Menstruation-related headache in adolescents: Point prevalence and associated factors.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of menstruation-related headache and the impact of associated factors in adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in seven randomly selected high schools, and 3,886 girls attending those schools were invited to take part. After the consent of the school principals, a final total of 2,485 girls (63.9%) were involved in the study. A specific questionnaire was distributed to adolescent girls (14-19 years old). The first part of the survey investigated the features of menstruation (age at first menstruation, duration of period, pad fully soaked per day). The last part of the questionnaire surveyed the presence of headache during the menstrual period. The severity of headache was measured using a visual analog scale. Last, participants were requested to complete the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The prevalence of menstruation-related headache and associated factors were studied. RESULTS: Mean subject age was 15.89 ± 1.07 years (range, 14-19 years) and mean age at menarche was 12.96 ± 1.09 years old. The prevalence of menstruation-related headache was 25.9% (n = 646). Onset of menstruation at <12 years of age, longer duration of menstruation period, dysmenorrhea, daily consumption of coffee and cola and smoking significantly affected the frequency of menstruation-related headache. Mean BDI score was 21.68 ± 13.65 and was significantly associated with menstruation headache. CONCLUSION: Menstruation-related headache is a common problem in adolescent girls. It might be associated with different comorbidities such as depression. Accordingly, a multidisciplinary treatment approach must be considered to improve the quality of life.

Evaluation of health anxiety in adults admitting to primary healthcare institutions.

OBJECTIVE: Health anxiety is defined as the negative over-interpretation of the usual physical sensations, although the person does not have any physical illness. The study aims to evaluate the health anxiety levels of individuals over the age of 18 who admit to primary healthcare institutions in Eskisehir and the factors that may be associated with it. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. The study was conducted in adults who admitted to primary healthcare institutions in Eskisehir. The study group consists of 1200 individuals. For the purpose of collecting data, a questionnaire including the questions regarding the factors related to health anxiety and the Health Anxiety Scale were used. In the analysis of the data, a logarithm of The Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI) scores was performed to determine the factors affecting the inventory score and hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis was used. RESULTS: The total scores from The SHAI ranged from 1 to 47, with an mean of 16.4±8.7 and a median score of 15. Of 41.9% of study group scored above mean score. Female gender, deterioration of family income, presence of chronic disease, worsening of general health status, symptoms of mental and behavioral disorders, high number of admissions to health institutions, and hospitalization history were found to be factors affecting the level of health anxiety. CONCLUSION: Health anxiety was found to be an important problem among those who admitted to primary healthcare institutions in Eskisehir. Providing education to individuals in risky groups in terms of health anxiety, and these groups should be closely monitoring in terms of health anxiety and providing psychosocial support when necessary will prevent excessive use of health services in the long-term.

A Comparison Quality of Life of Children of Seasonal Agricultural Workers and Local Residents in Turkey.

OBJECTIVES: Children of seasonal agricultural workers (SAW) live in the worst conditions of agricultural labor and, consequently, face many health risks. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the quality of life (QoL) of these children. This study aimed to compare the QoL between children of SAW and local residents in semi-rural areas of Eskisehir, Turkey, and determine the factors affecting them. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we included children of SAW living in temporary camp areas and those of local residents visiting the Family Health Center close to the camp areas. Basic sociodemographic data collection forms and the Pediatric Quality of Life (PedsQL) scale were employed for data collection. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine factors that had a significant effect on the QoL. RESULTS: We included 324 children of SAW and 256 local children. As per the multivariate analysis, QoL was lower in children aged between 8 and 12 years, with physician-diagnosed chronic diseases, and children of SAW. Also, there was no significant association between gender, parental education levels, family income, number of siblings, school attendance status, and QoL level. CONCLUSION: The QoL of children of SAW families was significantly lower than their peer local children. Therefore, the appropriate authorities must prioritize the planning and implementation of health services for SAW families.

Evaluation of Relationship Between Cyberchondria and Obsessive Beliefs in Adults.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cyberchondria and obsessive beliefs and determine the potential risk of the former. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 777 individuals. The Cyberchondria Severity Scale and the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire were applied to the participants. Univariate and hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Of the study group 382 (49.2%) were male, 395 (50.8%), female. Their ages ranged from 18 to 63 years, with an average of 32.6 (± 9.6) years. Multiple linear regression analysis found that the frequency of internet use (several times a day; n = 670), using the internet as a source of health-related information (n = 320), using the internet to research a doctor before making and/or attending an appointment with same (n = 363), halting the use of prescribed medication based on information obtained on the internet (n = 177), and obsessive beliefs were factors linked to cyberchondria. Cyberchondria and obsessive beliefs were positively related and in the final model were found to be the strongest determinants of cyberchondria. CONCLUSION: Obsessive beliefs may be a potential risk factor for cyberchondria. Since cyberchondria affects people's health related behaviors, it is important to ensure the safety of health-related information on the internet. The results of this study may guide future ones that thoroughly investigate the factors associated with cyberchondria. More comprehensive studies are needed to reveal the relationship between cyberchondria and obsessive beliefs.

Students' "COVID-19" and "school" perceptions in the pandemic.

This study aims to reveal high school students' perceptions of COVID-19 and schools in the pandemic process through metaphors. In the study, phenomenology research design based on the qualitative research method was used. The study was carried out with the participation of 134 students at all grade levels from high school. The data were analyzed by content analysis. The metaphors were categorized according to their similarities, and their frequency values were calculated. Seventy-six metaphors and eight categories about COVID-19 were reached, and "flu," "prison," and "snake" are the metaphors that have the highest frequency values. They explained the metaphors by making associations with the disease, fast-spreading and damaging things. In the COVID-19 process, 78 metaphors and eight categories were found out for the school. Based on the metaphors created by the students, suggestions were made depending on the research results. It was determined that students had negative perceptions about the COVID-19 pandemic and the school in this process, and it was suggested that this could be eliminated again with educational activities.

Relationship between Mental Disorders and Optimism in a Community-Based Sample of Adults.

Optimism should be included in efforts to protect mental health, as it can provide cognitive resources. Optimism also reduces the negative effects of stressful life events associated with the occurrence and recurrence of mental disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between mental disorders and optimism in a community-based sample of adults. The study was conducted in three semi-rural clusters determined via random sampling. After adjustment in accordance with the independent variables, the relationship between each psychiatric disorder and Life Orientation Test (LOT) was calculated using logistic models. Overall, 24.5% of participants were categorized into at least one mental disorder group, with 20.8%, 3.5%, and 0.3% having one, two, or three mental disorders, respectively. The median LOT score was lower in patients diagnosed from the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders modules, except for the somatoform disorder module. Maintaining an optimistic view reduced the risk of mood disorders by 0.86 (OR; 95% CI, 0.81-0.91), anxiety disorders by 0.89 (0.83-0.97), and probable alcohol abuse by 0.83 (0.74-0.93) times after adjustment. The role of an optimistic view in coping with mental problems should be investigated in detail.

Traditional school bullying and cyberbullying: Prevalence, the effect on mental health problems and self-harm behavior.

Bullying is widely recognized as a major psychosocial problem with substantial negative consequences. The current study aimed to estimate the prevalence of traditional school bullying and cyberbullying and reciprocal associations between bullying involvement and mental health problems. The sample of the study consisted of 6202 middle and high school students (age 11-18, M= 14.4 ±1.9 years, 54% boy). Bullying involvement, self-harm behavior, anxiety, depression, and psychosocial difficulties were assessed by self-report questionnaire. The prevalence of traditional school bullying and cyberbullying victimization was 33% (95% CI 32.1-34.5%) and 17% (95% CI 16.3-18.2%), respectively. The prevalence of traditional school bullying and cyberbullying perpetration was 22.4% (95% CI 21.3-23.4%) and 10.4% (95% CI 9.7-11.3%), respectively. Bullying involvement -as a victim, perpetrator, or both- was associated with anxiety, depression, psychosocial difficulties, and self-harm behavior. Girls were more likely to be affected than boys in mental health outcomes. A significant association between bullying victimization and negative mental health outcomes were also observed. These findings provide evidence to intervention strategies need to target both traditional and cyberbullying involvement. Understanding the risk profile will help create useful and appropriate interventions, which will reduce the early effect of bullying on mental health and modify the clinical course.

3D printing in the battle against COVID-19.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that is SARS-CoV-2, previously called 2019-nCoV, is a kind of human infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Based on the prompt increase of human infection rate, COVID-19 outbreak was distinguished as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). By 2020, COVID-19 becomes a major health problem all around the world. Due to the battle against COVID-19, there are some adversities that are encountered with. The most significant difficulty is the lack of equipment for the COVID-19 battle. Lately, there is not sufficient personal protective equipment (PPE) for hospital workers on the front lines in this terrifying time. All around the world, hospitals are overwhelmed by the volume of patients and the lack of personal protective equipment including face masks, gloves, eye protection and clothing. In addition, the lack of nasal swabs, which are necessary components, that are used for testing is another issue that is being faced. There are a small number of respirators, which are emergency devices that help patients breathe for a short period of time. To overcome the limited number of equipment available, the foremost solution can be 3D printing that allows three-dimensional renderings to be realized as physical objects with the use of a printer and that revolutionized prototyping. Low-cost desktop 3D printers allow economical 3D models and guides but have less quality approvals. 3D printing is already well integrated into the process of COVID-19 battle by manufacturing the equipment that are convenient. The goals of this review are to explore the techniques of 3D printing for the equipment that are used for COVID-19 battle and evaluate the materials that are used for manufacturing and the manufactured equipment. Lastly, the advantages and disadvantages of 3D printing are figured out.

Combating COVID-19 with tissue engineering: a review.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic triggered by SARS-CoV-2 emerged from Wuhan, China, firstly in December 2019, as well spread to almost all around the world rapidly. The main reason why this disease spreads so many people in a short time is that the virus could be transmitted from an infected person to another by infected droplets. The new emergence of diseases usually may affect multiple organs; moreover, this disease is such an example. Numerous reported studies focus on acute or chronic organ damage caused by the virus. At this point, tissue engineering (TE) strategies can be used to treat the damages with its interdisciplinary approaches. Tissue engineers could design drug delivery systems, scaffolds, and especially biomaterials for the damaged tissue and organs. In this review, brief information about SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, and epidemiology of the disease will be given at first. After that, the symptoms, the tissue damages in specific organs, and cytokine effect caused by COVID-19 will be described in detail. Finally, it will be attempted to summarize and suggest the appropriate treatments with suitable biomaterials for the damages via TE approaches. The aim of this review is to serve as a summary of currently available tissue damage treatments after COVID-19.

Validity and Reliability of the Glaucoma Knowledge Level Questionnaire.

OBJECTIVES: The present study was conducted to develop an instrument for measuring adults' glaucoma knowledge levels and to establish the instrument's validity and reliability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 811 persons aged 40-80 years who presented to primary health care institutions and did not have a glaucoma diagnosis. A 27-item questionnaire measuring level of glaucoma knowledge was created by the study team. Following expert consultation, it was structurally evaluated. The difficulty index and discrimination index were calculated for each item. Factor analysis was used to determine construct validity, Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient and item-total correlations were calculated to determine reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the extent to which the factor structure of the scale fit. We analysed correlation with the National Eye Health Education Program (NEHEP) Eye-Q scale in order to evaluate the validity of the scale. RESULTS: The final glaucoma knowledge level questionnaire comprised 10 items in one dimension. The discrimination index and difficulty index ranged between 0.28 to 0.65 and 33 to 61%, respectively. According to factor analysis, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin score was 0.760 and Bartlett's test indicated p<0.001. Confirmatory factor analysis showed acceptable scale fit and fit indices. Validity assessment revealed a positive correlation between the total score of the items of the NEHEP scale and glaucoma knowledge level questionnaire score (r=0.522; p<0.001). Scores were higher in participants who were aged 40-64, living in the city, had education level of high school or above and had previous eye examination or intraocular pressure measurement. CONCLUSION: The glaucoma knowledge level questionnaire has the distinction of being the first valid and reliable scale for assessing level of glaucoma knowledge in Turkey.