Transversus Abdominis Plane Block in Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Multimodal analgesia is important for postoperative recovery in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Multiple randomized controlled trials have investigated the use of transversus abdominis plane local anesthetic infiltration as a method of decreasing postoperative pain and opioid consumption, with variable results. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the overall effect of transversus abdominis plane block in postoperative pain, opioid use, and speed of recovery in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. DATA SOURCES: A literature search was done with PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Knowledge, and Cochrane Library. Only randomized controlled trials were selected for review. INTERVENTIONS: Transversus abdominis plane local anesthetic infiltration versus no intervention, saline, or other techniques in laparoscopic colorectal surgeries was investigated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measured was postoperative pain on day 1, at rest or with activity. The secondary outcomes measured were postoperative pain beyond day 1, consumptions of opioid, and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: Eight clinical trials including 649 patients between 2013 and 2018 were included. Resting pain scores within 2 hours (standardized mean difference, -0.53; p = 0.01), 4 hours (standardized mean difference, -0.42; p = 0.004), and 6 hours (standardized mean difference, -0.47; p = 0.03) showed statistically significant reduction. Six studies including 413 patients demonstrated lower cumulative opioid consumption within 24 hours after surgery (standardized mean difference, -0.82; p = 0.01). Five studies including 357 patients did not show a significant difference in length of stay (standardized mean difference, -0.04; p = 0.82). LIMITATIONS: Local anesthetic used in block varied in type and quantity across different studies. There were heterogeneities in pain score measurements and opioid consumption. Patient populations may be different among studies. CONCLUSIONS: Transversus abdominis block can lead to a lower pain score at rest within the first 6 hours and reduce opioid consumption within the first 24 hours. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A997.

Multidisciplinary Approach to the Management and Treatment of Anal Dysplasia.

The incidence of anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) has been increasing over the years. AIN acts as a precursor lesion for anal squamous cell cancer. Factors leading to progression of AIN into malignancy are complex and involve grade of the lesion, human papillomavirus and HIV coinfection, as well as patient-related risk factors such as immunocompromised state and men who have sex with men. The multifaced aspects of this disease make its management challenging, as it involves several disciplines including pathology, primary care, infectious disease, and colorectal specialties. Each of these fields brings its own expertize to the management of AIN, and their collaborative, coordinated work culminates into best practice and optimized outcomes in the care of the AIN patient.

Colorectal cancer-global burden, trends, and geographical variations.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to describe the trends and variations in the global burden of colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS: Data (2012-2030) relating to CRC was extracted from GLOBOCAN 2012 database and analyzed. RESULTS: The results of our study demonstrate a rising global burden of colorectal cancer which persists until the year 2035 and likely beyond. The rise in the global burden is not uniform with significant variations influenced by geographic location, socio-economic status, age, and gender. Although the EURO region has the highest burden, Asia as a continent continues to bear the heaviest brunt of the disease. Although the burden of disease is higher in more developed regions, mortality is considerably higher in less developed regions and this gap widens over the next two decades. The disease predominantly affects the male gender across all regions of the world. Age has a complex relation with the burden of CRC and is affected by the cross-influences relating to socio-economic status. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study demonstrate a rising global burden of CRC with some unique variations. Knowledge of this data can increase awareness and help strategic targeting of efforts and resources.

A Review and Update of Treatment Options and Controversies in the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To review the current management, outline recent advances and address controversies in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The treatment of HCC is multidisciplinary involving hepatologists, surgeons, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, radiologists, interventional radiologists, and other disciplines. Each of these disciplines brings its unique perspective and differing opinions that add to controversies in the management of HCC. METHODS: A focused literature review was performed to identify recent studies on the management of HCC and thereby summarize relevant information on the various therapeutic modalities and controversies involved in the treatment of HCC. RESULTS: The main treatment algorithms continue to rely on hepatic resection or transplantation with controversies involving patients harboring early stage disease and borderline hepatic function. The other treatment strategies include locoregional therapies, radiation, and systemic therapy used alone or in combination with other treatment modalities. Recent advances in locoregional therapies, radiation, and systemic therapies have provided better therapeutic options with curative intent potential for some locoregional therapies. Further refinements in combination therapies such as algorithms consisting of locoregional therapies and systemic or radiation therapies are likely to add additional options and improve survival. CONCLUSIONS: The management of HCC has witnessed significant strides with advances in existing options and introduction of several new treatment modalities of various combinations. Further refinements in these treatment options combined with enrollment in clinical trials are essential to improve the management and outcomes of patients with HCC.

Influence of providers and nurses on completion of non-targeted HIV screening in an urgent care setting.

INTRODUCTION: Despite recommendations by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) that all adults be offered non-targeted HIV screening in all care settings, screening in acute-care settings remains unacceptably low. We performed an observational study to evaluate an HIV screening pilot in an academic-community partnership health center urgent care clinic. METHODS: We collected visit data via encounter forms and demographic and laboratory data from electronic medical records. A post-pilot survey of perceptions of HIV screening was administered to providers and nurses. Multivariable analysis was used to identify factors associated with completion of testing. RESULTS: Visit provider and triage nurse were highly associated with both acceptance of screening and completion of testing, as were younger age, male gender, and race/ethnicity. 23.5% of patients completed tests, although 36.0% requested screening; time constraints as well as risk perceptions by both the provider and patient were cited as limiting completion of screening. Post-pilot surveys showed mixed support for ongoing HIV screening in this setting by providers and little support by nurses. CONCLUSIONS: Visit provider and triage nurse were strongly associated with acceptance of testing, which may reflect variable opinions of HIV screening in this setting by clinical staff. Among patients accepting screening, visit provider remained strongly associated with completion of testing. Despite longstanding recommendations for non-targeted HIV screening, further changes to improve the testing and results process, as well as provider education and buy-in, are needed to improve screening rates.

Telemedicine implementation trends in surgical specialties before and after COVID-19 shelter in place: Adjusting to a changing landscape.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic caused a shift from in-person care to telemedicine, providing a unique opportunity to evaluate trends and efficiency of telemedicine usage within surgical subspecialties in a large, integrated health care system before and after shelter in place mandates. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included all of the Kaiser Permanente Northern California members referred to surgical services from January 1, 2019 to June 13, 2020 and receiving a surgical procedure. We compared the patient referrals (categorized as benign, urgent, or cancer) before and after shelter in place mandates, and we examined rates of telemedicine (video or telephone) usage for preoperative consultations, postoperative visits, time from referral to first surgical encounter, and to surgery or procedure. In multivariate analyses, we assessed the patient and provider characteristics associated with telemedicine usage. RESULTS: There was a total of 34,875 surgical referrals resulting in a procedure, with a significant decline in referral after shelter in place mandates. Preoperative encounter types shifted from 89.8% in-person before shelter in place mandates to 70.2% telemedicine after shelter in place mandates (P < .0001). The median time from referral to first encounter decreased after shelter in place mandates, as did median time to procedure. After shelter in place mandates, postoperative encounters were mainly telemedicine (65.8%) compared with before shelter in place mandates (41.7%) (P < .0001). Overall, there was a comparable uptake of telemedicine usage in almost all evaluated categories of patient characteristics after shelter in place mandates. CONCLUSION: Within a health care system with prior telemedicine capability, surgical specialties were able to shift to telemedicine rapidly, equitably, and efficiently in the preoperative and postoperative encounters of benign, urgent, and cancer diagnosis during mandated COVID-19 restrictions.

Predictors of adequate lymph node harvest during colectomy for colon cancer.

BACKGROUND: Consensus guidelines recommend a yield of 12 lymph nodes in resections for colon cancer. Factors affecting this yield are not well defined. METHODS: Retrospective study using the colectomy-targeted American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program for years 2014-2016. Primary outcome was resection of at least 12 nodes. Univariate and multivariate analyses determined factors associated with ≥12 LN yield. RESULTS: 17,612 colectomies for colon cancer were extracted from the NSQIP database. 7.26% of cases did not reach a 12 LN harvest. Harvesting ≥12 LN was 74% more likely (p = 0.001) if the resection was laparoscopic and 72% more likely (p < 0.0001) if hand-assisted. Advanced T and N stage had a higher likelihood of reaching 12 LN harvest. Older age, female gender and smoking history decreased the likelihood of ≥12 LN harvest. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic and robotic colectomies were 1.5-2.5 times more likely to achieve adequate LN harvest compared to open surgery. Several non-modifiable patient and disease related factors may render adequate LN yield challenging.

The Intersection of National Immigration and Healthcare Policy.

Immigration policy and health care policy remain principal undertakings of the federal government. The two have recently been pursued independently in the judicial and legislative arenas. Unbeknownst to many policymakers, however, national immigration policy and health care policy are linked in ways that, if unattended, could undermine the well-being of a significant portion of the US population, specifically medically underserved rural and urban populations. Using current data from a workforce report of the Association of American Colleges and the published literature, we demonstrate the significant impact that contemporary immigration policy directives may have on the number and distribution of international medical graduates who currently provide-and by the year 2025 will provide-a significant portion of primary health care in the United States, especially in underserved small urban and rural communities.

Preoperative Risk Factors for 30-Day Reoperation in Patients Undergoing Hepatic Resections for Malignancy.

Although hepatic resections are safe, reoperation within 30 days after the index operation continues to be a serious adverse event. This study identifies preoperative risk factors predictive of reoperation following hepatic resection for malignancy. Using appropriate CPT codes, all patients undergoing liver resection were extracted from the American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) Participant Use Files between years 2005 and 2010. Subsets of patients with malignancies of the liver were identified using ICD-9 diagnosis. Primary outcome of the study was 30-day reoperations. Preoperative patient characteristics were compared by reoperations within 30 days through both univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression. A total of 4812 patients who underwent hepatic resections for malignancy were extracted. Overall mortality and morbidity rates were 2.7 and 28.2 %, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression showed association between return to operating room and male gender (OR = 1.58, p = 0.0069), dependent functional status (OR = 3.35, p = 0.0021), intrahepatic primary biliary cancer (OR = 2.11, p = 0.0013), history of angina (OR 4.41, p = 0.023), and preoperative wound infection (OR = 3.8, p = 0.0029). Return to the operating room within 30 days after hepatic resection is an adverse event associated with significant morbidity. Identifying associated preoperative risk factors can help optimize patients and set up more appropriate expectations from resection.

Differences in Perioperative Outcomes Between Right and Left Hepatic Lobectomy.

The safety of hepatic resection is well documented, but outcome studies comparing right and left hepatic lobectomy are sparse, especially in the context of malignancy. This study analyzes the differences in outcomes between right and left hepatic lobectomy in patients with malignant diagnoses. All patients undergoing right and left hepatic lobectomies for malignancy were extracted from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database (2005-2010). The data was analyzed to determine differences in perioperative mortality and morbidity between the two groups. A total of 1680 patients who underwent right or left hepatic lobectomy for malignant diagnoses were identified. Patients undergoing right hepatic lobectomy had a four-fold increase in perioperative mortality, compared to left lobectomy (p < 0.0001). Mortality in right lobectomy patients increased incrementally with age, with a 12-fold increase in patients > 81 years of age. Patients undergoing right lobectomy also experienced a statistically significant increase in morbidity involving several systems (infectious, pulmonary, cardiac and renal). The results of our study demonstrate that patients undergoing right hepatic lobectomy for malignancy experience a significantly higher incidence of mortality and multi-system morbidity when compared to left lobectomy. This information will be crucial for pre-operative risk-stratification of patients undergoing hepatic resection for malignancy.

Regionalization of the surgical care of children: a risk-adjusted comparison of hospital surgical outcomes by geographic areas.

BACKGROUND: There is an ongoing debate among pediatric surgeons regarding the need or lack thereof to centralize the surgical care of children to high-volume children's centers. Risk-adjusted comparisons of hospitals performing pediatric surgery are needed. METHODS: Admissions from 2006 to 2010 from two national administrative databases were analyzed. Only nontrauma pediatric patients undergoing a noncardiac surgical procedure were included. Risk-adjustment was performed with a validated International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision code-based tool. Hospitals were grouped into metropolitan regions using the first three digits of their zip code. Poorly performing outlier hospitals were defined by an odds ratio >1 and P value <.05 for mortality compared with the center with the greatest pediatric operative volume in that same region. RESULTS: Information was obtained from 415,546 pediatric surgical admissions, and 173 hospitals in 55 regions were compared. A total of 18 poor performing hospitals (adjusted odds ratio, range 1.91-35.95) in 15 regions were identified. Mortality in poor performers ranged from 1.11% to 10.19% whereas that in the high-volume reference centers was 0.37-2.41%. A subset analysis in patients <1 year of age showed 37 poor performers in 46 regions. Median number of surgical admissions was 345 (interquartile range 152-907) for nonoutlier and 240 (interquartile range 135-566) for outlier centers (P = .30). CONCLUSION: The present analysis is a novel risk-adjusted assessment of the performance of hospitals delivering pediatric surgical care. By identifying the existence of multiple poor performing outlier hospitals, this study provides valuable data for discussion as health care delivery systems continue to debate optimal resource distribution and regionalization of the surgical care of children.

The role of mouse mast cell proteases in the proliferative phase of wound healing in microdeformational wound therapy.

BACKGROUND: Stored in the secretory granules of cutaneous mouse mast cells are mouse mast cell proteases (mMCP-4, -5, and -6). Using transgenic mouse lines that lacked these enzymes, it was shown that mMCP-4 and mMCP-5 modulate the outcome of burn-induced skin injury. Whether or not these proteases also play a role in the repair of surgically damaged skin, with or without microdeformational wound therapy, remains to be determined. METHODS: Wild-type C57BL/6 mice and transgenic C57BL/6 mouse lines lacking mMCP-4, -5, or -6 were subjected to surgical wounding of their skin. Wounds were splinted with a stabilizing patch, and the mice received either microdeformational wound therapy (n = 5) or occlusive dressing (n = 5) for 7 days. Wound healing parameters were assessed in the proliferative phase. RESULTS: Cell proliferation in the wounded wild-type mice receiving microdeformational wound therapy was 60 ± 3 percent. Cell proliferation was only 35 ± 5 percent, 25 ± 5 percent, and 45 ± 4 percent for the treated mMCP-4-, mMCP-5-, and mMCP-6-null mice, respectively (p = 0.005). Blood vessel sprouting was higher in the control mice with microdeformational wound therapy (170 ± 40 vessels/high-power field) compared with mouse mast cell protease 6-null mice with microdeformational wound therapy (70 ± 20 vessels/high-power field; p = 0.005), and higher in the control mice with occlusive dressing (110 ± 30 vessels/high-power field) compared with mMCP-4-null mice with occlusive dressing (50 ± 20 vessels/high-power field; p = 0.01). Qualitatively, the granulation tissue of all the protease-deficient groups receiving microdeformational wound therapy was disrupted. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that mouse mast cell proteases 4, 5, and 6 are mediators of the critical role mast cells play in microdeformational wound therapy in the proliferative phase of healing.

Development of mast cells and importance of their tryptase and chymase serine proteases in inflammation and wound healing.

Mast cells (MCs) are active participants in blood coagulation and innate and acquired immunity. This review focuses on the development of mouse and human MCs, as well as the involvement of their granule serine proteases in inflammation and the connective tissue remodeling that occurs during the different phases of the healing process of wounded skin and other organs. The accumulated data suggest that MCs, their tryptases, and their chymases play important roles in tissue repair. While MCs initially promote healing, they can be detrimental if they are chronically stimulated or if too many MCs become activated at the same time. The possibility that MCs and their granule serine proteases contribute to the formation of keloid and hypertrophic scars makes them potential targets for therapeutic intervention in the repair of damaged skin.

Early kinetics of integration of collagen-glycosaminoglycan regenerative scaffolds in a diabetic mouse model.

BACKGROUND: Collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds, originally designed to treat severe burns, are now commonly used in patients with complex wounds associated with diabetes mellitus. In this study, the authors investigated how the thickness of the scaffold would affect cellular integration with the diabetic host and whether this can be accelerated using subatmospheric pressure wound therapy devices. METHODS: Collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds, 500 to 2000-µm thick, were applied to dorsal wounds in genetically diabetic mice. In addition, 1000-µm collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds with and without silicone were treated with a subatmospheric pressure device (-125 mmHg). On days 5 and 10, cellular and vascular integration of tissues was studied by histology, immunohistochemistry, corrosion casting, and qRT-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Cells and vessels from the wound surface populated the scaffold to form layers with varying cellular density. Areas of high cell density and proliferation were noted at the bottom of the scaffold. Increasing the thickness of the scaffold did not affect the extent of cellular ingrowth, so that thicker scaffolds had a thicker residual acellular layer on the surface. The thickness of cellular ingrowth was stable between days 5 and 10, whereas vessels seen in the scaffolds on day 10 were not yet present on day 5. Subatmospheric pressure devices applied to silicone-covered collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds minimized the granulation tissue formation beneath the scaffold, which enhanced vessel ingrowth. CONCLUSIONS: The early kinetics of cellular integration into collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds is independent of scaffold thickness in a diabetic wound model. Scaffold adherence to the wound and integration can be improved using a subatmospheric pressure device.

Catechol-O-methyltransferase val158met polymorphism predicts placebo effect in irritable bowel syndrome.

Identifying patients who are potential placebo responders has major implications for clinical practice and trial design. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), an important enzyme in dopamine catabolism plays a key role in processes associated with the placebo effect such as reward, pain, memory and learning. We hypothesized that the COMT functional val158met polymorphism, was a predictor of placebo effects and tested our hypothesis in a subset of 104 patients from a previously reported randomized controlled trial in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The three treatment arms from this study were: no-treatment ("waitlist"), placebo treatment alone ("limited") and, placebo treatment "augmented" with a supportive patient-health care provider interaction. The primary outcome measure was change from baseline in IBS-Symptom Severity Scale (IBS-SSS) after three weeks of treatment. In a regression model, the number of methionine alleles in COMT val158met was linearly related to placebo response as measured by changes in IBS-SSS (p = .035). The strongest placebo response occurred in met/met homozygotes treated in the augmented placebo arm. A smaller met/met associated effect was observed with limited placebo treatment and there was no effect in the waitlist control. These data support our hypothesis that the COMT val158met polymorphism is a potential biomarker of placebo response.