Neurons Internalize Functionalized Micron-Sized Silicon Dioxide Microspheres.

Microparticles have potential as neuron-specific delivery platforms and devices with many applications in neuroscience, pharmacology, and biomedicine. To date, most literature suggests that neurons are not phagocytic cells capable of internalizing microparticles larger than 0.5 µm. We report that neurons transport fluorescently labeled silica microspheres with diameters of 1-2 µm into neurons in vitro and in rat brain without having overt effects on cell viability. Using flow cytometry, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and confocal and electron microscopy, we first found that SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells internalized 1-µm silicon microspheres with surface charges of -70 mV (hydroxyl and carboxyl), -30 mV (amino), and +40 mV (ammonio). Uptake was rapid, within 2-4 h, and did not affect cell viability 48 h later. Flow cytometry assays indicate that SH-SY5Y cells internalize 1- and 1.5-µm microspheres at the same rate over a 24-h incubation period. Electron microscopy confirms that SH-SY5Y cells internalize 1-, 1.5-, and 2-µm microspheres. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that primary cortical neurons also internalized 1-, 1.5-, and 2-µm amino microspheres within 4 h. Finally, we injected 1-µm amino microspheres into rat striatum and found microspheres inside neurons. Overall, neurons can internalize microspheres up to 2 µm in diameter with a range of surface chemical groups and charges. These findings allow a host of neuroscience and neuroengineering applications including intracellular microdevices within neurons.

Sepsis alters the megakaryocyte-platelet transcriptional axis resulting in granzyme B-mediated lymphotoxicity.

RATIONALE: Sepsis-related mortality results in part from immunodeficiency secondary to profound lymphoid apoptosis. The biological mechanisms responsible are not understood. OBJECTIVES: Because recent evidence shows that platelets are involved in microvascular inflammation and that they accumulate in lymphoid microvasculature in sepsis, we hypothesized a direct role for platelets in sepsis-related lymphoid apoptosis. METHODS: We studied megakaryocytes and platelets from a murine-induced sepsis model, with validation in septic children, which showed induction of the cytotoxic serine protease granzyme B. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Platelets from septic mice induced marked apoptosis of healthy splenocytes ex vivo. Platelets from septic granzyme B null (-/-) mice showed no lymphotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings establish a conceptual advance in sepsis: Septic megakaryocytes produce platelets with acutely altered mRNA profiles, and these platelets mediate lymphotoxicity via granzyme B. Given the contribution of lymphoid apoptosis to sepsis-related mortality, modulation of platelet granzyme B becomes an important new target for investigation and therapy.