Phytoremediation of metals in oil sands process affected water by native wetland species.

Process affected water and other industrial wastewaters are a major environmental concern. During oil sands mining, large amounts of oil sands process affected water (OSPW) are generated and stored in ponds until reclaimed and ready for surface water discharge. While much research has focused on organics in process waters, trace metals at high concentrations may also pose environmental risks. Phytoremediation is a cost effective and sustainable approach that employs plants to extract and reduce contaminants in water. The research was undertaken in mesocosm scale constructed wetlands with plants exposed to OSPW for 60 days. The objective was to screen seven native emergent wetland species for their ability to tolerate high metal concentrations (arsenic, cadmium, copper, chromium, copper, nickel, selenium, zinc), and then to evaluate the best performing species for OSPW phytoremediation. All native plant species, except Glyceria grandis, tolerated and grew in OSPW. Carex aquatilis (water sedge), Juncus balticus (baltic rush), and Typha latifolia (cattail) had highest survival and growth, and had high metal removal efficiencies for arsenic (81-87 %), chromium (78-86 %), and cadmium (74-84 %), relative to other metals; and greater than 91 % of the dissolved portions were removed. The native plant species were efficient accumulators of all metals, as demonstrated by high root and shoot bioaccumulation factors; root accumulation was greater than shoot accumulation. Translocation factor values were greater than one for Juncus balticus (chromium, zinc) and Carex aquatilis (cadmium, chromium, cobalt, nickel). The results demonstrate the potential suitability of these species for phytoremediation of a number of metals of concern and could provide an effective and environmentally sound remediation approach for wastewaters.

Phosphogypsum impacts on soil chemical properties and vegetation tissue following reclamation.

Phosphogypsum (PG) is a by-product of phosphorus fertilizer that is typically stacked near production sites. Phosphogypsum contains trace elements and naturally occurring radioactive materials which may be hazardous to the surrounding environment. Phosphogypsum stack reclamation typically involves placing a soil cap and seeding grass to create a barrier for reducing environmental impacts; using woody species is uncommon. This study used three soil treatments with grass and woody species to determine whether mixing PG with soil affects soil chemical properties, and metal and radionuclide concentrations in tissue. None of the elements in soil was above Canadian guidelines for industrial land use. Aluminum, beryllium, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel, and vanadium were significantly higher in both study and reference sites than in pure PG; cadmium, calcium, fluoride, and strontium were significantly higher in pure PG. There was a poor correlation between soil and plant concentrations for most elements indicating trace elements were not in a bioavailable form. Trace elemental concentrations in plant tissue generally differed significantly with vegetation type but not within similar species. Trace elements and isotopes in PG were not high enough to affect plant growth. Among the isotopes, 222Ra emissions differed significantly with vegetation covers; activity of 226Ra in pure PG was above Canadian guidelines, but lower in vegetation tissue. This study suggests 15 cm soil mixed with PG can be used for PG stack revegetation when fast-growing Salix and Populus species are used in reclamation.

Potential of biochar and humic substances for phytoremediation of trace metals in oil sands process affected water.

Oil sands process affected water (OSPW) is produced during bitumen extraction and typically contains high concentrations of trace metals. Constructed wetlands have emerged as a cost effective and green technology for the treatment of metals in wastewaters. Whether the addition of amendments to constructed wetlands can improve metal removal efficiency is unknown. We investigated the synergistic effects of carbon based amendments and wetland plant species in removal of arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, and selenium from OSPW. Three native wetland species (Carex aquatilis, Juncus balticus, Scirpus validus) and two amendments (canola straw biochar, nano humus) were investigated in constructed wetland mesocosms over 60 days. Amendment effect on metal removal efficiency was not significant, while plant species effect was. Phytoremediation resulted in removal efficiencies of 78.61-96.31 % for arsenic, cadmium, and cobalt. Carex aquatilis had the highest removal efficiencies for all metals. Amendments alone performed well in removing some metals and were comparable to phytoremediation for cadmium, cobalt, copper, and nickel. Metals were primarily distributed in roots with negligible translocation to shoots. Our work provides insights into the role of plants and amendments during metal remediation and their complex interactions in constructed treatment wetlands.

Effect of soil capping depth on phosphogypsum stack revegetation.

Phosphogypsum is a by-product of the phosphorus fertilizer production process and is typically stacked at the production sites. These stacks can potentially pose environmental hazards, which can be substantially reduced through reclamation by capping with soil and revegetation upon decommissioning. We conducted a study on a phosphogypsum stack using five soil capping depths (8, 15, 30, 46, 91 cm), an uncapped treatment, and five vegetation treatments (monocultures of four grass species Agrostis stolonifera L., Festuca ovina L., Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv., Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte ex H.F. Lewis and one mix of the four species with Trifolium hybridum L.) to assess plant growth, health, rooting characteristics, and trace element uptake. Cobalt and nickel concentrations in plant tissue from plots with ≥ 15 cm soil capping were within ranges found at reference sites, whereas fluorine was three times elevated. Vegetation cover was significantly greater on capped than uncapped plots, being greatest for Agropyron trachycaulum (26%) and Festuca ovina (26%). Capping depths ≥ 15 cm had greater cover, biomass, and healthy plants than the 8 cm cover. Soil water content was similar in the 15-46 cm capping depth, with the lowest in the 91-cm caps. Fluorine, cobalt, and nickel were elevated in select plant tissue samples on the research plots relative to references, and cap depth affected tissue fluorine and cobalt concentrations but not nickel. Concentrations of these trace elements were lower than maximum tolerable levels for animal consumption. From this 5-year study, Agropyron trachycaulum and Festuca ovina and a soil cover depth of ≥ 15 cm are recommended for reclamation of phosphogypsum stacks.

Response of three native grass species on dry tailings reclamation substrate amended with petroleum coke.

Surface mining around the world has produced large quantities of waste materials with ecological impacts. Oil sands mining in Canada generates large volumes of petroleum coke and tailings every year, which are stockpiled in the mining areas and must be reclaimed through capping or used in reclamation substrates. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine whether substrates of various mixes of dry tailings (DT), tailings sand (TS), and peat mineral mix (PMM) with coke amendment would support emergence and growth of three grass species commonly used in land reclamation. After 16 wk in the greenhouse, plant performance varied with substrate and amendment. Treatment with DT/TS/PMM (50:25:25) with 40% coke had greatest cover, biomass, and density and the best plant health. Plant growth was inhibited in treatments with DT (100%) and coke (100%) due to high concentrations of hydrocarbons, undesirable exchangeable ions, and salinity that restricted soil water retention (gravimetric water content, hydraulic conductivity) relative to treatments with PMM. Agrostis scabra Willd. and Festuca saximontana. showed poor growth or did not survive on DT and DT/TS with coke. Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners performed better in all DT mixes and performed the best in DT/TS/PMM with 40% coke. Results from this study indicate that mixing with PMM could improve the reclamation potential of DT and coke.

Perspectives on environmental impacts and a land reclamation strategy for solar and wind energy systems.

Global energy demands and environmental concerns are a driving force for use of alternative, sustainable and clean energy sources. Solar and wind are among the most promising sources and have been developing steadily in recent years. However, these energy developments are not free of adverse environmental consequences, which require appropriate reclamation procedures. The environmental issues caused by solar and wind plants were reviewed in this paper by summarizing existing studies and synthesizing the principles that could underlie development of reclamation practices. The major environmental drawback of solar and wind energy plants are bird mortality, biodiversity, and habitat loss; noise; visual impact; and hazardous chemicals used in solar panels. Available mitigation measures to minimize these adverse environmental impacts, and appropriate reclamation protocol for the disturbed ecosystems, including key research needs are discussed. We include socio-economic perspectives of solar and wind energy, such as policy related to re-powering initiatives, decommissioning, and reclamation liability. The intent of this paper is to provide current perspectives on environmental issues associated with solar and wind energy development, strategies to mitigate environmental impacts, and potential reclamation practices to solar and wind energy planners and developers.