Migraine and risk of atrial fibrillation: A 9-year follow-up based on the Trøndelag Health Study.

BACKGROUND: Data from some population-based studies have indicated an increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) among patients with migraine, particularly among individuals with migraine with aura. The present study aimed to assess the association between primary headache disorders and AF. METHODS: In a population-based 9-year follow-up design, we evaluated the questionnaire-based headache diagnosis, migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) included, collected in the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT3) conducted in 2006-2008, and the subsequent risk of AF in the period until December 2015. The population at risk consisted of 39,340 individuals ≥20 years without AF at HUNT3 baseline who answered headache questionnaire during HUNT3. The prospective association was evaluated by multivariable Cox proportional hazard models with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Among the 39,340 participants, 1524 (3.8%) developed AF during the 9-year follow up, whereof 91% of these were ≥55 years. In the multivariable analyses, adjusting for known confounders, we did not find any association between migraine or TTH and risk of AF. The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were respectively 0.84 (95% CI = 0.64-1.11) for migraine, 1.16 (95% CI = 0.86-1.27) for TTH and 1.04 (95% CI = 0.86-1.27) for unclassified headache. However, in sensitivity analyses of individuals aged ≥55 years, a lower risk of AF was found for migraine (HR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.39-0.73). CONCLUSIONS: In this large population-based study, no increased risk of AF was found among individuals with migraine or TTH at baseline. Indeed, among individuals aged ≥55 years, migraine was associated with a lower risk for AF.

Reference intervals of circulating secretoneurin concentrations determined in a large cohort of community dwellers: the HUNT study.

OBJECTIVES: Secretoneurin (SN) is a novel cardiac biomarker that associates with the risk of mortality and dysfunctional cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling in heart failure patients. Reference intervals for SN are unknown. METHODS: SN was measured with a CE-marked ELISA in healthy community dwellers from the fourth wave of the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT4) conducted in 2017-2019. The common, sex and age specific 90th, 95th, 97.5th and 99th percentiles were calculated using the non-parametric method and outlier exclusion according to the Reed test. The applicability of sex and age specific reference intervals were investigated using Harris and Boyd test. We also estimated the percentiles in a subset with normal findings on echocardiographic screening. RESULTS: The total cohort included 887 persons (56.4 % women). After echocardiographic screening 122 persons were excluded, leaving a total of 765 persons (57.8 % women). The 97.5th percentile (95 % CI in brackets) of SN was 59.7 (57.5-62.1) pmol/L in the total population and 58.6 (57.1-62.1) pmol/L after echocardiography screening. In general, slightly higher percentiles were found in women and elderly participants, but less than 4 % in these subgroups had concentrations deviating from the common 97.5th percentile. Low BMI or eGFR was also associated with higher concentrations of SN. CONCLUSIONS: Upper reference limits for SN were similar amongst healthy adult community dwellers regardless of prescreening including cardiac echocardiography or not. Women and elderly showed higher concentrations of SN, but the differences were not sufficiently large to justify age and sex stratified upper reference limits.

Investigating the causal interplay between sleep traits and risk of acute myocardial infarction: a Mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated the joint effects of sleep traits on the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). No previous study has used factorial Mendelian randomization (MR) which may reduce confounding, reverse causation, and measurement error. Thus, it is prudent to study joint effects using robust methods to propose sleep-targeted interventions which lower the risk of AMI. METHODS: The causal interplay between combinations of two sleep traits (including insomnia symptoms, sleep duration, or chronotype) on the risk of AMI was investigated using factorial MR. Genetic risk scores for each sleep trait were dichotomized at their median in UK Biobank (UKBB) and the second survey of the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT2). A combination of two sleep traits constituting 4 groups were analyzed to estimate the risk of AMI in each group using a 2×2 factorial MR design. RESULTS: In UKBB, participants with high genetic risk for both insomnia symptoms and short sleep had the highest risk of AMI (hazard ratio (HR) 1.10; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03, 1.18), although there was no evidence of interaction (relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) 0.03; 95% CI -0.07, 0.12). These estimates were less precise in HUNT2 (HR 1.02; 95% CI 0.93, 1.13), possibly due to weak instruments and/or small sample size. Participants with high genetic risk for both a morning chronotype and insomnia symptoms (HR 1.09; 95% CI 1.03, 1.17) and a morning chronotype and short sleep (HR 1.11; 95% CI 1.04, 1.19) had the highest risk of AMI in UKBB, although there was no evidence of interaction (RERI 0.03; 95% CI -0.06, 0.12; and RERI 0.05; 95% CI -0.05, 0.14, respectively). Chronotype was not available in HUNT2. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals no interaction effects between sleep traits on the risk of AMI, but all combinations of sleep traits increased the risk of AMI except those with long sleep. This indicates that the main effects of sleep traits on AMI are likely to be independent of each other.

Changes in cardiopulmonary exercise capacity and limitations 3-12 months after COVID-19.

RATIONALE: To describe cardiopulmonary function during exercise 12 months after hospital discharge for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), assess the change from 3 to 12 months, and compare the results with matched controls without COVID-19. METHODS: In this prospective, longitudinal, multicentre cohort study, hospitalised COVID-19 patients were examined using a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) 3 and 12 months after discharge. At 3 months, 180 performed a successful CPET, and 177 did so at 12 months (mean age 59.3 years, 85 females). The COVID-19 patients were compared with controls without COVID-19 matched for age, sex, body mass index and comorbidity. Main outcome was peak oxygen uptake (V'O2  peak). RESULTS: Exercise intolerance (V'O2  peak <80% predicted) was observed in 23% of patients at 12 months, related to circulatory (28%), ventilatory (17%) and other limitations including deconditioning and dysfunctional breathing (55%). Estimated mean difference between 3 and 12 months showed significant increases in V'O2  peak % pred (5.0 percentage points (pp), 95% CI 3.1-6.9 pp; p<0.001), V'O2  peak·kg-1 % pred (3.4 pp, 95% CI 1.6-5.1 pp; p<0.001) and oxygen pulse % pred (4.6 pp, 95% CI 2.5-6.8 pp; p<0.001). V'O2  peak was 2440 mL·min-1 in COVID-19 patients compared to 2972 mL·min-1 in matched controls. CONCLUSIONS: 1 year after hospital discharge for COVID-19, the majority (77%), had normal exercise capacity. Only every fourth had exercise intolerance and in these circulatory limiting factors were more common than ventilator factors. Deconditioning was common. V'O2  peak and oxygen pulse improved significantly from 3 months.

Self-reported insomnia symptoms, sleep duration, chronotype and the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI): a prospective study in the UK Biobank and the HUNT Study.

Insomnia and short/long sleep duration increase the risk of AMI, but their interaction with each other or with chronotype is not well known. We investigated the prospective joint associations of any two of these sleep traits on risk of AMI. We included 302 456 and 31 091 participants without past AMI episodes from UK Biobank (UKBB; 2006-10) and the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT2; 1995-97), respectively. A total of 6 833 and 2 540 incident AMIs were identified during an average 11.7 and 21.0 years follow-up, in UKBB and HUNT2, respectively. Compared to those who reported normal sleep duration (7-8 h) without insomnia symptoms, the Cox proportional hazard ratios (HRs) for incident AMI in UKBB among participants who reported normal, short and long sleep duration with insomnia symptoms were 1.07 (95% CI 0.99, 1.15), 1.16 (95% CI 1.07, 1.25) and 1.40 (95% CI 1.21, 1.63), respectively. The corresponding HRs in HUNT2 were 1.09 (95% CI 0.95, 1.25), 1.17 (95% CI 0.87, 1.58) and 1.02 (95% CI 0.85, 1.23). The HRs for incident AMI in UKBB among evening chronotypes were 1.19 (95% CI 1.10, 1.29) for those who had insomnia symptoms, 1.18 (95% CI 1.08, 1.29) for those with short sleep duration, and 1.21 (95% CI 1.07, 1.37) for those with long sleep duration, compared to morning chronotypes without another sleep symptom. The relative excess risk for incident AMI in UKBB due to interaction between insomnia symptoms and long sleep duration was 0.25 (95% CI 0.01, 0.48). Insomnia symptoms with long sleep duration may contribute more than just an additive effect of these sleep traits on the risk of AMI.

Effect of 5 years of exercise training on the cardiovascular risk profile of older adults: the Generation 100 randomized trial.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 5 years of supervised exercise training (ExComb), and the differential effects of subgroups of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), with control on the cardiovascular risk profile in older adults. METHODS AND RESULTS: Older adults aged 70-77 years from Trondheim, Norway (n = 1567, 50% women), able to safely perform exercise training were randomized to 5 years of two weekly sessions of HIIT [∼90% of peak heart rate (HR), n = 400] or MICT (∼70% of peak HR, n = 387), together forming ExComb (n = 787), or control (instructed to follow physical activity recommendations, n = 780). The main outcome was a continuous cardiovascular risk score (CCR), individual cardiovascular risk factors, and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). CCR was not significantly lower [-0.19, 99% confidence interval (CI) -0.46 to 0.07] and VO2peak was not significantly higher (0.39 mL/kg/min, 99% CI -0.22 to 1.00) for ExComb vs. control. HIIT showed higher VO2peak (0.76 mL/kg/min, 99% CI 0.02-1.51), but not lower CCR (-0.32, 99% CI -0.64 to 0.01) vs. control. MICT did not show significant differences compared to control or HIIT. Individual risk factors mostly did not show significant between-group differences, with some exceptions for HIIT being better than control. There was no significant effect modification by sex. The number of cardiovascular events was similar across groups. The healthy and fit study sample, and contamination and cross-over between intervention groups, challenged the possibility of detecting between-group differences. CONCLUSIONS: Five years of supervised exercise training in older adults had little effect on cardiovascular risk profile and did not reduce cardiovascular events. REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01666340.

Anxiety and depression symptoms, albuminuria and risk of acute myocardial infarction in the Norwegian HUNT cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Studies suggest increased risk for an outcome in people with joint exposures that share common causal pathways. The objective of this study was to determine the risk of incident acute myocardial infarction (AMI) following exposure to both albuminuria and/or anxiety and depression symptoms. METHODS: Participants who provided urine samples to the HUNT2 (1995-97) or HUNT3 (2007-2009) surveys were followed until the end of 2016. Albuminuria was measured by Albumin Creatine Ratio (ACR) and participants self-reported mood and anxiety symptoms on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale. We used Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for first incident AMI considering interaction between exposures and additive models to calculate the proportion of AMI that were attributable to the synergy of both exposures, adjusted for the Framingham variables. RESULTS: Eleven thousand fourteen participants free of previous AMI were eligible for participation, with 1234 incident AMIs occurred during a mean 13.7 years of follow-up. For participants who had a healthier CVD risk profile, the HR for AMI of having both albuminuria (3-30 mg/mmol) and depression (≥8) was 2.62 (95% 1.12-6.05) compared with a HR 1.34 (95% CI 1.04-1.74) with raised ACR only (Likelihood Ratio-test 0.03). Adding anxiety (≥8) to albuminuria (3-30) tripled the risk (HR 3.32 95% CI 1.43-7.17). The additive models suggest that these risks are not higher than expected based on each risk factor alone. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicate that the risk of AMI in persons with elevated albuminuria but with an otherwise healthy CVD profile might be amplified by anxiety and depression symptoms. The increased risk with joint risk factors is not higher than expected based on each risk factor alone, which indicate that the risk factors do not share causal pathways.

No Effect of Calanus Oil on Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Healthy Participants: A Randomized Controlled Study.

We aimed to investigate the long-term effect of daily Calanus oil supplementation on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in healthy 30- to 50-year-old participants. The study was motivated by preclinical studies reporting increased VO2max and metabolic health with omega-3 rich Calanus oil. In a double-blinded study, 71 participants were randomized to receive 2 g/day of Calanus or placebo supplementation for a total of 6 months. The participants underwent exercise testing and clinical investigations at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Main study endpoint was change in VO2max from baseline to 6 months. Fifty-eight participants completed the 6-month test and were included in the final data analysis (age: Calanus, 39.7 [38.0, 41.4] and placebo, 38.8 [36.8, 40.9] years; body mass index: Calanus, 24.8 [24.0, 25.6] and placebo, 24.8 [23.7, 25.8] kg/m2; and VO2max: Calanus, 50.4 [47.1, 53.8] and placebo, 50.2 [47.2, 53.1] ml·kg-1·min-1). There were no between-group differences at baseline, nor were there any between-group differences in absolute (Calanus, 3.74 [3.44, 4.04] and placebo, 3.79 [3.44, 4.14] L/min) or relative VO2max (Calanus, 49.7 [46.2, 53.2] and placebo, 49.5 [46.0, 53.1] ml·kg-1·min-1) at 6 months (mean [95% confidence interval]). There were no between-groups change in clinical measures from baseline to 3 and 6 months. In conclusion, VO2max was unaffected by 6 months of daily Calanus oil supplementation in healthy, physically fit, normal to overweight men and women between 30 and 50 years old.

Genome-wide Study of Atrial Fibrillation Identifies Seven Risk Loci and Highlights Biological Pathways and Regulatory Elements Involved in Cardiac Development.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia and a major risk factor for stroke, heart failure, and premature death. The pathogenesis of AF remains poorly understood, which contributes to the current lack of highly effective treatments. To understand the genetic variation and biology underlying AF, we undertook a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 6,337 AF individuals and 61,607 AF-free individuals from Norway, including replication in an additional 30,679 AF individuals and 278,895 AF-free individuals. Through genotyping and dense imputation mapping from whole-genome sequencing, we tested almost nine million genetic variants across the genome and identified seven risk loci, including two novel loci. One novel locus (lead single-nucleotide variant [SNV] rs12614435; p = 6.76 × 10-18) comprised intronic and several highly correlated missense variants situated in the I-, A-, and M-bands of titin, which is the largest protein in humans and responsible for the passive elasticity of heart and skeletal muscle. The other novel locus (lead SNV rs56202902; p = 1.54 × 10-11) covered a large, gene-dense chromosome 1 region that has previously been linked to cardiac conduction. Pathway and functional enrichment analyses suggested that many AF-associated genetic variants act through a mechanism of impaired muscle cell differentiation and tissue formation during fetal heart development.

Bone mineral density and risk of cardiovascular disease in men and women: the HUNT study.

The association between bone mineral density (BMD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is not fully understood. We evaluated BMD as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and specifically atrial fibrillation (AF), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), ischemic (IS) and hemorrhagic stroke (HS) and heart failure (HF) in men and women. This prospective population cohort utilized data on 22 857 adults from the second and third surveys of the HUNT Study in Norway free from CVD at baseline. BMD was measured using single and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in the non-dominant distal forearm and T-score was calculated. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated from adjusted cox proportional hazards models. The analyses were sex-stratified, and models were adjusted for age, age-squared, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol use, and education level. Additionally, in women, we adjusted for estrogen use and postmenopause. During a mean follow-up of 13.6 ± 5.7 years, 2 928 individuals (12.8%) developed fatal or non-fatal CVD, 1 020 AF (4.5%), 1 172 AMI (5.1%), 1 389 IS (6.1%), 264 HS (1.1%), and 464 HF (2.0%). For every 1 unit decrease in BMD T-score the HR for any CVD was 1.01 (95% CI 0.98 to 1.04) in women and 0.99 (95% CI 0.94 to 1.03) in men. Point estimates for the four cardiovascular outcomes ranged from slightly protective (HR 0.95 for AF in men) to slightly deleterious (HR 1.12 for HS in men). We found no evidence of association of lower distal forearm BMD with CVD, AF, AMI, IS, HS, and HF.

Variability of echocardiographic measures of left ventricular diastolic function. The HUNT study.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate variability related to image acquisition and reading process for echocardiographic measures of left ventricular (LV) diastolic function, and its influence on classification of LV diastolic dysfunction (LVDD). METHODS: Forty participants (19 women) mean age 62 (28-88) years underwent echocardiographic examinations twice by different echocardiographers and blinded analyses by four readers in a cross-sectional design. Measurements included quantification of two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) recordings of the left atrium (LA) (maximal) volume (LAVmax ) and spectral Doppler blood flow and tissue velocities for assessment of LV diastolic function. Variability and reproducibility measures were calculated using variance component analyses and Kappa statistics. RESULTS: Image acquisition influenced variability more than image reading (mean 24% and 4% of variance, respectively), but variability from image reading was especially important for 2D LAVmax (16% of variance) compared to 4% for 3D LAVmax , which was reflected in better agreement for 3D measures. The variability of measures used in classification of LVDD had clinical significance, and agreement across the four raters in classification using current recommendations was only fair (Kappa 0.42), but the agreement improved when using 3D LAVmax (Kappa 0.58). Agreement and reliability measures were reported for all measures. CONCLUSION: Performing a new image acquisition influenced variability more than a introducing a new image reader, but there were differences across the different measures. LAVmax by 3D is superior to 2D with respect to lower variability. The variability of diastolic measures influences the reliability of LVDD classification, and this should be taken into account in the everyday clinic.

Feasibility and Reliability of Automatic Quantitative Analyses of Mitral Annular Plane Systolic Excursion by Handheld Ultrasound Devices: A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVES: Handheld ultrasound devices (HUDs) have previously been limited to grayscale imaging without options for left ventricle (LV) quantification. We aimed to study the feasibility and reliability of automatic measurements of mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) by HUDs. METHODS: An algorithm that automatically measured MAPSE from live grayscale recordings was implemented in a HUD. Twenty patients at a university hospital were examined by either a cardiologist or a sonographer. Standard echocardiography using a high-end scanner was performed. The apical 4-chamber view was recorded 4 times by both echocardiography and the HUD. MAPSE was measured by M-mode and color tissue Doppler (cTD) during echocardiography and automatically by the HUD. RESULTS: The automatic method underestimated mean MAPSE ± SD versus M-mode (9.6 ± 2.2 versus 10.9 ± 2.6 mm; difference, 1.2 ± 1.4 mm, P < .005). The difference between the automatic and cTD measurements was not significant (0.8 ± 1.8 mm; P = .073). The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) between automatic and M-mode measurements was 0.85, and 0.81 for cTD measurements. There was good agreement between the methods, and the intra- and inter-rater ICCs were excellent for all methods (≥0.86). CONCLUSIONS: In this novel study evaluating automatic quantification of LV longitudinal function by HUD, we showed the high feasibility and reliability of the method. Compared to M-mode imaging, the automatic method underestimated MAPSE by 8% to 10%, but the difference with cTD imaging was nonsignificant. We conclude that this study's method for automatic quantitative assessment of LV function can be integrated in HUDs.

Feasibility and Clinical Impact of Point-of-Care Carotid Artery Examinations by Experts using Hand-Held Ultrasound Devices in Patients with Ischemic Stroke or Transitory Ischemic Attack.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility and clinical influence of carotid artery examinations in patients admitted with stroke or TIA with hand-held ultrasound by experts, to identify individuals not in need of further carotid artery diagnostics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cardiologists experienced in carotid ultrasound examined 80 patients admitted to a stroke unit with suspected stroke or TIA with hand-held ultrasound devices (HUD). Grey scale and color Doppler images were stored using a GE Vscan with dual probe (phased array and linear transducer). High-end triplex ultrasound performed by a cardiologist, blinded to the details of the HUD study, was performed in all patients and used as reference. Computer tomography angiography was performed when clinically indicated. RESULTS: Stroke or TIA was diagnosed in 62 (78%) patients. Age was median (range) 72 (23-93) years. A significant stenosis (> 50% diameter reduction) was ruled out in 61 (76%) of patients by the HUD examinations. Sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing a significant stenosis was 92% and 93%, respectively. One of 12 significant stenoses was missed by HUD. All four patients in need of surgery were identified by the HUD examination. Sensitivity and specificity to identify a significant stenosis by HUD was 87% and 83%, respectively, compared to CT angiography. CONCLUSION: HUD examinations of the carotid arteries by experts, using hand-held ultrasound devices, were feasible and may reduce the need for high-end diagnostic imaging of the carotid vessels in patients with stroke and TIA. Thus, HUD may improve diagnostic workflow in stroke units in the future.

Measurement of high-sensitivity troponin-I in suspected coronary-related chest pain in Emergency Departments. / Høysensitiv troponin I-måling ved koronarsuspekte brystsmerter i akuttmottak.

BACKGROUND: The study aimed to evaluate a new algorithm based on analyses of high-sensitivity troponin I for rapid diagnostic clarification in cases of suspected cardiac chest pain. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Two time periods - before (01.10.2016-31.12.2016) and after (01.03.2017-28.02.2018) the introduction of a diagnostic algorithm - were studied by reviewing the medical records of patients who arrived at the emergency department with chest pain. The diagnostic algorithm included a high-sensitivity troponin I test on admission (0 hours) and one hour later (the 0 h/1 h algorithm). The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients that were discharged directly from the emergency department. Secondary endpoints were acute cardiac arrest and death within 30 days and within one year. RESULTS: A larger proportion of patients with chest pain were discharged directly from the emergency department when the 0 h/1 h algorithm was used (10/91 (11 %) before versus 118/306 (39 %) after, p <0.001). Deaths and the incidence of acute myocardial infarction one year after the introduction of the 0 h/1 h algorithm were low (≤ 3 %) and not statistically different from the period before the introduction (p≥ 0.20). INTERPRETATION: The implementation of a diagnostic algorithm based on measurements of high-sensitivity troponin I resulted in fewer patients being hospitalised, and we did not register more deaths or deaths from myocardial infarction. The algorithm was suitable for identifying patients with chest pain who could safely be discharged without the need for hospitalisation, which we believe may optimise patient flow in hospitals.

Automatic quantification of left ventricular function by medical students using ultrasound.

BACKGROUND: Automatic analyses of echocardiograms may support inexperienced users in quantifying left ventricular (LV) function. We have developed an algorithm for fully automatic measurements of mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) and mitral annular systolic (S') and early diastolic (e') peak velocities. We aimed to study the influence of user experience of automatic measurements of these indices in echocardiographic recordings acquired by medical students and clinicians. METHODS: We included 75 consecutive patients referred for echocardiography at a university hospital. The patients underwent echocardiography by clinicians (cardiologists, cardiology residents and sonographers), who obtained manual reference measurements of MAPSE by M-mode and of S' and e' by colour tissue Doppler imaging (cTDI). Immediately after, each patient was examined by 1 of 39 medical students who were instructed in image acquisition on the day of participation. Each student acquired cTDI recordings from 1 to 4 patients. All cTDI recordings by students and clinicians were analysed for MAPSE, S' and e' using a fully automatic algorithm. The automatic measurements were compared to the manual reference measurements. RESULTS: Correct tracking of the mitral annulus was feasible in 50 (67%) and 63 (84%) of the students' and clinicians' recordings, respectively (p = 0.007). Image quality was highest in the clinicians' recordings. Mean difference ± standard deviation of the automatic measurements of the students' recordings compared to the manual reference was - 0.0 ± 2.0 mm for MAPSE, 0.3 ± 1.1 cm/s for S' and 0.6 ± 1.4 cm/s for e'. The corresponding intraclass correlation coefficients for MAPSE, S' and e' were 0.85 (good), 0.89 (good) and 0.92 (excellent), respectively. Automatic measurements from the students' and clinicians' recordings were in similar agreement with the reference when mitral annular tracking was correct. CONCLUSIONS: In case of correct tracking of the mitral annulus, the agreement with reference for the automatic measurements was overall good. Low image quality reduced feasibility. Adequate image acquisition is essential for automatic analyses of LV function indices, and thus, appropriate education of the operators is mandatory. Automatic measurements may help inexperienced users of ultrasound, but do not remove the need for dedicated education and training.

Over all variability of mitral annular plane peak systolic velocity and peak global longitudinal strain rate in relation to age, body size, and sex: The HUNT Study.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular (LV) systolic global function can be assessed by peak annular systolic velocity S'. Global longitudinal strain rate (GLSR) is relative LV shortening rate, equivalent to normalizing S' for LV length (S'n ). It has previously been shown that mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) and global longitudinal strain (GLS) have similar biological variability, but GLS normalizes for one dimension only, inducing a systematic error, increasing body size dependence. The objective of this study was to compare S' with GLSR in the same way, comparing biological variability and body size dependence. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 1266 subjects from the third wave of Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT), without evidence of heart disease, were examined. Strain rate, S' and wall lengths were measured in the four walls of the two- and four-chamber views. Mean S' was 8.4 (1.4) cm/s, (S'n ) was 0.7 (0.14)s-1 and GLSR 1.02 (0.14)s-1 . All measures declined with age. Normalization of mitral annular velocities for LV length, or the use of GLSR, did not reduce overall biological variability compared with S'. S' did show a weak, positive correlation to BSA, while S'n and GLSR a slightly stronger, negative correlation to BSA. CONCLUSIONS: S', S'n , and GLSR have similar biological variability, which is mainly due to age, not body size variation. Normalizing S' for LV length (as in Sn or GLSR) reverses correlation with BSA inducing a systematic error, due to the one-dimensional normalization for one dimension only.

Left ventricular diastolic function: Effects of high-intensity exercise after acute myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVES: Reduced left ventricular (LV) diastolic function indicates poor prognosis after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Our aim was to study whether a twelve-week high-intensity interval training program could improve diastolic function in patients with a relatively recent AMI. DESIGN: Twenty-eight patients (mean age 56 (SD 8) years) with a recent AMI performed high-intensity interval training twice a week for 12 weeks. Each training session consisted of four 4-minute bouts at 85%-95% of peak heart rate, separated by 4-minute active breaks. A cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed to determine peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak ). Echocardiography was performed at rest and during an upright bicycle exercise test. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in mitral annulus early diastolic velocity (e') at peak exercise (75 W) from baseline to follow-up (7.9 (1.5) vs. 8.4 (1.7) cm/s, P = .012), but no change in e' at rest (7.1 (1.9) vs. 7.3 (1.7) cm/s, P = .42). There was a significant increase in VO2peak (mean (SD), 35.2 (7.3) vs. 38.9 (7.4) ml/kg/min, P < .001). e' at peak exercise correlated with VO2peak both at baseline and follow-up (r = 0.50, P = .007, and r = 0.41, P = .032). CONCLUSION: The present study shows that LV diastolic function during exercise is related to VO2peak . We also found an improvement of diastolic function after exercise training, even in a population with a relatively well preserved systolic and diastolic function. The results demonstrate the importance of obtaining measurements during exercise when evaluating the effects of exercise interventions.

Feasibility and Accuracy of Tele-Echocardiography, With Examinations by Nurses and Interpretation by an Expert via Telemedicine, in an Outpatient Heart Failure Clinic.

OBJECTIVES: To study the feasibility and accuracy of focused echocardiography by nurses supported by near-real-time interpretation via telemedicine by an experienced cardiologist. METHODS: Fifty consecutive patients were included from an outpatient heart failure (HF) clinic. Limited echocardiography was performed by 1 of 3 specialized nurses. The echocardiograms were transferred by a secure transfer model for near-real-time interpretation to 1 out-of-hospital cardiologist, assessing, among others, the left ventricular (LV) internal diameter, end-diastolic volume, ejection fraction, left atrial (LA) indexed end-systolic volume, mitral early inflow velocity (E), the ratio of E to mitral late inflow, and the ratio of E to the mitral annular early diastolic velocity. The reference method was echocardiography by 1 of 4 experienced cardiologists. RESULTS: The median age of the population (46% women) was 79 (range, 33-95) years. The assessment and quantification of LA and LV dimensions, volumes, and functional indices were feasible in 94% or more via the telemedical approach. The agreement with reference measurements was very high by the telemedical approach. The mean duration ± SD of the complete telemedical approach from the start of echocardiography until the cardiologist's report was received by the caregiving nurse was 1.32 ± 0.36 (range, 1.58) hours. The correlations with reference to the above-specified indices were r = 0.75 to 0.94. CONCLUSIONS: Limited echocardiography by nurses in an outpatient heart failure clinic, supported by interpretation by an out-of-hospital cardiologist, was feasible and reliable. This may reduce geographic disparities and allow more patients to benefit from the advantages of implementing focused echocardiography by noncardiologists in diagnostics and follow-up.

Psychometric Properties of the Norwegian Version of the Electronic Health Literacy Scale (eHEALS) Among Patients After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Cross-Sectional Validation Study.

BACKGROUND: Web-based technology has recently become an important source for sharing health information with patients after an acute cardiac event. Therefore, consideration of patients' perceived electronic health (eHealth) literacy skills is crucial for improving the delivery of patient-centered health information. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to translate and adapt the eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS) to conditions in Norway, and to determine its psychometric properties. More specifically, we set out to determine the reliability (internal consistency, test-retest) and construct validity (structural validity, hypotheses testing, and cross-cultural validity) of the eHEALS in self-report format administered to patients after percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS: The original English version of the eHEALS was translated into Norwegian following a widely used cross-cultural adaptation process. Internal consistency was calculated using Cronbach α. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the test-retest reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed for a priori-specified 1-, 2-, and 3-factor models. Demographic, health-related internet use, health literacy, and health status information was collected to examine correlations with eHEALS scores. RESULTS: A total of 1695 patients after percutaneous coronary intervention were included in the validation analysis. The mean age was 66 years, and the majority of patients were men (1313, 77.46%). Cronbach α for the eHEALS was >.99. The corresponding Cronbach α for the 2-week retest was .94. The test-retest ICC for eHEALS was 0.605 (95% CI 0.419-0.743, P<.001). The CFA showed a modest model fit for the 1- and 2-factor models (root mean square error of approximation>0.06). After modifications in the 3-factor model, all of the goodness-of-fit indices indicated a good fit. There was a weak correlation with age (r=-0.206). Between-groups analysis of variance showed a difference according to educational groups and the eHEALS score, with a mean difference ranging from 2.24 (P=.002) to 4.61 (P<.001), and a higher eHEALS score was found for patients who were employed compared to those who were retired (mean difference 2.31, P<.001). The eHEALS score was also higher among patients who reported using the internet to find health information (95% CI -21.40 to -17.21, P<.001), and there was a moderate correlation with the patients' perceived usefulness (r=0.587) and importance (r=0.574) of using the internet for health information. There were also moderate correlations identified between the eHEALS score and the health literacy domains appraisal of health information (r=0.380) and ability to find good health information (r=0.561). Weak correlations with the mental health composite score (r=0.116) and physical health composite score (r=0.116) were identified. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides new information on the psychometric properties of the eHEALS for patients after percutaneous coronary intervention, suggesting a multidimensional rather than unidimensional construct. However, the study also indicated a redundancy of items, indicating the need for further validation studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03810612; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03810612.

Peak oxygen uptake and incident coronary heart disease in a healthy population: the HUNT Fitness Study.

AIMS: The majority of previous research on the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is based on indirect assessment of CRF in clinically referred predominantly male populations. Therefore, our aim was to examine the associations between VO2peak measured by the gold-standard method of cardiopulmonary exercise testing and fatal and non-fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) in a healthy and fit population. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data on VO2peak from 4527 adults (51% women) with no previous history of cardiovascular or lung disease, cancer, and hypertension or use of antihypertensive medications participating in a large population-based health-study (The HUNT3 Study), were linked to hospital registries and the cause of death registry. Average VO2peak was 36.0 mL/kg/min and 44.4 mL/kg/min among women and men, and 83.5% had low 10-year risk of CVD at baseline. Average follow-up was 8.8 years, and 147 participants reached the primary endpoint. Multi-adjusted Cox-regression showed 15% lower risk for the primary endpoint per one-MET (metabolic equivalent task) higher VO2peak [hazard ratio (HR) 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77-0.93], with similar results across sex. The highest quartile of VO2peak had 48% lower risk of event compared with the lowest quartile (multi-adjusted HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.33-0.82). Oxygen pulse and ventilatory equivalents of oxygen and carbon dioxide also showed significant predictive value for the primary endpoint. CONCLUSION: VO2peak was strongly and inversely associated with CHD across the whole fitness continuum in a low-risk population sample. Increasing VO2peak may have substantial benefits in reducing the burden of CHD.