater controls. We conclude that the protective role of SOD's against ROS produced in response to metal exposure appears to be limited in horseshoe crab embryos, at least under our experimental conditions.