The phylogeny of the Casque-headed Treefrogs (Hylidae: Hylinae: Lophyohylini).

The South American and West Indian Casque-headed Treefrogs (Hylidae: Hylinae: Lophyohylini) include 85 species. These are notably diverse in morphology (e.g. disparate levels of cranial hyperossification) and life history (e.g. different reproductive modes, chemical defences), have a wide distribution, and occupy habitats from the tropical rainforests to semiarid scrubland. In this paper, we present a phylogenetic analysis of this hylid tribe based on sequence fragments of up to five mitochondrial (12S, 16S, ND1, COI, Cytb) and six nuclear genes (POMC, RAG-1, RHOD, SIAH, TNS3, TYR). We included most of its species (> 96%), in addition to a number of new species. Our results indicate: (i) the paraphyly of Trachycephalus with respect to Aparasphenodon venezolanus; (ii) the nonmonophyly of Aparasphenodon, with Argenteohyla siemersi, Corythomantis galeata and Nyctimantis rugiceps nested within it, and Ap. venezolanus nested within Trachycephalus; (iii) the polyphyly of Corythomantis; (iv) the nonmonophyly of the recognized species groups of Phyllodytes; and (v) a pervasive low support for the deep relationships among the major clades of Lophyohylini, including C. greeningi and the monotypic genera Itapotihyla and Phytotriades. To remedy the nonmonophyly of Aparasphenodon, Corythomantis, and Trachycephalus, we redefined Nyctimantis to include Aparasphenodon (with the exception of Ap. venezolanus, which we transferred to Trachycephalus), Argenteohyla, and C. galeata. Additionally, our results indicate the need for taxonomic work in the following clades: (i) Trachycephalus dibernardoi and Tr. imitatrix; (ii) Tr. atlas, Tr. mambaiensis and Tr. nigromaculatus; and (iii) Phyllodytes. On the basis of our phylogenetic results, we analyzed the evolution of skull hyperossification and reproductive biology, with emphasis on the multiple independent origins of phytotelm breeding, in the context of Anura. We also analyzed the inter-related aspects of chemical defences, venom delivery, phragmotic behaviour, co-ossification, and prevention of evaporative water loss.

A new Amphisbaena (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae) from southern Espinhaço Range, southeastern Brazil.

A new species of Amphisbaena is described from a semi-deciduous forest in Conceição do Mato Dentro, southern Espinhaço Range, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The following combined characters can diagnose the new species from all congeners: head round-shaped; two or three precloacal pores sequentially arranged; 190-199 body annuli; 2-3 lateral annuli; 23-25 caudal annuli; autotomy sites on caudal annuli 7-9; 12-14 dorsal segments on midbody annulus; 14-16 ventral segments on midbody annulus; three supralabials; three infralabials; postmalar row present or absent; dorsum light brown, with cream intersegmental sutures; venter cream. To date, the new species is known only from the Espinhaço Range, highlighting the importance of conservation actions for these mountains.

A new species of Leposoma (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) with four fingers from the Atlantic Forest central corridor in Bahia, Brazil.

Leposoma sinepollex sp. nov., a new species of the scincoides group, is described from a mountain region in the Atlantic Forest central corridor in state of Bahia, Brazil. The new species is characterized by elongate dorsal and lanceolate ventral scales arranged in diagonal rows, a single and smooth frontonasal, five supraoculars, absence of pollex, third toe as long as or longer than fourth, absence of striations in lower part of head, parietals longer than wide and as long as interparietal, 27-29 dorsals, 25-29 scales around body, 17-19 ventrals, 12-14 total pores in the male (absent in females), 9-10 and 9-11 subdigital lamellae respectively under IV Finger and IV Toe, and strong sexual color dichromatism with a black pigmentation in the ventral parts of males, creamy in females. The new species is morphologically similar to Leposoma nanodactylus, sharing with it among other features the synapomorphic division of the first supraocular. Phylogenetic analyses of 981 bp of combined sequences (cyt b+ ND4) recovered also a strongly supported (PP = 1,0; BP = 100) sister relationship between both species. The new species and Leposoma nanodactylus are placed sister to all the other Atlantic Forest species, with L. baturitensis being the first to diverge in this radiation. We discuss the distribution of the Atlantic Forest Leposoma, as well as possible scenarios for the origin of the new species.

A new species of Bachia Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the western Brazilian Amazonia.

A new species of Bachia of the B. dorbignyi group, Bachia scaea sp. nov., is described from the left bank of the upper Madeira River, at Rondônia state, at the western Brazilian Amazonia. The new species resembles morphologically B. dorbignyi and B. peruana, and seems to be related with the former species based on molecular data (16S and c-mos sequences). Nonetheless the presence of a first temporal separating parietal and supralabial scales and the absence of clawed fingers in the new species, can promptly distinguish it from their close relatives. This description ends with several-decades of stasis in the taxonomy of the Bachia dorbignyi group from Amazonian lowlands, and also presents new evidence that supports the Madeira River as a vicariant barrier.

Peptides that activate the 20S proteasome by gate opening increased oxidized protein removal and reduced protein aggregation.

The proteasome is a multicatalytic protease that is responsible for the degradation of the majority of intracellular proteins. Its role is correlated with several major regulatory pathways that are involved in cell cycle control, signaling, and antigen presentation, as well as in the removal of oxidatively damaged proteins. Although several proteasomal catalytic inhibitors have been described, very few activators have been reported to date. Some reports in the literature highlight the cellular protective effects of proteasome activation against oxidative stress and its effect on increased life span. In this work, we describe a peptide named proteasome-activating peptide 1 (PAP1), which increases the chymotrypsin-like proteasomal catalytic activity and, consequently, proteolytic rates both in vitro and in culture. PAP1 proteasomal activation is mediated by the opening of the proteasomal catalytic chamber. We also demonstrate that the observed proteasomal activation protected cells from oxidative stress; further, PAP1 prevented protein aggregation in a cellular model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The role of 20SPT gate opening underlying protection against oxidative stress was also explored in yeast cells. The present data indicate the importance of proteasomal activators as potential drugs for the treatment of pathologies associated with the impaired removal of damaged proteins, which is observed in many neurodegenerative diseases.

The herpetofauna of Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões, state of Piauí, Brazil, with a regional species list from an ecotonal area of Cerrado and Caatinga / A herpetofauna do Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões, Piauí, Brasil, com uma lista regional para uma área ecotonal entre o Cerrado e a Caatinga

Abstract Different physiognomies at Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões (PNSCo) were intensively sampled aiming to access the distribution pattern of its herpetofauna. Sixty six species were found in the park (47 reptiles and 19 amphibians); the rarefaction curve for lizards, although not fully stabilized in an asymptote, indicates that the sampling effort was enough to reveal most lizard species occurring in the area; and richness estimators recovered values close to observed. For amphibians, the curve shows a weak tendency to stabilization with richness estimators indicating that additional records could be done. Field work carried out at PNSCo has highlighted an unique herpetofauna: five new species were described and there are three candidates as new species. The regional list including Cerrados's units - Estação Ecológica Serra Geral do Tocantins (EESGT) and Estação Ecológica de Uruçuí-Una (EEUU) with Caatinga's ones - PNSCo and Parque Nacional da Serra da Capivara (PNSCa), shows a high herpetofaunal diversity (191 species) to the region. The cluster analysis recovered the Cerrados's units and Caatinga's ones, in separate clusters evidencing a species turnover between domains, despite its geographical proximity. Thus, although there is widespread fauna throughout region shared by the units, each reserve holds its own faunal identity, harboring a singular assemblage of species.

Resumo Diferentes fisionomias foram intensivamente amostradas no Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões (PNSCo) com o objetivo de acessar o padrão de distribuição da sua herpetofauna. Sessenta e seis espécies foram encontradas no parque (47 répteis e 19 anfíbios); a curva de rarefação de lagartos, embora não totalmente estabilizada em uma assíntota, indica que o esforço amostral foi suficiente para revelar a maioria das espécies de lagartos que ocorrem na área; e estimadores de riqueza recuperaram valores perto dos observados. Para os anfíbios, a curva mostra uma fraca tendência para a estabilização com estimadores de riqueza indicando que registros adicionais podem ser feitos. O trabalho de campo realizado no PNSCo destacou uma herpetofauna única: cinco novas espécies foram descritas e há três candidatos como novas espécies. A lista regional, incluindo unidades de Cerrado - Estação Ecológica Serra Geral do Tocantins (EESGT) e Estação Ecológica Uruçuí-Una (EEUU) com aqueles da Caatinga - PNSCo e Parque Nacional da Serra da Capivara (PNSCa), mostra uma alta diversidade da herpetofauna (191 espécies) para a região. A análise de agrupamento recupera as unidades do Cerrado e as da Caatinga em grupos separados, evidenciando uma substituição de espécies entre os domínios, apesar da sua proximidade geográfica. Assim, embora haja fauna ocorrente em toda a região e compartilhada pelas unidades, cada uma das reservas mantém a sua própria identidade, abrigando um conjunto singular de espécies.