2021 Update on Diagnostic Markers and Translocation in Salivary Gland Tumors.

Salivary gland tumors are a rare tumor entity within malignant tumors of all tissues. The most common are malignant mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and acinic cell carcinoma. Pleomorphic adenoma is the most recurrent form of benign salivary gland tumor. Due to their low incidence rates and complex histological patterns, they are difficult to diagnose accurately. Malignant tumors of the salivary glands are challenging in terms of differentiation because of their variability in histochemistry and translocations. Therefore, the primary goal of the study was to review the current literature to identify the recent developments in histochemical diagnostics and translocations for differentiating salivary gland tumors.

Differential Expression of Peroxisomal Proteins in Distinct Types of Parotid Gland Tumors.

Salivary gland cancers are rare but aggressive tumors that have poor prognosis and lack effective cure. Of those, parotid tumors constitute the majority. Functioning as metabolic machinery contributing to cellular redox balance, peroxisomes have emerged as crucial players in tumorigenesis. Studies on murine and human cells have examined the role of peroxisomes in carcinogenesis with conflicting results. These studies either examined the consequences of altered peroxisomal proliferators or compared their expression in healthy and neoplastic tissues. None, however, examined such differences exclusively in human parotid tissue or extended comparison to peroxisomal proteins and their associated gene expressions. Therefore, we examined differences in peroxisomal dynamics in parotid tumors of different morphologies. Using immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR, we compared the expression levels of key peroxisomal enzymes and proliferators in healthy and neoplastic parotid tissue samples. Three parotid tumor subtypes were examined: pleomorphic adenoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma and acinic cell carcinoma. We observed higher expression of peroxisomal matrix proteins in neoplastic samples with exceptional down regulation of certain enzymes; however, the degree of expression varied between tumor subtypes. Our findings confirm previous experimental results on other organ tissues and suggest peroxisomes as possible therapeutic targets or markers in all or certain subtypes of parotid neoplasms.

Evaluation of p16INK4a expression as a single marker to select patients with HPV-driven oropharyngeal cancers for treatment de-escalation.

BACKGROUND: A remarkably better prognosis is associated with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC) driven by human papillomaviruses (HPV) compared with HPV-negative OPSCC. Consequently, de-escalation of standard treatment has been suggested. Due to modest specificity rates, debates are ongoing, whether p16INK4a, a surrogate marker for HPV-driven OPSCC, is sufficient to correctly identify those tumours and avoid substantial HPV misattribution and thus undertreatment of patients by de-escalation. Robust data estimating the proportion of potentially undertreated patients are missing. METHODS: We assessed a large-scale cohort of consecutively included OPSCC diagnosed between 2000 and 2017 for HPV-DNA, HPV genotypes, p16INK4a expression and multiple tumour- and patient-related risk factors, and investigated their impact on patients' survival in comprehensive uni- and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Aetiological relevance of HPV (p16INK4a- and high-risk HPV-DNA-positivity) was detected in 27.1% (n = 192) of OPSCC, with HPV16 being the most abundant HPV type (94.6%). In 5.5% patients (n = 39), p16INK4a overexpression but no HPV-DNA was detected. Principal component and survival analyses revealed that 60.6% of these p16INK4a-positive OPSCC lacking HPV-DNA did not resemble HPV16-driven but HPV-negative OPSCC regarding risk-factor profile and overall survival. Notably, this group represented 10.6% of all p16INK4a-overexpressing OPSCC. CONCLUSIONS: p16INK4a as a single marker appears insufficient to indicate OPSCC patients suitable for treatment de-escalation.

Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3) protein expression on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in aggressive and TP53-mutated salivary gland carcinomas.

Salivary gland carcinomas (SGCs) are rare and can be subdivided into distinct entities, some of which confer a poor prognosis. As targets for effective systemic therapy are warranted, some studies investigated the role of immune-checkpoint proteins PD-L1 and CTLA-4 in SGC. Our study depicts the expression of lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3) in a test cohort and a larger validation cohort, totaling 139 SGCs. LAG3 is expressed on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), mediates T cell exhaustion and is subject to numerous currently recruiting clinical studies. Overall, one-third of SGCs were infiltrated by LAG3-expressing TILs with a strikingly high concordance between the test cohort and the validation cohort (30% and 28.2%, respectively). In the validation cohort, entity-wise LAG3 expression frequencies were highly variable. The highest rates were observed in salivary duct carcinoma (SDC; 66.7%) and adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified (ANOS; 50.0%). We observed LAG3 expression on effector T cells and in smaller frequencies also on FOXP3- T helper cells and FOXP3+ Tregs. LAG3 expression significantly correlated with advanced nodal metastases, cytotoxic T cell infiltrate and TP53 mutations. In the group of adenoid cystic carcinomas, LAG3 expression was also associated with a shorter event-free survival (EFS). Tumors with TP53 nonsense mutations (TP53 null type) exhibited higher LAG3 frequencies and a shorter EFS compared to TP53 wild type. This is the first report of LAG3 expression in SGC, a promising target for immunotherapy. LAG3 blockage could be distinctly applicable for SDC and ANOS, two SGC types with a particularly poor outcome.

[Mucoepidermoidcarcinoma - Importance in molecular pathology]. / Das Mukoepidermoidkarzinom ­ Bedeutung der Molekularpathologie.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common primary salivary gland malignancy and its tumor grading has an important prognostic significance. The 5 year overall survival rate is significantly higher for low grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas than for intermediate grade and high grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas. The translocation of t(11;19)(q21;p13) with the resulting CRTC1-MAML2 transfusion appears to be of prognostic relevance in patients with mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The translocation is detectable in 38-82 % of all mucoepidermoid carcinomas. Study results have shown a significantly better prognosis for patients with fusion-positive mucoepidermoid carcinomas than fusion-negative mucoepidermoid carcinomas. The t(11;19)(q21;p13) translocation can be found more often in low and intermediate grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas than in high grade tumors of the same entity. Moreover, fusion positive mucoepidermoid carcinoma were found more frequently in younger patients, smaller tumors, lower tumor stages and less frequently lymph node and distant metastases. Up to now, the translocation has not been of therapeutic importance. In selected cases, the lack of t(11;19)(q21;p13) translocation might facilitate the decision towards further escalation of therapy. More studies will be necessary to evaluate the individual prognostic and therapeutic value of CRTC1-MAML2 transfusion.

CD56-positive lymphocyte infiltration in relation to human papillomavirus association and prognostic significance in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx (OSCC) are clinical and biological distinct from their HPV-unrelated counterparts. Patients with HPV-related OSCC display improved prognosis and therefore we investigated possible immune cell infiltrations associated with this tumor phenotype. We retrospectively analyzed a randomly selected cohort of 140 OSCC for presence of immune cells and HPV by immunohistochemistry and PCR followed by bead-based hybridization (Luminex technology). HPV prevalence was 24.3% as determined by positive staining of p16INK4a and detection of high risk HPV-DNA. We found significantly higher numbers of CD56 positive (CD56+) cells in tumor and surrounding microenvironment in HPV-associated compared to HPV-negative OSCC (t-test: p = 0.004 and p = 0.002). For the entire cohort presence of CD56+ cells was associated with increased overall survival independent from HPV (Kaplan-Meier: p = 0.002; Cox regression: p = 0.042). Presence of CD56+ cells also correlated with a better outcome in HPV-negative and especially in HPV-negative OSCC with alcohol consumption ≤ 2 standard drinks per day (Kaplan-Meier: p = 0.05 and p = 0.003). Immunofluorescence localization of granular Granzyme B (GZMB) within CD56+ cells and coexpression of CD16 and CD56 suggests that detected CD56+ cells mainly represent cytotoxic Natural Killer (NK) cells. The fraction of potentially cytotoxic NK cells was significantly higher in HPV-associated compared to HPV-negative OSCC (Mann-Whitney-U-Test: p = 0.011). The elevated abundance and activity of cytotoxic NK cells in OSCC with HPV driven carcinogenesis might contribute to favorable outcome in HPV-related OSCC.

DaBlaCa-17: nationwide observational study in Denmark on survival before and after implementation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy implementation with gemcitabine-cisplatin on survival outcomes for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer in Denmark. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected on all patients in Denmark undergoing radical cystectomy who were potential candidates for neoadjuvant chemotherapy from 2010 to 2015 (n = 851). A cohort before the implementation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (Cohort 2010-12) was compared with a cohort after implementation (Cohort 2013-15). Patients in Cohort 2013-15 receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (+NAC, n = 213) were compared with patients in Cohort 2013-15 not receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (-NAC, n = 139). Pathological results after radical cystectomy and oncological outcomes were compared between the study cohorts. Overall survival, disease-free survival, and disease-specific survival were compared with Kaplan-Meier plots and with univariable and multivariable Cox regression. Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall survival were also performed separately for treating hospital and for pathological stage. RESULTS: Pathological T0 (pT0) was more frequent in patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy: 34% versus 18% when comparing Cohort 2013-15 with Cohort 2010-12 (p < 0.001), and 46% versus 16% in +NAC compared with -NAC (p < 0.001). Overall survival, disease-free survival, and disease-specific survival at 5 years after cystectomy were not improved in Cohort 2013-15 compared with Cohort 2010-12 with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.11 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.87-1.43), 1.02 (95% CI: 0.81-1.29), and 1.06 (95% CI: 0.80-1.41), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This observational study found no improved survival in a national cohort of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy after implementation of NAC. However, reservations should be made regarding the study design and the true effect of NAC on survival outcomes.

Long-term outcomes of foreskin reconstruction in distal hypospadias; a cohort study spanning twenty years.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical correction of hypospadias aims to achieve normal functionality and appearance. This entails foreskin reconstruction (FR) in countries where the uncircumcised penis constitutes the norm. Long-term data are however scarce. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the long-term outcome of FR in cohort of patients operated for distal hypospadias combined with approximately 20 years after surgery. METHODS: The hospital management system was searched for patients operated for distal hypospadias in conjunction with FR between 1997 and 2004. Prospective participants were invited to participate in an online questionnaire. Signed consent allowed for extended medical chart review, with regards to hypospadias grade, surgical procedure and complications. RESULTS: Response rate of 44.6 %. For 113 participants, median age at primary surgery was 5.2 (1.0-15.5) years. Two-thirds had a distal meatus while the remaining, meatus was mid to distal shaft. Urethroplasties performed were mainly glanular approximation procedures and meatal based flap procedures in 85 %. Foreskin fistula developed in 15 % of cases. There was no significant relationship between urethroplasty procedure or meatal position and risk of foreskin complications. Three layer closure of foreskin resulted in significantly less complications than two layer closure. Twenty years on 95 % of the men still had an intact foreskin, of whom 16.8 % had received treatment for phimosis. Foreskin was retractable in 92.5 % and 74.7 % in the flaccid and erect states respectively. Ninety intact men had had their sexual debut and in those 23.3 % reported foreskin related issues with intercourse. Evolution of foreskin retractability can be seen in the figure. DISCUSSION: Current results show that three layer FR in conjunction with hypospadias surgery is feasible and that short-term complication rates were comparable with what has previously been published in the literature. Long-term results indicate that FR is durable with regards to anatomical reconstruction however foreskin function especially in relation to sexual function was compromised in about 25 %. Foreskin retractability after surgery predicted retractability in adulthood for the flaccid but not erect penis. Limitations of this study include the retrospective nature of data collection, and that the questionnaire used was not validated. We however achieved a decent response rate and were able to capture important long-term data. CONCLUSIONS: FR has an acceptable complication rate. Long-term results two decades on are remarkably durable with regards to the anatomical preservation of the prepuce, however functionality was compromised with regards to retractability and sexual function in approximately 25 %.

Impact of ischemia time during partial nephrectomy on short- and long-term renal function.

OBJECTIVE: Partial nephrectomy is the gold standard treatment in small renal tumours. During partial nephrectomy, the renal artery is clamped which creates transient ischemia. This can damage nephrons and may affect kidney function immediately postoperatively and on long-term.In the present study, we investigated the effect of ischemia time during partial nephrectomy with regards to affection of renal function immediately post-operatively and 1-year post-surgery. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A retrospective cohort study including 124 patients who underwent partial nephrectomy at a single regional hospital in the period from 2018 to 2020 was conducted. RESULTS: We divided patients into subgroups based on the ischemia time: [0-8], [9-13] and [14-29] minutes. The mean value for kidney function was an eGFR (mL/min) of 73.9 before and 66.8 at a 12-month post-surgery. We found no significant correlation between ischemia time and renal function. Noticeably, none of the patients had ischemia time greater than 30 min. CONCLUSION: In this cohort, the duration of ischemia time was not associated with differences in renal affection neither on short term nor long term parameters if the ischemia time was kept below 30 min.

Surveillance of Low-Grade Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Tumors Using Uromonitor: SOLUSION Trial.

BACKGROUND: The surveillance of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) requires frequent cystoscopies, which are costly and uncomfortable for patients. Uromonitor is a validated non-invasive urinary test for detecting NMIBC recurrence. However, data on its clinical benefit in an NMIBC surveillance program is limited. OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of Uromonitor in NMIBC surveillance and its potential to limit the number of cystoscopies. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The study included 202 patients with previous low-grade (LG) NMIBC tumors. Newly diagnosed patients were scheduled for flexible cystoscopy and Uromonitor test at 4, 12, and 24 months from the time of diagnosis. Patients with tumors diagnosed before entering the study underwent cystoscopy and Uromonitor test at the start of the study and 12 and 24 months from inclusion in the study. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Between February 2020 and October 2022, 202 patients were enrolled in the study. Of these patients, 171 met the eligibility criteria to perform the analysis, with a median age of 69 years, IQR (62-74), and 380 flexible cystoscopies with simultaneous Uromonitor tests. Overall, 39/171 (22.8%) patients had recurrences. Uromonitor showed a sensitivity of 89.7%, specificity of 96.2%, PPV of 72.9%, and NPV of 98.8%. In 28 cases, flexible cystoscopy was falsely positive, leading to surgery, where Uromonitor showed negative results. There were 13 cases of possible false positives for Uromonitor where flexible cystoscopy was negative. CONCLUSIONS: Uromonitor displays high diagnostic accuracy in detecting NMIBC recurrence with the potential for reducing the number of flexible cystoscopies in the follow-up of low- and intermediate-risk NMIBC. PATIENT SUMMARY: We followed up on newly and previously diagnosed patients with LG NMIBC. We concluded that Uromonitor could potentially reduce the number of cystoscopies in NMIBC surveillance programs.

Optimal intervals for follow-up cystoscopy in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review regarding oncological safety.

CONTEXT: Improving efficiency of follow-up for non-muscle invasive bladder tumours (NMIBC) without risking disease progression through delays of recurrence diagnosis, is a highly relevant field of research. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our systematic review was to investigate whether the available evidence support alternative follow-up cytoscopic schedules with respect to oncological safety, compared to those currently given in clinical guidelines for NMIBC. Evidence acquisition we included prospective studies investigating cystoscopy based follow-up schedules including, but not restricted to, comparison of two or more different follow-up schedules with respect to oncological safety measured by recurrence free survival, progression free survival, and overall survival. We allowed for supplementation of modalities such as urinary biomarkers. We screened 680 studies identified by a systematic literature search and, based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria, we included three studies for the narrative synthesis of evidence. CONCLUSION: In our systematic search of the literature, we found only low level evidence to support current or alternative cystoscopic follow-up schedules. Clinical trials directly aimed at investigating novel follow-up schedules for NMIBC are needed before substantial changes to existing clinical guidelines can be made.

Which data are available in central registries on bladder cancer patients in the five Nordic countries.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to give a collective overview on all available data sources on bladder cancer patients in the Nordic countries including the amount of detail and coverage. METHODS: National representatives from five Nordic countries were asked to fill out a questionnaire on available information regarding bladder cancer patients from databases in their respective countries. Additional information was retrieved from descriptions of the relevant registries. RESULTS: Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: from all countries, information on stage and grade at transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) could be retrieved. Details on procedures (TURB, instillation therapy, photodynamic diagnosis, and perioperative instillation) were varying within different databases. Muscle invasive bladder cancer: in all Nordic countries, detailed information on cystectomy patients could be retrieved but with variable registration of complications. Completeness of available information on oncological treatment (radiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy) were varying. Oncological outcome: Information on overall survival was available in all countries whereas recurrence-free survival and cancer-specific survival were available for some but not all patients depending on treatment modality. CONCLUSIONS: Despite limitations, we found that it was possible to retrieve detailed information on diagnostics, treatment, and outcome for most aspects of bladder cancer in the Nordic countries on a population based, non-selected patient cohort.

Targeting the Acidic Tumor Microenvironment: Unexpected Pro-Neoplastic Effects of Oral NaHCO3 Therapy in Murine Breast Tissue.

The acidic tumor microenvironment modifies malignant cell behavior. Here, we study consequences of the microenvironment in breast carcinomas. Beginning at carcinogen-based breast cancer induction, we supply either regular or NaHCO3-containing drinking water to female C57BL/6j mice. We evaluate urine and blood acid-base status, tumor metabolism (microdialysis sampling), and tumor pH (pH-sensitive microelectrodes) in vivo. Based on freshly isolated epithelial organoids from breast carcinomas and normal breast tissue, we assess protein expression (immunoblotting, mass spectrometry), intracellular pH (fluorescence microscopy), and cell proliferation (bromodeoxyuridine incorporation). Oral NaHCO3 therapy increases breast tumor pH in vivo from 6.68 ± 0.04 to 7.04 ± 0.09 and intracellular pH in breast epithelial organoids by ~0.15. Breast tumors develop with median latency of 85.5 ± 8.2 days in NaHCO3-treated mice vs. 82 ± 7.5 days in control mice. Oral NaHCO3 therapy does not affect tumor growth, histopathology or glycolytic metabolism. The capacity for cellular net acid extrusion is increased in NaHCO3-treated mice and correlates negatively with breast tumor latency. Oral NaHCO3 therapy elevates proliferative activity in organoids from breast carcinomas. Changes in protein expression patterns-observed by high-throughput proteomics analyses-between cancer and normal breast tissue and in response to oral NaHCO3 therapy reveal complex influences on metabolism, cytoskeleton, cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction, and cell signaling pathways. We conclude that oral NaHCO3 therapy neutralizes the microenvironment of breast carcinomas, elevates the cellular net acid extrusion capacity, and accelerates proliferation without net effect on breast cancer development or tumor growth. We demonstrate unexpected pro-neoplastic consequences of oral NaHCO3 therapy that in breast tissue cancel out previously reported anti-neoplastic effects.

Thermal properties and changes of acoustic parameters in an egg white phantom during heating and coagulation by high intensity focused ultrasound.

A polyacrylamide phantom containing egg white has been proposed previously as an adequate tissue-mimicking material for high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) application. In this work, we report on measurements of egg white phantom thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity. We measured changes in acoustical properties which occurred during the heating and the coagulation process. Using a thin thermocouple embedded in the phantom material, we recorded the temperature response in the focus of the ultrasound field during HIFU application and phantom coagulation. The measured values for the thermal conductivity (0.59 +/- 0.06 W/m/ degrees C) and the specific heat capacity (4270 +/- 365 J/kg/ degrees C) are similar to the values of water. The attenuation coefficient decreased in the temperature range between 26 degrees C and 50 degrees C and showed a nonlinear dependence on frequency with an exponent of 1.50 +/- 0.05 that was temperature-independent within the investigated temperature range. Below 65 degrees C, no irreversible changes in material absorption were observed. The coagulation process started at 67 degrees C and no adjacent rapid changes in temperature response were detected. In comparison with the noncoagulated phantom, the coagulated phantom material showed an enhanced absorption and a threefold higher attenuation coefficient at a frequency of 1 MHz.

[The death of Kaspar Hauser (17 Dec 1833)--assassination, suicide or self-inflicted injury?]. / Todesfall Kaspar Hauser (17.12.1833)-- Attentat, Suizid oder Selbstbeschädigung? Rechtsmedizinische Betrachtungen.

The death of Kaspar Hauser is described taking present medicolegal and criminological knowledge into account, the main question being whether the injury was self-inflicted, homicidal or suicidal. In spite of a critical retrospective analysis this question cannot be answered with sufficient certainty even from our modern perspective. It seems unlikely that the stab to the chest was inflicted exclusively for the purpose of self-damage, but both a suicidal stab and a homicidal act (assassination) cannot be definitely ruled out.

Effects of 3-deazaadenosine on homocysteine and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.

OBJECTIVE: In the past decade, elevated homocysteine concentration has achieved widespread recognition as an independent risk factor in the development of atherosclerosis. 3-Deazaadenosine (c3Ado) is a potent inhibitor and substrate for S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and therefore may reduce homocysteine concentrations. The current study investigated the effect of c3Ado on serum homocysteine, atherosclerotic lesions, and the expression of adhesion molecules in apoE-knockout mice. METHODS AND RESULTS: Animals were placed on an atherogenic diet with or without c3Ado for 12 and 24 weeks. Frozen cross-sections of the aortic sinus and the proximal aorta were analyzed by computer-aided planimetry for fatty plaque formation. Macrophages, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 were quantified by immunhistochemistry and oligo-cell reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction after laser microdissection. Application of c3Ado resulted in significant reduction of homocysteine levels by 35.9 and 45.3% after 12 and 24 weeks, respectively (P < 0.001). Neointimal area and atherosclerotic plaque formation were significantly reduced in animals treated with c3Ado (P < 0.01). Moreover, monocyte adhesion and concomitant ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 antigen and RNA expression on the endothelial layer were significantly reduced (P < 0.001, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that c3Ado induces a marked reduction of homocysteine concentrations which might explain in part the anti-atherogenic effect of the drug.