Reactivation of human cytomegalovirus inhibits expression of liver fibrosis related cytokines in patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus genotype 4a.

BACKGROUND: The impact of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) reactivation on the expression pattern of matrix metalloproteinases, their inhibitors and related cytokines during HCV infection poorly understood. METHODS: Reactivation of CMV in 95 subjects (75 chronically infected HCV patients and 20 healthy subjects) was examined. All studied subjects had detectable IgG antibodies for CMV, but only 35/75 of HCV patients (46.7%) had detectable CMV DNA. The expressions of 11 fibrosis related genes by quantitative real-time PCR were analyzed in subjects' PBMCs. The serum levels of TGFß2 and PDGFα have been measured by ELISA. RESULTS: Chronically infected HCV patients with reactivated CMV had less expression of TGF-ß1, TGF-ß2, PDGFα and STAT1 transcripts than HCV patients with latent CMV (p = 0.037, 0.006, 0.001 and 0.009; respectively) and normal controls (TGF-ß2, p = 0.008). Moreover the expression of (TGFß2 and PDGFα) genes decreased significantly in CMV-reactivated patients during the early stage of fibrosis relative to the comparable stage of HCV infection (p = 0.004 and 0.008; respectively). Besides, the mRNA abundance of STAT1 gene in CMV-reactivated patients decreased dramatically as compared to HCV infections during the late stage of fibrosis (p = 0.014). The TGFß2 protein level has been declined dramatically in CMV-reactivated patients compared to HCV infected patients and control group (p = 0.001 and 0.033; respectively). Our results suggest that CMV reactivation disrupts the expression of several cytokines as compared to solitary infection with HCV. Noticeably, the expressions of matrix metalloproteinases genes and their inhibitors have not been significantly influenced by reactivation of CMV. CONCLUSION: The current data reveal that reactivation of CMV partially blocks the upregulation of 2 important pro-inflammatory cytokines i.e. TGFß 2 and PDGFα at early stages of fibrosis, moreover this CMV mediated blockage of the STAT1 shows statistical significance at late stage of fibrosis.

Development of a gene signature for predicting cirrhosis risk score of chronic liver disease associated with HCV infection in Egyptians.

BACKGROUND: Complex diseases such as fibrosis are likely polygenic. Lately, cirrhosis risk score (CRS) clearly discriminated Chronic HCV patients with high-risk versus those with low-risk for cirrhosis better than clinical factors. METHODS: Herein, the CRS was assessed via genotyping by allelic discrimination assays in 243 HCV Egyptian patients categorized into 164 patients didn't develop HCC (93 mild, 71 advanced fibrosis); and 79 patients developed HCC. APRI and FIB-4 scores were calculated, compared with CRS and correlated with degree of fibrosis progression. RESULTS: Median of the three CRS, APRI and FIB-4 scores were significantly elevated in late fibrotic and HCC patients (p < 0.001); however CRS displayed proper discrimination (mild fibrosis (0.59; 0.4-0.75), advanced fibrosis (0.75; 0.7-0.86) and HCC (0.73; 0.57-0.77); (p < 0.001)). The ROC analysis of CRS score displayed modest accuracy to discriminate between mild and advanced fibrotic patient; AUC was 0.73; p < 0.0001), while AUC was only 0.57 (p = 0.05) for the discrimination between HCC and no HCC. Moreover, the combination of CRS, APRI and FIB4 lessened the power of correlation (AUC, 0.63 (p < 0.0001)) in fibrosis prognosis. In HCC prognosis, the combination of CRS, APRI and FIB4 in HCC patients showed modest accuracy with AUC, 0.59 (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The diagnostic accuracy of FIB-4 for predicting liver fibrosis was nearly identical to that of CRS, however the strength of CRS score stemmed from that it is built on 7 SNPs host genetic factor. Our study validates non invasive algorithms for fibrosis prognosis purposes which may aid in decision making for therapeutic intervention.

Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection with direct-acting antivirals plus ribavirin eliminates viral RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and reduces virologic relapse in diverse hepatic parenchymal changes.

Elimination of hepatitis C virus (HCV) may fail, leading to a non-response outcome because of inappropriate testing for viral RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Sequelae of HCV genotype 4 therapy with sofosbuvir and daclatasvir ± ribavirin were assessed in our study at the 12th week after end of treatment (EOT) by screening for viral genomic RNA in serum and PBMCs with correlation to hepatic parenchymal changes. We recruited 102 out of 2165 patients who had received sofosbuvir/daclatasvir, either alone (n = 1573) or together with ribavirin (n = 592). Subjects were classified into three groups based on testing by single-step reverse transcription PCR: group I, HCV negative in both serum and PBMCs (n = 25); group II, HCV positive in PBMCs only (n = 52); and group III, HCV positive in both serum and PBMCs (n = 25). Groups I and II (n = 77) were selected out of 2102 (every 27th subject), while group III (n = 25) were selected from every second or third serologic relapse (n = 63). The pre-sampling population (n = 2165) showed sustained virologic response (SVR) in 33.21%; serologic relapse in 2.91%; HCV RNA only in PBMCs (66.79%) compared to serologic relapses and potential cure (P < 0.0001); higher serologic (38 out of 63, P = 0.03210) and cellular (36 out of 52, P = 0.0002) relapses in dual therapy than in triple therapy. The post-sampling population (n = 102) showed more HCV relapses in dual (50 out of 60) than in triple (27 out of 42) therapy (P = 0.0351); increased HCV antisense RNA strand in relapses compared to positive-sense strands alone (P < 0.001); and significant SVR events in undetectable (15 out of 31) compared to early (10 out of 55, P = 0.0058) and cirrhotic liver tissue changes (0 out of 16, P = 0.0006). In summary, HCV treatment with sofosbuvir/daclatasvir is followed by higher rates of serologic and intracellular viral RNA relapse than treatment with sofosbuvir/daclatasvir plus ribavirin. Cellular and serum viral RNA relapses are accompanied by HCV-induced hepatic pathology. An increased SVR with no detectable liver tissue changes was observed after triple therapy due to elimination of HCV RNA from PBMCs.

A multiepitope peptide vaccine against HCV stimulates neutralizing humoral and persistent cellular responses in mice.

BACKGROUND: Although DAAs hold promise to significantly reduce rates of chronic HCV infections, its eradication still requires development of an effective vaccine. Prolonged T cell responses and cross neutralizing antibodies are ideal for vaccination against the infection. We aimed to design and synthesize a 6 multi epitope peptide vaccine candidate and provide evidence for production of extended cellular and neutralizing Abs in mice. METHODS: Six peptides derived from conserved epitopes in E1, E2 (n = 2),NS4B, NS5A and NS5B were designed, synthesized in a multiple antigenic peptide (MAP) form and administered w/o adjuvant to BALB/c mice as HCVp6-MAP at doses ranging from 800 ng to 16 µg. Humoral responses to structural epitopes were assayed by ELISA at different times after injection. ELISpot assay was used to evaluate IFN É£ producing CD4+/ CD8+ T- lymphocytes at extended durations i.e. > 20 weeks. Viral neutralization by mice sera was tested for genotypes 2a (JFH1) and a chimeric 2a/4a virus (ED43/JFH1) in HCVcc culture. RESULTS: HCVp6-MAP confers potent viral neutralization and specific cellular responses at > 1600 ng/ animal for at least 20 weeks. CONCLUSION: We report on a promising anti HCV vaccine for future studies on permissive hosts and in clinical trials.

Hepatitis C virus serologic relapse after treatment with direct-acting antivirals is dependent on viral RNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the grade of liver cirrhosis.

The disappearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) from serum and tissues for 12 weeks after the end of treatment (EOT) with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) is known as a "sustained virologic response" (SVR) and occurs more frequently in non-cirrhotic patients than in cirrhotic patients. In this study, we evaluated the outcome of HCV treatment with sofosbuvir (SOF) plus ledipasvir (LDV) at both EOT and 12 weeks after EOT in patients with and without hepatic cirrhosis to address the relationship of serologic relapse to persistent infection of PBMCs and the frequency of hepatic encephalopathy and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after treatment. Seventy-five patients with post-HCV liver cirrhosis were assigned to one of three groups (A, B, and C), each of which included 25 patients and corresponded to the patients' Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) classification. All of the patients received a daily dose of SOF (400 mg) plus LDV (90 mg) for 24 weeks and were tested using HCV single-strand reverse transcription (SRT) and PCR analysis of PBMCs at both EOT and 12 weeks after EOT. Fourteen (18.7%) out of 75 patients (all study populations) had intra-PBMC HCV RNA, but only nine of them (64.3%) developed HCV RNA serum relapse (seroconversion) 12 weeks after EOT (P < 0.001). Encephalopathy was significantly higher in group C at EOT and 12 weeks after EOT (P < 0.05). Development of HCC was observed in decompensated patients of group C (2 out of 5 = 40.0%) 12 weeks post-EOT (P = 0.03). In conclusion, detection of HCV RNA within PBMCs at the EOT provides an indication of potential relapse after 12 weeks. Moreover, development of encephalopathy and HCC after HCV eradication by SOF plus LDV therapy is perhaps a future warning for post-treatment hepatic decompensation in cirrhotic patients.

Methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene Polymorphism is Associated with Severity of Liver Steatosis in Chronically Infected Patients with HCV Genotype 4.

BACKGROUND: Methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism was reported as a genetic variant in liver steatosis and fibrosis. This is a study of the association between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and HCV core with severity of steatosis in HCV GT4 patients. METHODS: 111 HCV patients and 112 control subjects were recruited. Polymorphism was detected by RFLP analysis, core Ag was detected by ELISA. RESULTS: Combined HCV infection and MTHFR C677T polymorphism increases the risk to develop steatosis by 3.63- and 5.21-fold in subjects with single (CT) and double (TT) substitutions, respectively. Patients with chronic HCV infection had a 2.88- and 8.57-fold higher risk to develop steatosis in CT and TT genotypes, respectively, than patients with the (CC) genotype. No significant difference in core Ag titers were observed. CONCLUSIONS: MTHFR C677T polymorphism is a valuable genetic marker for steatosis, while HCV core Ag titer had no association with grades of steatosis in GT4 infections.

Level of Human Antibodies Targeting HCV E1/E2 Peptides and Spontaneous Clearance of HCV in Blood Donors.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major health problem worldwide particularly in Egypt. The humoral immune response has an important function in the control of HCV infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of neutralizing antibodies in Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) clearance in infected individuals. METHODS: This study was carried out on apparently healthy blood donors (n = 200). Detectable HCV antibodies were assessed by commercial ELISA and specific human immunoglobulins targeting peptides derived from HCV E1/E2 glycoproteins were measured in donors' blood using an in house optimized ELISA. Human IgG purification was carried out from positive HCV RNA and negative HCV RNA samples in order to evaluate its neutralizing activity in vitro using Huh 7 cells. RESULTS: The studied cohort included 96/200 subjects who tested positive for HCV antibodies, among which 56/96 (58%) samples were positive for HCV RNA (Group 1) and 40/96 (42%) samples had undetectable HCV RNA (Group 2). ELISA results showed that Human HCV immunoglobulin (HHI) targeting HCV E1 synthetic peptide (a.a. 315 - 323) was detectable in 63/96 (66%) and HHI targeting HCV E2 (a.a. 412 - 419) tested positive in 14/96 (15%) while 19/96 (20%) were positive for HCV E2 (a.a. 517 - 531). HHI higher than the cutoff level against peptide HCV E1 (a.a. 315 - 323) was detected in 22/63 (35%) in Group 2 and positive in 41/63 (65%) in Group 1. HHI against peptide HCV E2 (a.a. 412 - 419) was positive in 7 (50%) blood donors in Group 2 and also positive in 7 (50%) of Group 1. While HHI targeting HCV E2 (a.a. 517 - 531) was positive in 11 (60%) in Group 2 compared with 8 cases (40%) in Group 1. Purified human antibodies from cases positive for HCV antibodies and negative for HCV RNA showed in vitro neutralization at concentrations 30 and 10 µg/mL while the same concentration of purified human IgG from cases positive for HCV RNA showed no viral neutralization. CONCLUSIONS: The tested epitope(s) derived from HCV envelope E1 and E2 are important for viral clearance and hence can be used for HCV vaccine development.

Low Molecular Mass Polypeptide 7 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism is Associated with the Progression of Liver Fibrosis in Patients Infected with Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 4.

BACKGROUND: The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of liver disease and the consequent complications of cirrhosis. However, there is no precise biomarker to predict the patients at high risk of developing progressive disease. We showed previously the implication of low molecular mass polypeptide-7 (LMP-7) single nucleotide varia- tions in the response to combined pegylated IFN and ribavirin therapy in patients infected with HCV genotype 4. In this study, we examined the possible relationship between LMP-7 genotypes and both the degree of liver fibrosis and the transition from end stage of fibrosis to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: LMP-7 single nucleotide variation at codon 49 (substitution from A to C) was determined using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in leucocyte DNA from healthy subjects (n = 36) and HCV-chronically infected patients of genotype 4 either with different grades of liver fibrosis (n = 77) or with hepatocellular carci- noma (n = 25). Chronic HCV-infected patients having liver fibrosis were categorized into two groups based on the degree of fibrosis, early fibrosis (F0-F2, n = 37) and late fibrosis (F3-F4, n = 40). RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that patients with the LMP-7 CA/AA genotypes were more likely to have advanced fibrosis scores than those bearing the CC genotype, although LMP-7 polymorphism does not seem to contribute to the progression from the late stage of fibrosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that LMP-7 polymorphism is a candidate prognostic marker in mathematical models designed for predicting the progression of HCV-related liver disease. Nevertheless, the mechanism whereby LMP-7 leads to the progression of liver fibrosis remains to be determined.

Alteration of the Total Nuclear DNA Ploidy in Different Histopathological Liver Tissues Negative and Positive for HCV RNA.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The molecular mechanisms of HCV-associated carcinogenesis are unknown. We aim to investigate the alteration of the total nuclear DNA content (ploidy) in different histopathological liver tissues infected with HCV and their relation to the seropositivity of HCV RNA. METHODS: Blood and liver tissues were collected from 26 patients. Diagnosis was carried out according to clinical and pathological examinations by specialized physicians. HCV RNA was detected in patients' sera and tissue samples by RT-PCR. To examine nuclear DNA ploidy, liver tissues were stained with blue Fulgen using the image analysis techniques. Finally, the patients' DNA content was examined by histochemical analysis depending on the optical density of DNA from liver biopsies using the grey image menu in each specimen. RESULTS: The HCV RT-PCR results demonstrated that 13/26 (50%) patients had detectable HCV RNA in their sera samples while 18/26 (69%) had detectable HCV RNA in liver tissues. The DNA content from those patients measured by image cytometry showed a high level of alteration of nuclear DNA ploidy and proliferation in liver tissues with HCC, less alteration of nuclear DNA ploidy in cirrhotic patients, and least proliferation nearly normal in liver fibrosis patients. Moreover, the results of histochemical analysis confirmed the DNA image cytometry results and showed that positive HCV RNA liver tissues had more DNA ploidy than negative HCV RNA liver tissues with statistical significance (p-value < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HCV positive liver tissue had alterations in DNA content (ploidy) which may lead to liver disease progression, malignant transformation of the liver cells and development of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Mouse monoclonal antibody towards e1 specific epitope blocks viral entry and intracellular viral replication in vitro.

We characterized viral neutralization by a murine monoclonal antibody (mAb315) developed against conserved E1 specific epitope aa 315-323 at pre- and post-binding steps of infection into Huh7 cells. Detection of native virus in infected Huh7 cells by mAb315 were demonstrated by immunostaining. Inhibitions of viral entry by three different concentrations of mAb315 were measured by intracellular amplification of HCV RNA post infection. HCV RNA positive sera from 24 patients were used to infect Huh7 cell line in absence or presence of mouse monoclonal antibody produced in Balb/c mice or culture supernatant of mouse hybrid cells. Monoclonal Ab mAb315 could detect synthetic peptide p315 adsorbed on peripheral human lymphocytes by flow cytometry and showed high immuno reactivity to E1 viral antigen in infected Huh7 cells by immunostaining. Antibody-mediated neutralization assays demonstrated the ability of mAb315 to block HCV binding/entry to target cells at 0.73 mg/mL ascitic fluid or 250 µg/mL culture supernatant of mouse hybrid cells. Sixteen of 24 infected sera could infect Huh7 cells (67%). Binding/entry of HCV was completely blocked by mAb315 in 11/16 cases (69%). These findings suggest that mAb315 can induce HCV neutralization in vitro, which makes it a candidate for developing HCV therapeutic antibodies.

In vitro neutralization of HCV by goat antibodies against peptides encompassing regions downstream of HVR-1 of E2 glycoprotein.

This article aims at testing several in vitro systems with various viral sources and cell lines for propagation of HCV to evaluate goat antibodies raised against three E2 epitopes in viral neutralization experiments. Four human cell lines (Huh-7, Huh-7.5, HepG2, and CaCo2) were tested using two different HCV viral sources; Genotype 4 infected sera and J6/JFH HCV cc particles. Neutralization capacity of goat Abs against conserved E2 epitopes; p412 (a.a 412-419), p517 (a.a 517-531), and p430 (a.a 430-447) were examined in the above mentioned in vitro systems. Although infection with patients' sera seems to mimic the in vitro situation, it has limited replication rates as compared with HCV cc particularly in Huh7.5 cells. Non-HCV adapted Huh-7 cells were also found susceptible for transfection with J6/JFH virus but at much slower kinetics. The results of the neutralization assay showed that anti p412 and anti p517 were highly neutralizing to HCVcc. Our data demonstrate that antibodies directed against the viral surface glycoprotein E2 reduced the infectivity of the J6/JFH virus and are promising agents for immunotherapy and HCV vaccine development.

Comprehensive assessment of circulatory miRNAs as potential diagnostic markers in HCV recurrence post liver transplantation.

HCV recurrence after liver transplantation is one of the causal agents for graft rejection. This study aims to profile non-invasive biomarkers in patients with HCC who had liver transplants. One hundred participants were categorized into three groups (20 control, 32 recurrent HCV (RHCV), and 48 non-RHCV). The expression of six miRNAs (hsa-miR-124-3p, hsa-miR-155-5p, hsa-miR-205-5p, hsa-miR-499a-5p, hsa-miR-574-3p, and hsa-miR-103a-3p) and two mRNAs IL-1ß, STAT1 were quantified. RHCV group has higher levels of hsa-miR-574-3p and hsa-miR-155-5p and lesser levels of hsa-miR-499a-5p than control groups (p = 0.024, 0.0001, 0.002; respectively). RHCV and non-RHCV groups revealed a significant reduction in levels of IL-1ß and STAT1 mRNA compared to the control (p = 0.011, 0.014; respectively). According to ROC analysis, miR-155-5p can differentiate among the patients' groups, while miR-574-3p, IL-1ß, and STAT1 mRNA can discriminate between RHCV and control groups. In conclusion, RHCV patients have dysregulated expression of five transcripts compared to non-RHCV and control groups.

Bioinformatics analysis of multi-epitope peptide vaccines against Hepatitis C virus: a molecular docking study.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is one of the causal agents of liver disease burden. Six multiple antigenic peptides were synthesized including (P315, P412, and P517) plus (P1771, P2121, and P2941) to induce humoral and cellular responses, respectively against HCV infection. AIM: This paper aimed to employ computational tools to evaluate the efficacy of each peptide individually and to determine the most effective one for better vaccine development and/or immunotherapy. METHODS: VaxiJen web and AllerTOP servers were used for antigenicity and allergenicity prediction, respectively. The ToxinPred web server was used to investigate the peptide toxicity. Each peptide was docked with its corresponding receptors. RESULTS: No peptides were expected to be toxic. P315 and P2941 are predicted to have robust antigenic properties, lowest allergenicity, and minimal sOPEP energies. In turn, P315 (derived from gpE1) formed the highest hydrophobic bonds with the BCR and CD81 receptors that will elicit B cell function. P2941 (derived from NS5B) was shown to strongly bind to both CD4 and CD8 receptors that will elicit T cell function. CONCLUSION: P315 successfully bound to B cell (BCR and CD81) receptors. Also, P2941 is strongly bound to T cell (CD4 and CD8) receptors.

Recognition of 7 genes signature (Cirrhosis Risk Score) in the diagnosed non-responders to DAAs therapy by intra-PBMCs nested HCV RNA PCR.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Predictors of chronic HCV response to oral antiviral therapy (OAT) are related to host genetic variations. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and alleles variations of host genes in association with hepatic fibro-cirrhotic changes have a distinct role in OAT outcomes. The current research evaluated the association of Cirrhosis-Risk-Scores (CRS) values, based on the correlation of seven genes signature-SNPs, with sonographic liver parenchymal changes in determining OAT outcomes. METHODS: All study subjects (n = 54) were recruited three months after completing OAT and classified into three groups. Group I (n = 21) had negative HCV PCR, group II (n = 17) showed positive solitary intra-PBMCs HCV infection, and group III(n = 16) was serum HCV RNA PCR-positive. All study-population were subjected to examination by hepatic-ultrasound (US), FIB-4-scoring, and screening for 7 gene-signature that addressed CRS values as low, intermediate, and high depending on gene SNPs identification. RESULTS: Group I showed a significant association with low CRS values compared to other groups (P < 0.001). Solitary intra- PBMCs HCV infection in group II was significantly combined with intermediate CRS values in comparison to groups I and III (P < 0.001). The high CRS values were significantly found in group III when compared to groups I and II (P < 0.01). On US imaging, low CRS values were common in normally appeared hepatic parenchyma (P < 0.001) and high CRS values were frequent in coarse-liver (P < 0.001), while bright-liver-tissues appearance was mainly detected in the intermediate CRS category (P = 0.09). On FIB-4 scoring, high CRS value were associated with hepatic fibro-cirrhosis compared to intermediate (P < 0.001) and low (P = 0.08) CRS-categories. CONCLUSION: The current study concluded the association of (a) high CRS values with coarse liver in viral-RNA serologic relapse, (b) low CRS values with normal liver tissues in sustained virologic response (SVR), (c) intermediate CRS values with bright liver in solitary PBMCs relapse.

HCV treatment outcome depends on SNPs of IFNL3-Gene polymorphisms (rs12979860) and cirrhotic changes in liver parenchyma.

The allelic discrimination of IFNL3-(rs12979860 C > T) polymorphism reveals ambiguous associations with the effectiveness of oral HCV treatment. Solitary intra peripheral-blood-mononuclear-cells (PBMCs) HCV-RNA antisense-strands are independently detected in naïve and experienced cases regardless of viremia or hepatic-parenchymal alterations. We examined the frequencies of IFNL3-genetic variants with chronic-HCV-induced liver changes during the sustained virologic response (SVR) by evaluating the PBMCs- HCV-PCR after oral antiviral therapy. Methods: Twelve weeks after finishing oral antiviral therapy, the effects of IFNL3-genetic variants were evaluated in three groups of patients: Group-I (n = 25) showed HCV-RNA negativity in both serum and PBMCs-, group II (n = 52) showed positivity of HCV-RNA in PBMCs, and group-III (n = 25) had positive HCV-RNA in serum. The genetic variants of the IFNL3-gene were estimated for all the enrolled cases and correlated with their hepatic image changes. Results: IFNL3-(rs12979860) genotyping in post-direct acting antivirals (DAAs) SVR and HCV-relapse revealed: a) high frequency of CC-genotype and C-allele in group I compared to group II (P < 0.005) and group III(P ≤ 0.05) when hepatic-parenchyma looks normal by ultrasound b) frequent CT-genotype and T-allele in group II compared with I(P < 0.01) and III(P < 0.05) when liver tissues are bright (early cirrhotic-changes) c) frequent TT-genotype and T-allele in group III relative to I (P < 0.05) and II (P ≤ 0.08) when liver-tissues appear coarse by ultrasound. Conclusion: Outcomes of HCV treatment depend on host IFNL3-gene polymorphism and hepatic-parenchymal changes. A high frequency of wild-CC-genotype and C-allele is observed in patients with normal hepatic parenchyma and that achieved SVR. Solitary relapse in PBMCs occurs on increasing CT-genotype frequency when liver tissues are bright. Serologic relapse is detected when TT-genotype and T-allele are dominant in association with the cirrhotic liver. Therefore, IFNL3-gene-SNP analysis as a genetic predictor in relation to ultra-sonographic hepatic-parenchymal changes could be valuable for selecting the patients with the highest priority for treatment.

Detection of the Serum Cytokines Predicts COVID-19 Pathogenesis in Egyptian Patients.

Cytokine storms can be triggered by various infectious or noninfectious diseases and cause severe damages to multiple organs. Cytokine storm plays an important role in the pathogenesis of severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The pathogenesis of COVID-19 involves a potent inflammatory response involving a complex group of mediators, including interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10. In this study, the serum levels of IL-6 and IL-10 cytokines were evaluated in 79 COVID-19 infected patients from the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt. And 20 healthy individuals served as a control group. The patients were divided into moderate, severe, and critically ill. In this study, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were significantly elevated in COVID-19 patients compared with healthy controls. IL-6 levels were significantly higher in patients compared with controls (p = 0.001), although it was not varied within different severity groups except for moderate-critical ill cases (p < 0.033). IL-10 only showed a significant difference between critically ill and control cases (p < 0.002). Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses showed that IL-6 levels >120 pg/mL can predict moderate and critically ill patients with a sensitivity of 90.48% and a specificity of 62.50%, Area Under the Curve <0.0001. In conclusion, the serum levels of IL-6 cytokine are important noninvasive biomarkers to differentiate between moderate and critically ill COVID-19 infected patients.

Seven gene signature explores the impact of DAAs on the appearance of hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV infected patients.

HCV damages the hepatocytes ending with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) treatment has raised hopes for reducing the incidence of HCC. However, several scientific debate regarding the impact of DAAs on the occurrence of HCC in patients with cirrhosis. We aimed to study the Cirrhosis Risk Score (CRS), several clinical factors and tumor characteristics between patients who developed HCC either with or without DAAs treatment "DAA-exposed HCC patients" and "DAA-unexposed HCC patients". Methods: CRS was assessed via genotyping by allelic discrimination assays in HCV patients who developed de novo HCC (with DAAs (DAA-exposed HCC patients, n = 50), and without DAAs treatment (DAA-unexposed HCC patients, n = 40)). APRI, FIB-4 scores, and tumor characteristics were assessed. Results: Around 60% and 48% of DAA-exposed HCC patients and DAA-unexposed HCC patients; respectively had high CRS scores without significant difference. DAA-exposed HCC patients showed elevated Albumin, Hemoglobin and decreased ALT, AST compared with DAA-unexposed HCC patients (P = 0.002, 0.04, <0.001 and 0.006; respectively). FIB4 and APRI didn't reach the statistical difference between the studied groups. DAA-exposed HCC patients have higher overall survival (OS) than DAA-unexposed HCC patients (median: 30 & 15 months; respectively (p = 0.019)). Moreover, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in their focal lesion characteristics. Conclusion: All studied patients are genetically predisposed to develop HCC. Moreover, DAAs significantly improved the OS and the biochemical parameters. No differences between the two groups were detected regarding their tumor characteristics. Accordingly, the appearance of HCC after treatment is attributed to the natural course of cirrhosis.

Detection of Occult Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Egyptian Patients Who Achieved a Sustained Virologic Response to Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents.

BACKGROUND: Occult hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (OCI) is diagnosed based on the detection of HCV-RNA in non-serum reservoirs, such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and/or hepatocytes with undetectable HCV-RNA in the serum. The current study was designed to shed more light on the presence of occult HCV in a population of cases who achieved an SVR after receiving treatments for HCV-infection and its significance. METHODS: This cross-sectional study evaluated 111 chronic HCV patients treated at Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Egypt and achieved a sustained virological response (SVR) 12 -24 weeks after treatment with Direct acting antiviral drugs (DAAs). The treatment lasted 12 or 24 weeks using generic medications including Sofosbuvir (SOF) 400 mg/day and Daclatasvir (DCV) 60 mg/day ± weight-based Ribavirin (RBV) 600-1000 mg/day. After achieving the SVR 12 -24 weeks, all patients were subjected to clinical examination and full laboratory investigations. All the candidates were assessed for fibrosis pre/post-treatment by transient elastography (Fibroscan©). Eighty-seven patients (78.4%) received dual therapy (SOF/DCV) and 24 patients (21.6%) received triple therapy (SOF/DCV/RBV). One hundred and seven patients received the regimen for 12 weeks (96.4%) and only four patients received the regimen for 24 weeks (3.6%). All patients were examined in terms of HCV RNA in plasma and PBMCs. RESULTS: Nine patients (8.1%) were positive for PBMCs HCV RNA. The presence of Occult HCV infection (OCI) was significantly correlated with age, level of AFP, and the degree of liver stiffness. CONCLUSION: The OCI was present in 8.1% of the patients who achieved an SVR 12 - 24 weeks. These patients were mostly aged and with elevated AFP and advanced fibrosis. Monitoring and follow-up of those patients may help to assess the outcomes.

The Impact of Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents on Cytomegalovirus Reactivation in Chronic Hepatitis C Infection.

OBJECTIVE: The co-infection of HCV/CMV may accelerate the progression of liver diseases and worsen responsiveness to IFN treatment. The Direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs), currently approved therapy for HCV, may cause a transient change in immune status, favoring the reactivation of other viruses. The current study aims to evaluate the impact of DAAs treatment on the reactivation of latent CMV in HCV patients. METHODS: The serological IgG, IgM Abs against CMV were detected by ELISA on192 HCV patients. The seronegative CMV IgM patients received (sofosbuvir/daclatasvir) regimen, then the CMV reactivation was examined by measuring the CMV IgM by ELISA and CMV DNA by real-time PCR. RESULTS: The serological data revealed that all patients were positive for CMV IgG (100%) while (64%) patients were positive for CMV IgM. The seronegative CMV IgM (36%) received the DAAs protocol. The sustained virological response was monitored by measuring the HCV RNA viremia in the patient sera. The serological data revealed that 28.6% of patients had a reactivation of CMV, while 18.5% of patients had detectable CMV DNA viremia. Moreover, there was a significant improvement in liver function as well as a decrease in FIB-4 and APRI scores at EOT. SVR was reached 97.4% among the total studied patients (N= 192). CONCLUSION: CMV co-infection has no impact on the response rate to DAAs. However, the CMV reactivation might have occurred after the complete eradication of HCV by DAAs.

Highly Sensitive Serum miRNA Panel for the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Egyptian Patients with HCV-Related HCC.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at exploring the potential role of a panel of serum micro-RNA (miRNA) markers in liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. METHODS: The study included 157 chronic HCV patients and 62 HCC patients who presented to the Cairo University Center for Hepatic Fibrosis, Endemic Medicine Department, from 2015 to 2017. Relevant clinical and laboratory data were collected and sera were subjected to miRNA expression profiling. Eleven miRNA markers were studied and receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to investigate the best cutoff values of the miRNAs that showed altered expression in HCC compared to HCV-associated advanced fibrosis. RESULTS: miRNA expression profiling revealed 5 miRNAs (miR-124, miR-141, miR-205, miR-208a, miR-499a) were significantly upregulated and 2 miRNAs were significantly downregulated (miR-103a, miR-15a) in HCC compared to advanced fibrosis patients. No significant difference was observed in miRNA expression between advanced fibrosis and early hepatic fibrosis apart from a significant downregulation of miR-155-5p in advanced fibrosis. CONCLUSION: Serum miRNAs could serve as potential diagnostic tools for the diagnosis of HCC.