Factors affecting corneal deformation amplitude measured by Corvis ST in eyes with open-angle glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the factors affecting corneal deformation amplitude (DA) measured using Corvis ST in eyes with open-angle glaucoma. METHODS: This prospective, longitudinal study included 48 eyes with open-angle glaucoma who required additional intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering drops. All eyes underwent a complete eye examination at baseline, including a Corvis ST, which was repeated 4-8 weeks after the change in therapy. Factors affecting the corneal biomechanics, namely the DA, were determined using mixed effect models. RESULTS: The mean age of the cohort was 65.0 ± 7.9 years. The mean IOP reduced from 23.4 ± 5.4 mmHg to 17.9 ± 5 mmHg after the change in glaucoma treatment ( P < 0.001). The DA increased from 0.89 ± 0.16 mm to 1.00 ± 0.13 mm after IOP reduction ( P < 0.001). On mixed effect model analysis, IOP (-0.02 ± 0.001, P < 0.001) and corneal pachymetry (-0.0003 ± 0.0001, P = 0.02) affected the change in the DA. CONCLUSION: IOP and corneal pachymetry affect the DA and must be accounted for when using Corvis ST to evaluate corneal biomechanics in glaucoma.

Laser-Induced MXene-Functionalized Graphene Nanoarchitectonics-Based Microsupercapacitor for Health Monitoring Application.

Microsupercapacitors (micro-SCs) with mechanical flexibility have the potential to complement or even replace microbatteries in the portable electronics sector, particularly for portable biomonitoring devices. The real-time biomonitoring of the human body's physical status using lightweight, flexible, and wearable micro-SCs is important to consider, but the main limitation is, however, the low energy density of micro-SCs as compared to microbatteries. Here using a temporally and spatially controlled picosecond pulsed laser, we developed high-energy-density micro-SCs integrated with a force sensing device to monitor a human body's radial artery pulses. The photochemically synthesized spherical laser-induced MXene (Ti3C2Tx)-derived oxide nanoparticles uniformly attached to laser-induced graphene (LIG) act as active electrode materials for micro-SCs. The molecular dynamics simulations and detailed spectroscopic analysis reveal the synergistic interfacial interaction mechanism of Ti-O-C covalent bonding between MXene and LIG. The incorporation of MXene nanosheets improves the graphene sheet alignment and ion transport while minimizing self-restacking. Furthermore, the micro-SCs based on a nano-MXene-LIG hybrid demonstrate high mechanical flexibility, durability, ultrahigh energy density (21.16 × 10-3 mWh cm-2), and excellent capacitance (∼100 mF cm-2 @ 10 mV s-1) with long cycle life (91% retention after 10 000 cycles). Such a single-step roll-to-roll highly reproducible manufacturing technique using a picosecond pulsed laser to induce MXene-derived spherical oxide nanoparticles (size of quantum dots) attached uniformly to laser-induced graphene for biomedical device fabrication is expected to find a wide range of applications.

Aliovalent Ta-Doping-Engineered Oxygen Vacancy Configurations for Ultralow-Voltage Resistive Memory Devices: A DFT-Supported Experimental Study.

Alteration of transport properties of any material, especially metal oxides, by doping suitable impurities is not straightforward as it may introduce multiple defects like oxygen vacancies (Vo) in the system. It plays a decisive role in controlling the resistive switching (RS) performance of metal oxide-based memory devices. Therefore, a judicious choice of dopants and their atomic concentrations is crucial for achieving an optimum Vo configuration. Here, we show that the rational designing of RS memory devices with cationic dopants (Ta), in particular, Au/Ti1-xTaxO2-δ/Pt devices, is promising for the upcoming non-volatile memory technology. Indeed, a current window of ∼104 is realized at an ultralow voltage as low as 0.25 V with significant retention (∼104 s) and endurance (∼105 cycles) of the device by considering 1.11 at % Ta doping. The obtained device parameters are compared with those in the available literature to establish its excellent performance. Furthermore, using detailed experimental analyses and density functional theory (DFT)-based first-principles calculations, we comprehend that the meticulous presence of Vo configurations and the columnar-like dendritic structures is crucial for achieving ultralow-voltage bipolar RS characteristics. In fact, the dopant-mediated Vo interactions are found to be responsible for the enhancement in local current conduction, as evidenced from the DFT-simulated electron localization function plots, and these, in turn, augment the device performance. Overall, the present study on cationic-dopant-controlled defect engineering could pave a neoteric direction for future energy-efficient oxide memristors.

Microfluidic Affinity Sensor Based on a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Ultrasensitive Detection of Chlorpyrifos.

The persistent use of pesticides in the agriculture field remains a serious issue related to public health. In the present work, molecularly imprinted polymer thin films were developed using electropolymerization of pyrrole (py) onto gold microelectrodes followed by electrodeposition for the selective detection of chlorpyrifos (CPF). The molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized by the electrochemical deposition method, which allowed in-line transfer of MIP on gold microelectrodes without using any additional adhering agents. Various parameters such as pH, monomer ratio, scan rate, and deposition cycle were optimized for sensor fabrication. The sensor was characterized at every stage of fabrication using various spectroscopic, microscopic, and electrochemical techniques. The sensor requires only 2 µL of the analyte and its linear detection range was found to be 1 µM to 1 fM. The developed sensor's limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.93 and 2.82 fM, respectively, with a sensitivity of 3.98 (µA/(µM)/ mm2. The sensor's shelf life was tested for 70 days. The applicability of the sensor in detecting CPF in fruit and vegetable samples was also assessed out with recovery % between 91 and 97% (RSD < 5%). The developed sensor possesses a huge commercial potential for on-field monitoring of pesticides.

A comparison of the corneal biomechanics in pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, primary open-angle glaucoma and healthy controls using Corvis ST.

PURPOSE: To compare the corneal biomechanical parameters between pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG), primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and healthy controls using Corvis ST. METHODS: A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted which included 132 treatment-naïve eyes which underwent Corvis ST. The study cohort comprised of 44 eyes with PXG, 42 eyes with POAG and 46 healthy controls. Corneal biomechanical parameters, which included corneal velocities, length of corneal applanated surface, deformation amplitude (DA), peak distance and radius of curvature, were compared between the groups using analysis of variance models. RESULTS: The 3 groups were demographically similar. The mean IOP was 15.7 ±3 mmHg in the control group, 21.3 ±5 mmHg in the POAG group and 25.8 ±7 mmHg in the PXG group (p<0.0001). Corneal pachymetry was similar across the 3 groups. Mean DA was significantly lower (p<0.0001) in the PXG group (0.86 ±0.18 mm) compared to the POAG group (0.97 ±0.14mm) and the control group (1.10 ±0.15mm). Corneal velocities were also found to be statistically significantly different between the groups. However, after adjusting for IOP, there was no difference in any of the biomechanical parameters between the 3 groups. CONCLUSION: Corneal biomechanical parameters measured on Corvis ST are not different between eyes with PXG, POAG and healthy controls after adjusting for IOP.

A comparison of the corneal biomechanics in pseudoexfoliation syndrome, pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, and healthy controls using Corvis® Scheimpflug Technology.

Purpose: To compare the corneal biomechanical parameters among pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXF), pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG), and healthy controls using Corvis Scheimpflug Technology (ST). Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study of 141 treatment-naïve eyes that underwent Corvis ST was conducted. These included 42 eyes with PXF, 17 eyes of PXF with ocular hypertension (PXF + OHT) defined as intraocular pressure (IOP)> 21 mmHg without disc/field changes, 37 eyes with PXG, and 45 healthy controls. Corneal biomechanical parameters, which included corneal velocities, length of corneal applanated surface, deformation amplitude (DA), peak distance, and radius of curvature, were compared among the groups using analysis of variance models. Results: The four groups were demographically similar. The mean IOP was lower in the controls (15.6 ± 3 mmHg) and PXF group (16.0 ± 3 mmHg) compared to the other two groups (>24 mmHg). Corneal pachymetry was similar across the four groups. Mean DA was significantly lower (P < 0.0001) in the PXG group (0.91 ± 0.18 mm) and the PXF + OHT group (0.94 ± 0.13 mm) when compared to the PXF (1.10 ± 0.11 mm) and control groups (1.12 ± 0.14 mm). Corneal velocities were also found to be statistically significantly lower in PXG and PXF + OHT compared to the PXF and control groups. However, after adjusting for age and IOP, there was no difference in any of the biomechanical parameters among the four groups. Conclusion: Corneal biomechanical parameters measured on Corvis ST are not different between healthy controls and eyes with PXF and PXG. Since PXG is a high-pressure glaucoma, corneal biomechanics may not play an important role in its diagnosis and pathogenesis.

Single-step grown boron doped nanocrystalline diamond-carbon nanograss hybrid as an efficient supercapacitor electrode.

Direct synthesis of a nano-structured carbon hybrid consisting of vertically aligned carbon nanograsses on top of boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond is demonstrated and the carbon hybrid is further applied as an electrode material for the fabrication of supercapacitors. The hybrid film combines the dual advantages of sp2 (carbon nanograss) and sp3 (nanocrystalline diamond) bonded carbon, possessing not only the excellent electrical characteristics of sp2 carbon but also the exceptional electrochemical stability of sp3 carbon. As a result, the specific capacitance of the as-prepared hybrid material reaches up to 0.4 F cm-2, one of the highest reported in diamond-based supercapacitors. The entire electrochemical results exhibit enhanced electron transfer efficiency with remarkable stability of 95% of capacitance retention even after 10 000 cycles.

Effective Utilization of Waste Red Mud for High Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes.

In recent years, metal oxide-based, inexpensive, stable electrodes are being explored as a potent source of high performance, sustainable supercapacitors. Here, the employment of industrial waste red mud as a pseudocapacitive electrode material is reported. Mechanical milling is used to produce uniform red mud nanoparticles, which are rich in hematite (Fe2O3), and lower amounts of other metal oxides. A comprehensive supercapacitive study of the electrode is presented as a function of ball-milling time up to 15 h. Ten-hour ball-milled samples exhibit the highest pseudocapacitive behavior with a specific capacitance value of ≈317 F g-1, at a scan rate of 10 mV s-1 in 6 m aqueous potassium hydroxide electrolyte solution. The modified electrode shows an extraordinary retention of ≈97% after 5000 cycles. A detailed quantitative electrochemical analysis is carried out to understand the charge storage mechanism at the electrode-electrolyte interface. The formation of uniform nanoparticles and increased electrode stability are correlated with the high performance. This work presents two significant benefits for the environment; in energy storage, it shows the production of a stable and efficient supercapacitor electrode, and in waste management with new applications for the treatment of red mud.

Biofilm formation by Exiguobacterium sp. DR11 and DR14 alter polystyrene surface properties and initiate biodegradation.

Polystyrene is a chemically inert synthetic aromatic polymer. This widely used form of plastic is recalcitrant to biodegradation. The exponential production and consumption of polystyrene in various sectors has presented a great environment risk and raised the problem of waste management. Biodegradation by bacteria has previously shown great potential against various xenobiotics but there are only a few reports concerning polyolefins. By screening wetland microbes, we found two bacterial species - Exiguobacterium sibiricum strain DR11 and Exiguobacterium undae strain DR14 which showed promising biodegradation potential against polystyrene. In this study, we report the degradation of non-irradiated solid polystyrene material after incubation with these isolates. Growth studies suggested that the Exiguobacterium strains utilize polystyrene as a carbon source. Moreover, our data suggest that polymer degradation was initiated by biofilm formation over the PS surface leading to alteration in the physical properties of the material. Surface property analysis by AFM revealed significantly enhanced roughness resulting in reduced surface hydrophobicity of polystyrene. Fourier-transfer infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic analysis showed breakdown of polystyrene backbone by oxidation. The extent of deterioration was further determined by percent weight reduction of polystyrene after incubation with bacteria. Our data support the fact that strains of extremophile bacterium Exiguobacterium are capable of degrading polystyrene and can be further used to mitigate the environmental pollution caused by plastics.

Association of functional SNP-1562C>T in MMP9 promoter with proliferative diabetic retinopathy in north Indian type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

OBJECTIVE: Retinal angiogenesis is a hallmark of diabetic retinopathy. Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Functional SNP-1562C>T in the promoter of the MMP-9 gene results increase in transcriptional activity. The present work was designed to evaluate the contribution of functional SNP-1562C>T of MMP-9 gene to the risk of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in north Indian Population. METHODS: This Case control study comprised of a total of 645 individuals in which 320 were T2DM patients out of which 73 had PDR, 98 had non- proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), 149 T2DM cases without any eye related disease (DM) and 325 non diabetic healthy individuals as controls (non DM controls). Genotyping for SNP-1562C>T of MMP-9 was done by polymerase chain reactions followed by restriction analyses with specific endonucleases (PCR-RFLP). DNA sequencing was used to ascertain PCR-RFLP results. RESULTS: T allele frequency in PDR patients was 32.1%, 20.4% in NPDR, 15.4% in DM and 13.7% in controls. Statistically significant difference was observed in both allele and genotype distribution between the PDR versus non-DM control group (p<0.0001 by T allele; p=0.002 by TT and p<0.0001 by CT genotype). CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that the functional SNP-1562C>T in the promoter of the MMP-9 gene could be regarded as a major risk factor for PDR as increased MMP-9 production from high expressing T allele may promote retinal angiogenesis.

Optical Coherence Tomography and Subclinical Optical Neuritis in Longitudinally Extensive Transverse Myelitis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim is to compare the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) eyes without previous optic neuritis with that of healthy control subjects. METHODS: Over 20 LETM eyes and 20 normal control eyes were included in the study and subjected to optical coherence tomography to evaluate and compare the RNFL thickness. RESULT: Significant RNFL thinning was observed at 8 o'clock position in LETM eyes as compared to the control eyes (P = 0.038). No significant differences were seen in other RNFL measurements. CONCLUSION: Even in the absence of previous optic neuritis LETM can lead to subclinical axonal damage leading to focal RNFL thinning.