Preserving Essential Skills: The Future of Vaginal Hysterectomy Training in Urogynaecology.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the training and self-assessed proficiency of surgeons in the surgical management of pelvic organ prolapse (POP). We focused on the factors that influence decision-making, the surgical techniques employed, the training received, and the management of complications. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey. SETTING: An electronic questionnaire. POPULATION: European Urogynaecological Association (EUGA) and International Urogynecological Association (IUGA) members. METHODS: A total of 33 questions evaluating surgeon preference regarding vaginal surgeries. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographics, surgical selection, proficiency and technique, and training methods. RESULTS: There were 471 respondents, of which 273 (58%) dedicated more than 50% of their week to urogynaecology. 250 (53%) had completed a fellowship, with 215 (86%) of those fellowships being in urogynaecology and pelvic floor reconstruction. A preference for hysterectomy in cases of uterine descent was noted by 297 (63%) respondents, influenced mainly by patient preference, age, and prolapse anatomical score. A total of 443 (94%) were proficient in vaginal hysterectomy, with two-thirds performing 30 or fewer procedures annually; 212 (45%) reporting a decrease in the number of procedures over the last decade. Additionally, 373 (79%) respondents believed that 10-30 cases were needed to achieve and maintain proficiency. CONCLUSION: Vaginal hysterectomy remains a key component in uterine prolapse repair. However, with the rise of uterine-sparing prolapse repairs, the decision-making process may be influenced by multiple factors, including surgical training. Emphasis should be placed on training and maintaining proficiency in both traditional and novel techniques.

Maintaining the apex: a novel technique for vault suspension during vaginal hysterectomy.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Post-hysterectomy vault prolapse poses significant challenges to patients and surgeons alike. Despite numerous surgical interventions during initial vaginal hysterectomy to counteract this, a comparative analysis of their efficacy is limited. This study introduces a pioneering technique intended to avert vault prolapse during vaginal hysterectomy by harmoniously merging level 1 and level 2 support. METHODS: After obtaining informed consent, we recorded a variation of the McCall technique performed during vaginal hysterectomy and anterior repair. Patient follow-ups were conducted up to 6 months post-operation to evaluate anatomical outcomes and quality of life. RESULTS: A total of 46 women underwent the surgery. Anatomical evaluations at the 6-month mark were commendable, with no recurrence instances. Quality-of-life assessments, using the Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire-12 (PISQ-12), showcased substantial improvement. CONCLUSION: Our novel approach to vault suspension provides an uncomplicated, easily impartible, surgical procedure utilizing standard sutures. We believe that this approach is both enduring and safe.

Precision in Practice: The Critical Role of Mesh and Procedure Type Specification in Urogynecological Surgeries and Research.

Recently, the debate surrounding the use of mesh in urogynecological procedures has intensified, leading to FDA warnings and heightened safety concerns. This clinical opinion emphasizes the vital need to specify mesh types in these procedures, drawing attention to the risk profiles and clinical outcomes associated with various meshes and the procedures that utilize them. A significant issue identified in contemporary literature is the tendency to group diverse mesh types under the same umbrella, disregarding their unique characteristics and applications. We describe the range of mesh types, their application routes, and associated complications, highlighting the risks of this nonspecific approach to patient safety and informed decision making. We critically examine the generalization of mesh terminology in clinical and research dialogues. Concluding with specific recommendations for health care providers and researchers, the paper advocates for a more nuanced understanding and communication in the field, ultimately aiming to improve patient care and safety in urogynecological practice.

The Sonographic Characteristics of Isolated Fallopian Tube Torsion.

OBJECTIVE: Isolated fallopian tube torsion (IFTT) presents a challenging preoperative diagnosis. This study investigated the specific sonographic characteristics of IFTT and compared them to the characteristics of ovarian and adnexal torsion. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary level gynecological ultrasound unit.: 225 women operated for suspected isolated ovarian, fallopian tube or adnexal torsion (ovary and tube) were included. INTERVENTIONS: Electronic medical records of patients diagnosed with torsion at our ultrasound unit from 2001 to 2018 were retrieved. Inclusion criteria were women operated for suspicion of isolated ovarian, fallopian tube or adnexal torsion (involving both ovary and tube), with a preoperative sonogram performed in our tertiary level gynecologic ultrasound unit. Patients operated after a sonographic examination in the emergency department were excluded. MEASUREMENTS: Patients were divided into 4 groups according to their laparoscopic diagnosis: IFTT, ovarian torsion, adnexal torsion or no torsion. The sonographic characteristics of the groups were compared and the diagnosis was confirmed according to laparoscopy findings. MAIN RESULTS: IFTT was reported in 28/225 (12.4%) cases. Ovarian volume was significantly lower in IFTT (29.2 ± 44 cm3) compared to ovarian torsion (111 ± 143 cm3, p=.037). There were fewer cases of ovarian edema in IFTT compared to ovarian torsion (12/22 (54.5%) vs. 54/63 (85.7%) respectively, p=.001). IFTT was associated with paraovarian cyst significantly more often than with ovarian torsion (13/24 (54.2%) vs. 4/75 (5.3%), respectively; p=.003). There was no difference between whirlpool sign and location in all forms of torsion. The sensitivity, specificity, Positive predictive value and Negative predictive value for IFTT were 88.4%, 83.3%, 95.8% and 62% respectively. CONCLUSION: IFTT has distinct sonographic characteristics, including normal ipsilateral ovary, paraovarian cyst, and whirlpool sign. Awareness of these features may improve the diagnosis of IFTT and promote faster and more efficient treatment. Further studies are needed to establish these characteristics.

Urodynamic insights: exploring the relationship between detrusor overactivity and pelvic organ prolapse in women with urge incontinence.

PURPOSE: Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and overactive bladder (OAB) commonly affect the aging female population. We aimed to investigate the possible relationship between the two, as reflected by urodynamic studies. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on women who underwent urodynamic studies at a university-affiliated tertiary medical center from January 2018 to January 2021. Women presenting with urge incontinence and diagnosed with detrusor overactivity (DO) were included in the study. Based on the presence or absence of a modified POP-Q ≥ grade 2, these women were categorized into two groups. Data on general demographics, clinical symptoms, and urodynamic findings were extracted and compared using SPSS. RESULTS: During the study period, 949 urodynamic evaluations were performed. Of these, 303 (31.92%) reported urge incontinence. Out of this subset, 151 (49.83%) were diagnosed with DO. Within this group, 18 (11.9%) had POP, while 134 (88.1%) did not. The POP group had a notably higher incidence of prior vaginal hysterectomy and anterior colporrhaphy (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively). While most urodynamic parameters were similar between groups, there was a significant increase in hesitancy in the POP group (13 s vs 8 s, p = 0.03). There was a trend indicating a reduced median Q max (12 ml/s vs. 18 ml/s, p = 0.06) and an increased flow time (55 s vs 40 s, p = 0.08) in the POP group. CONCLUSION: The urodynamic profile of the POP group suggests an obstructive voiding pattern. Further longitudinal research is essential to fully understand the relationship between POP and OAB.

The efficacy of mifepristone-misoprostol regimen versus misoprostol-only for medication abortion at 22 + 0/7 to 30 + 0/7 weeks' gestation.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare duration of medication abortion after pretreatment with mifepristone versus misoprostol-only regimens at 22 + 0/7 to 30 + 0/7 weeks. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included patients admitted for medication abortion from 2014 to 2022. Patients underwent feticide due to genetic or anatomical abnormalities at gestational age of 22 + 0/7 to 30 + 0/7 weeks. Excluded from this study were patients admitted at gestational age < 22 + 0/7 or > 30 + 0/7 weeks, with multiple gestation, with diagnosis of intrauterine fetal demise before feticide, with contraindication for vaginal delivery, and who were administered a medical regimen other than the mifepristone-misoprostol or misoprostol-only protocol. Information collected included patients' demographics, clinical outcomes, additional procedural interventions, and complications. Data of patients treated with mifepristone-misoprostol versus misoprostol-only were compared. RESULTS: The study group included 46 patients in the mifepristone-misoprostol group and 35 in the misoprostol-only group. Median interval from first dose of misoprostol to fetal expulsion was shorter in the mifepristone-misoprostol group (10.6 vs. 15.3 h; p = 0.007) with shorter duration of hospitalization (3.5 ± 1.1 vs. 4.1 ± 1.2 days; p = 0.013). Study groups did not differ in terms of complications. Patients in the mifepristone-misoprostol group had a younger gestational age (23.8 ± 1.69 vs. 25.37 ± 2.4 weeks; p = 0.002). However, multivariable Cox regression found that mifepristone was independently associated with shorter abortion time (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.03-2.9, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Medication abortion with mifepristone-misoprostol was associated with shorter time to fetal expulsion at gestational ages 22 + 0/7 to 30 + 0/7 weeks, compared with misoprostol-only regimen.

Vacuum-assisted delivery outcomes: is advanced maternal age a factor?

PURPOSE: This study evaluated age-related maternal outcomes of vacuum-assisted vaginal deliveries (VAD). METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included all nulliparous women with singleton VAD in one academic institution. Study group parturients were maternal age ≥ 35 years and controls < 35. Power analysis revealed that 225 women/group would be sufficient to detect a difference in the rate of third- and fourth-degree perineal tears (primary maternal outcome) and umbilical cord pH < 7.15 (primary neonatal outcome). Secondary outcomes were maternal blood loss, Apgar scores, cup detachment, and subgaleal hematoma. Outcomes were compared between groups. RESULTS: From 2014 to 2019, 13,967 nulliparas delivered at our institution. Overall, 8810 (63.1%) underwent normal vaginal delivery, 2432 (17.4%) instrumental, and 2725 (19.5%) cesarean. Among 11,242 vaginal deliveries, 10,116 (90%) involved women < 35, including 2067 (20.5%) successful VAD vs. 1126 (10%) women ≥ 35 years with 348 (30.9%) successful VAD (p < 0.001). Rates of third- and fourth-degree perineal lacerations were 6 (1.7%) with advanced maternal age and 57 (2.8%) among controls (p = 0.259). Cord pH < 7.15 was similar: 23 (6.6%) study group and 156 (7.5%) controls (p = 0.739). CONCLUSION: Advanced maternal age and VAD are not associated with higher risk for adverse outcomes. Older, nulliparous women are more likely to undergo vacuum delivery than younger parturients.

The role of artificial intelligence in the future of urogynecology.

Artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine is a rapidly growing field aimed at using machine learning models to improve health outcomes and patient experiences. Many new platforms have become accessible and therefore it seems inevitable that we consider how to implement them in our day-to-day practice. Currently, the specialty of urogynecology faces new challenges as the population grows, life expectancy increases, and quality of life expectation is much improved. As AI has a lot of potential to promote the discipline of urogynecology, we aim to explore its abilities and possible use in the future. Challenges and risks are associated with using AI, and a responsible use of such resources is required.

A cost-effective model for training in Robot-Assisted Sacrocolpopexy.

BACKGROUND: The number of robotically assisted sacrocolpopexy procedures are increasing; therefore, experienced clinicians are needed. Simulation-based cadaver models are challenging in aspects of cost and availability. Therefore, we need to look at alternative and more cost-effective models. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this video was to design a new surgical model for the training of robotic-assisted sacrocolpopexy, which is affordable and accessible. METHODS: We used a whole chicken model to simulate the female pelvic floor. We used Medtronic's Hugo™ RAS system as the robotic console in that procedure. A vaginal cuff was prepared from the proventriculus (stomach), and a Y shaped mesh was secured to the ischium to simulate the sacrocolpopexy procedure. CONCLUSION: This model is easily constructed and in our view is cost-effective. We have demonstrated a new valuable education tool that can serve as a practical simulation model to teach the sacrocolpopexy procedure and to improve trainees' skills. A larger cohort study size is essential to demonstrate the learning curve among young trainees using this simulation model.

Ultrasound for diagnosis of postpartum retained products of conception-How accurate we are?

OBJECTIVE: Postpartum retained products of conception (RPOC) can cause short- and long-term complications. Diagnosis is based on ultrasound examination and treated with hysteroscopy. This study evaluated the size of RPOC that can be related to a positive pathology result for residua. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included women who underwent hysteroscopy for postpartum RPOC diagnosed by ultrasound, 4/2014-4/2022. Demographics, intrapartum, sonographic, intraoperative, and post-operative data were retrieved. We generated a ROC curve and found 7 mm was the statistically sonographic value for positive pathology for RPOC. Data between women with sonographic RPOC ≤ 7 mm and > 7 mm were compared. Positive and negative predictive values were calculated for RPOC pathology proved which was measured by ultrasound. RESULTS: Among 212 patients who underwent hysteroscopy due to suspected RPOC on ultrasound, 20 (9.4%) women had residua ≤ 7 mm and 192 (90.6%) had residua > 7 mm. The most common complaint was vaginal bleeding in 128 cases (60.4%); more so in the residua > 7 mm group (62.5% vs. 40%, p = .05). Among women with residua ≤ 7 mm, the interval from delivery to hysteroscopy was longer (117.4 ± 74.7 days vs. 78.8 ± 68.8 days, respectively; p = .02). Positive pathology was more frequent when residua was > 7 mm. PPV for diagnosis of 7 mm RPOC during pathology examination was 75.3% and NPV 50%. CONCLUSIONS: Sonographic evaluation after RPOC showed that residua > 7 mm was statistically correlated with positive RPOC in pathology and PPV of 75% and NPV of 50%. Due to the high NPV and low complication rate of office hysteroscopy, clinicians should consider intervention when any RPOC are measured during sonographic examination to reduce known long-term complications.

Bilateral or unilateral tubo-ovarian abscess: exploring its clinical significance.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the characteristics of patients with unilateral and bilateral tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA). METHODS: Women diagnosed with TOA during 2003-2017 were included in this retrospective cohort study. TOA was diagnosed using sonography or computerized tomography and clinical criteria, or by surgical diagnosis. Demographics, sonographic data, clinical treatment, surgical treatment, and post-operative information were retrieved. RESULTS: The study cohort included 144 women who met the inclusion criteria, of whom 78 (54.2%) had unilateral TOA and 66 (45.8%) had bilateral TOA. Baseline characteristics were not different between the groups. There was a statistical trend that women with fewer events of previous PID were less likely to have with bilateral TOA (75.3% vs. 64.1%, respectively; p = 0.074). Women diagnosed with bilateral TOA were more likely to undergo surgical treratment for bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy compared to unilateral TOA (61.5% vs. 42.3%, respectively; p = 0.04). There was no difference in maximum TOA size between groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study detected a trend toward increased need for surgical treatment in women diagnosed with bilateral TOA. These findings may contribute to determining the optimal medical or surgical treatment, potentially leading to a decrease in the duration of hospitalization, antibiotic exposure, and resistance. However, it is important to acknowledge that the results of the current study are limited, and further research is warranted to validate these potential outcomes.

Outcomes of incomplete abortion related to treatment modality.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the differences in treatment outcomes between misoprostol and surgical evacuation for the management of incomplete abortion. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study compared patients with a clinical diagnosis of incomplete abortion who underwent surgical or pharmaceutical (misoprostol) intervention, 2014-2017. Demographics, sonographic results, treatment follow-up, and post-intervention data on retained products of conception were retrieved. Women with incomplete abortion who underwent surgical versus pharmaceutical intervention were compared. RESULTS: Among 589 spontaneous abortions, 198 were included in the study, of which 123 (62.1%) underwent surgical evacuation and 75 (37.9%) pharmaceutical intervention with misoprostol. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. During 130.8 ± 91.7 days of follow-up, no patient who underwent surgical evacuation had retained products of conception or needed surgical hysteroscopy. Four cases (5.3%) in the misoprostol group had retained products of conception and needed hysteroscopy (p = 0.02). Patients who underwent surgical evacuation had higher hemoglobin levels during follow-up (12.1 mg/dL vs. 11.7 mg/dL, p = 0.05). There were no differences in post-treatment pregnancy rates between groups. CONCLUSION: Long-term follow-up after incomplete abortion showed that hemodynamically stable patients treated with misoprostol achieved the desired results in 95% of cases without significant differences in pregnancy intervals compared to surgical management. Further prospective studies with larger sample sizes are required to confirm the outcomes described in this study.

Fetal weight estimation in tall women: is ultrasound more accurate than clinical assessment? A prospective trial.

PURPOSE: Estimated fetal weight (EFW) is crucial for clinical decision-making during pregnancy and labor. Maternal habitus impacts its accuracy. This study compared the accuracy of clinical versus ultrasound EFW in tall pregnant women (height ≥ 172 cm, 90th percentile). METHODS: In this prospective study, tall pregnant women at term, who arrived for a prenatal visit and delivered within a week, underwent clinical and ultrasound assessments of estimated fetal weight. Each woman served as her own control. After delivery, birth weight was compared to the clinical and ultrasound EFW. The primary outcome was the accuracy of each method in predicting the actual birth weight. RESULTS: All 100 women included in this trial underwent clinical and ultrasound estimations of fetal weight. Mean maternal height was 175.7 ± 3.3 (172-185) cm. More clinical EFW swere inaccurate compared to ultrasound (25 (25%) vs. 6 (6%), respectively, p < 0.001). Both clinical (3583 g) and ultrasound (3490 g) evaluations underestimated the fetal weights compared to the birth weights (3664 g, p < 0.001). In the macrosomic fetal group, both the clinical (3983 g) and ultrasound (3767 g) estimates were significantly inaccurate compared to the birth weights (4237 g, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Among tall women, ultrasound EFW is more accurate than clinical EFW. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER AND DATE OF REGISTRATION: IRB-0016-17-MMC, Clinical-Trials.gov identifier NCT03206281.

A novel method for office aspiration curettage in cases of retained products of conception: A randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Missed abortion can be treated with medication or aspiration curettage. A Karman aspiration cannula is another option. We evaluated its success in evacuating retained products of conception (RPOC) based on symptoms, endometrial thickness, endometrial irregularity, and blood flow seen on Doppler ultrasound (indicative of placenta). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective, randomized, nonblinded trial was conducted in a university-affiliated medical center. It included 40 women diagnosed with missed abortion and two failed courses of 600 µg buccal misoprostol, one  week apart, randomly assigned to treatment or controls. One week after the second misoprostol course, immediately after evaluating endometrial thickness, endometrial irregularity using Doppler ultrasound, and with blood flow indicative of RPOC, women in the aspiration group underwent endometrial suction with a Karman aspiration cannula. The 5-6 mm cannula attached to a 60 mL syringe was inserted into the uterus under ultrasound guidance. The contents were aspirated until the uterus was empty. Control group patients did not receive additional treatment. All were scheduled for ambulatory, operative hysteroscopy under anesthesia 1 month later (departmental protocol). On that day, all women with RPOC on Doppler ultrasound underwent hysteroscopy. Bleeding days, days with pain, pain according to visual analog scale, length of hospitalization, and infection rate were recorded. NIH clinical trial registration number NCT02917785. RESULTS: In the study group, 90% did not need hysteroscopy, compared with 50% of controls (p = 0.014). No complications were noted. At all visits, we used Doppler ultrasound to exclude or confirm RPOC. Pathology revealed RPOC in all women who underwent aspiration. Average visual analog scale score for office aspiration (n = 20) was 4.9 ± 3.6. vs. 6.3 ± 3.4 for the first (p = 0.157) and 4.7 ± 3.3 for the second (p = 0.836) misoprostol treatment cycle. The treatment group experienced 6.1 days of bleeding and the control group experienced 1.4 days (p = .006). CONCLUSIONS: Based on our criteria of diagnosing RPOC according to symptoms, endometrial thickness, endometrial irregularity, and blood flow indicative of placental tissue seen on Doppler ultrasound and histo-pathological confirmation, aspiration using Karman cannula can be an effective therapeutic approach. It may be a safe alternative for women with RPOC after misoprostol failure.

Ovarian size as a risk factor for recurrent adnexal torsion: Smaller is not better.

AIM: To investigate characteristics and risk factors for recurrent adnexal torsion (AT). METHODS: Retrospective cohort study in a university-affiliated medical center included 320 Women with AT verified by laparoscopy, from January 2005 through January 2017. Demographic data, clinical symptoms, surgical findings and treatment were retrospectively reviewed from patient records. Data from primary and secondary AT of patients in the recurrent torsion group was compared to those with single torsion, to evaluate risk factors for recurrent AT. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty seven (83.4%) patients had a single event of AT and 53 (16.5%) had recurrent AT. Patients with recurrent torsion had significantly fewer previous non-gynecologic surgeries (4.3% and 9.8% of the study groups vs 32.2% of the control group, P = 0.001 for both). Ovarian size was significantly smaller in the recurrent torsion groups (47.5 mm and 48.3 mm vs 63.9 mm, P = 0.045 and P = 0.012, respectively). Polycystic ovary was significantly more common in the recurrent AT group (P = 0.028 and P = 0.005), with risk ratio 4.4 (95% confidence interval, 1.66 to 11.63). Ovaries without any specific findings were also more common among recurrent AT cases (P = 0.001 for both groups). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that smaller ovarian size is an independent risk factor for recurrent AT. CONCLUSION: Recurrent torsion correlated with fewer previous surgeries, small ovarian mass, polycystic ovaries and ovaries without specific findings, which might indicate that additional pathophysiological factors contribute to the recurrent event. Ovarian fixation might be recommended in patients with primary torsion of normal or polycystic ovaries.

Adnexal Torsion during Pregnancy: Outcomes after Surgical Intervention-A Retrospective Case-Control Study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of surgical treatment for adnexal torsion (AT) during pregnancy. DESIGN: A retrospective case-control study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). SETTING: A tertiary care academic medical center. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The study group included all parturients who underwent surgery for suspected AT during pregnancy from January 2005 to January 2017. The control group included parturients with an uneventful pregnancy matched by maternal age, parity, multiple gestation, and pregnancy complications. The primary outcome was gestational age at delivery. Secondary outcomes were perinatal outcomes and intraoperative and immediate postoperative complications. Among 85 study group patients with suspected AT, 78 (91.7%) underwent laparoscopy and 7 (8.3%) laparotomy. Torsion was diagnosed in 84 patients (98.8%). The gestational age at delivery was similar between the study and control groups (38.7 ± 1.5 vs 38.6 ± 1.6 weeks, respectively; p = .908) as was preterm labor (5.8% in both groups, p = 1.00). There was no significant difference between the study and control groups in pregnancy and neonatal outcomes, including Apgar scores, mean cord blood pH (7.25 ± 0.1 and 7.26 ± 0.08, respectively), and birth weight (3040 ± 473 g and 3115 ± 584 g, respectively). In the study group, the mean gestational age at surgery was 11.2 ± 6 weeks (range, 4-34 weeks). The average operative time was 40.2 ± 22 minutes. In the postoperative follow-up, 3 (3.5%) patients had a first trimester miscarriage. A previous cesarean delivery was a risk factor for ovarian torsion during pregnancy (p = .012). CONCLUSION: Adnexal detorsion with or without additional surgical procedures during pregnancy did not affect the gestational age at delivery and did not appear to increase fetal or maternal complication rates.

Correlation between the Length of Ovarian Ligament and Ovarian Torsion: A Prospective Study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to evaluate whether there is an association between the ovarian ligament length and ovarian torsion. DESIGN: This is a prospective cohort study. Design Classification: II.2. SETTING: The study was conducted in the gynecology department of a university affiliated hospital. INTERVENTION: We measured the length of the ovarian ligaments during laparoscopy. PATIENTS: A total of 56 women were recruited, of which 28 women were operated for ovarian torsion (torsion group) and 28 others for other gynecologic conditions (control group). MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: The study found correlations between ovarian ligament length and ovarian torsion. The length of the right (2.2 ± 0.6 cm) and left ovarian ligament (2.3 ± 0.8 cm) in the control patients were similar. Ovarian torsions occurred mainly on the right side (67.9 %). The right ovarian ligament was significantly longer in the torsion group (3.2 ± 0.9 cm) than in the control group (2.2 ± 0.6 cm; p < 0.001). Even after exclusion of patients with ovarian cyst, the ovarian ligament was still significantly longer in the torsion group as compared to the control group (3.2 ± 1.1 vs. 2.2 ± 0.6 cm respectively, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that increased length of ovarian ligament might be correlated with the development of ovarian torsion. This could be a basis for ovarian ligament fixation or oophoropexy at the time of conservative surgery for ovarian torsion.

Labor progression of women attempting vaginal birth after previous cesarean delivery with or without epidural analgesia.

PURPOSE: Normal labor curves have not been assessed for women undergoing a trial of labor after cesarean delivery (TOLAC). This study examined labor patterns during TOLAC in relation to epidural analgesia use. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of deliveries of women undergoing TOLAC at a single, academic, tertiary medical center. Length of first, second and third stages of labor was compared between 424 women undergoing TOLAC in the current labor with no previous vaginal delivery (VD) and 357 women with at least one previous VD and current TOLAC. RESULTS: Women in the TOLAC only group had significantly longer labors compared to women in the previous VD and TOLAC group. In both groups, women who underwent epidural analgesia had longer first and second stages of labor. In the TOLAC only group, more women who had epidural analgesia tended to deliver vaginally as compared to those who did not (P = 0.09). For women who delivered vaginally, the 95th percentile for the second stage duration with epidural was 3.40 h in the TOLAC only group and 2.3 h in the previous VD and TOLAC group. The 95th percentile for the second stage duration without epidural was 1.4 h in the TOLAC only group and 0.9 h in the previous VD and TOLAC group. CONCLUSIONS: Operative intervention (instrumental delivery/cesarean delivery (CD)) might be considered for women attempting TOLAC after a 2-h duration of second stage without epidural and 3-h duration with epidural, with an hour less for women who also had previous VD.

Adverse pregnancy outcomes and multiple nuchal cord loops.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of nuchal cord and the number of loops during labor and delivery on delivery outcomes among women with singleton pregnancy who delivered vaginally. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 42,798 women with singleton, vertex, and vaginal deliveries at 24-43 weeks of gestation. We analyzed delivery outcomes based on the number of nuchal cord loops. RESULTS: A total of 42,798 deliveries met the inclusion criteria, of which, 3809 (8.9%) had nuchal cord with 1 loop at delivery, 1035 (2.42%) had 2 loops, and 258 (0.6%) had 3 loops. Nuchal cord with 3 loops compared to no nuchal cord has been associated with higher incidence of intrauterine fetal death (1.9%), Apgar scores less than 7 at 1 and 5 min (7.4%, 2.3%), and higher rate of operative vaginal deliveries (17.5%). Nuchal cord with 2 or 3 loops was associated with higher incidence of intrauterine growth restriction (10.2%, 11.6%).  In a multiple logistic regression model, nuchal cord with 3 loops was an independent risk factor for operative vaginal delivery and Apgar score less than 7 in 1 min. CONCLUSIONS: In the case of vaginal delivery in the presence of nuchal cord, as the number of nuchal cord loops increased, so did the number of adverse delivery outcomes. While 3 loops were associated with higher incidence of intrauterine fetal death, intrauterine growth restriction, increased operative vaginal deliveries, and low Apgar scores, 1 loop was not associated with adverse perinatal outcomes.