[Introduction of treatments for heart failure and reduced ejection fraction under 50 % : In-hospital optimization using an algorithmic approach]. / Introduction hospitalière des traitements de l'insuffisance cardiaque à fraction d'éjection altérée < 50 % : mise au point et proposition d'algorithme.

Recent international guidelines recommend rapid initiation and titration of basic treatments of heart failure but do not explain how to achieve this goal. Despite these recommendations, implementation of treatment in daily practice is poor. This may be partly explained by the profile of the patients (frailty, comorbidities), safety considerations and tolerability issues related to kydney function, low blood pressure or heart rate and hyperkalaemia. In this special article, we intended to help the physician, through an algorithmic approach, to quickly and safely introduce guideline-directed medical therapy in the field of heart failure with ejection fraction under 50%.

Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure.

BACKGROUND: B-type natriuretic peptide is released from the cardiac ventricles in response to increased wall tension. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of 1586 patients who came to the emergency department with acute dyspnea and whose B-type natriuretic peptide was measured with a bedside assay. The clinical diagnosis of congestive heart failure was adjudicated by two independent cardiologists, who were blinded to the results of the B-type natriuretic peptide assay. RESULTS: The final diagnosis was dyspnea due to congestive heart failure in 744 patients (47 percent), dyspnea due to noncardiac causes in 72 patients with a history of left ventricular dysfunction (5 percent), and no finding of congestive heart failure in 770 patients (49 percent). B-type natriuretic peptide levels by themselves were more accurate than any historical or physical findings or laboratory values in identifying congestive heart failure as the cause of dyspnea. The diagnostic accuracy of B-type natriuretic peptide at a cutoff of 100 pg per milliliter was 83.4 percent. The negative predictive value of B-type natriuretic peptide at levels of less than 50 pg per milliliter was 96 percent. In multiple logistic-regression analysis, measurements of B-type natriuretic peptide added significant independent predictive power to other clinical variables in models predicting which patients had congestive heart failure. CONCLUSIONS: Used in conjunction with other clinical information, rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide is useful in establishing or excluding the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in patients with acute dyspnea.

[Renal cyst inducing hiccups]. / Kyste rénal responsable d'un hoquet.

INTRODUCTION: Hiccups are a sudden, irregular and spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm followed by an abrupt closure of the glottis. Besides etiologic treatment, its management is above all symptomatic and based primary on medical treatment. CASE: We report a case of chronic hiccups associated with an abscessed voluminous renal cyst. Drainage of the cyst resolved the hiccups. DISCUSSION: Various symptomatic treatments failed because the hiccups were due to irritation of the phrenic nerve by an abscessed renal cyst. This case reminds us that an extensive etiologic work-up may be necessary when symptomatic treatment of hiccups is ineffective.

Impact of atrial fibrillation on the diagnostic performance of B-type natriuretic peptide concentration in dyspneic patients: an analysis from the breathing not properly multinational study.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to assess the diagnostic performance of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in the diagnosis of acute congestive heart failure (CHF) in patients with permanent/paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) presenting with acute dyspnea. BACKGROUND: It is unknown to what extent AF affects the diagnostic performance of BNP in patients presenting with acute dyspnea. METHODS: We studied 1,431 patients drawn from a cohort of patients (n = 1,586) with acute dyspnea who had BNP levels measured on arrival. Patients were prospectively classified according to the presence or absence of permanent/paroxysmal AF. RESULTS: In total, 292 patients had permanent/paroxysmal AF. In patients without HF, permanent/paroxysmal AF was associated with significantly higher BNP levels (p = 0.001). Conversely, in patients with HF, BNP levels did not differ significantly between patients with and without AF (p = 0.533). A BNP cutoff value of 100 pg/ml had a specificity of 40% and 79% for the diagnosis of acute HF in patients with and without AF, respectively. The areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curves were 0.84 (95% confidence interval 0.78 to 0.89) and 0.91 (95% confidence interval 0.89 to 0.93) for patients with and without AF, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In patients without, but not in those with HF, the presence of AF is associated with higher circulating BNP levels, suggesting that a higher diagnostic threshold should be used in patients with AF.

How obesity affects the cut-points for B-type natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of acute heart failure. Results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study.

BACKGROUND: B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is valuable in diagnosing heart failure (HF), but its utility in obese patients is unknown. Studies have suggested a cut-point of BNP > or = 100 pg/mL for the diagnosis of HF; however, there is an inverse relation between BNP levels and body mass index. We evaluated differential cut-points for BNP in diagnosing acute HF across body mass index levels to determine whether alternative cut-points can improve diagnosis. METHODS: The Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study was a 7-center, prospective study of 1586 patients who presented to the Emergency Department with acute dyspnea. B-type natriuretic peptide was measured on arrival. Height and weight data were available for 1368 participants. The clinical diagnosis of HF was adjudicated by 2 independent cardiologists who were blinded to BNP results. RESULTS: Heart failure was the final diagnosis in 46.1%. Mean BNP levels (pg/mL) in lean, overweight/obese, and severely/morbidly obese patients were 643, 462, and 247 for patients with acute HF, and 52, 35, and 25 in those without HF, respectively (P < .05 for all comparisons except 35 vs 25). B-type natriuretic peptide cut-points to maintain 90% sensitivity for a HF diagnosis were 170 pg/mL for lean subjects, 110 pg/mL for overweight/obese subjects, and 54 pg/mL in severely/morbidly obese patients. CONCLUSIONS: Body mass index influences the selection of cut-points for BNP in diagnosing acute HF. A lower cut-point (BNP > or = 54 pg/mL) should be used in severely obese patients to preserve sensitivity. A higher cut-point in lean patients (BNP > or = 170 pg/mL) could be used to increase specificity.

B-type natriuretic peptide and clinical judgment in emergency diagnosis of heart failure: analysis from Breathing Not Properly (BNP) Multinational Study.

BACKGROUND: We sought to determine the degree to which B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) adds to clinical judgment in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure (CHF). METHODS AND RESULTS: The Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study was a prospective diagnostic test evaluation study conducted in 7 centers. Of 1586 participants who presented with acute dyspnea, 1538 (97%) had clinical certainty of CHF determined by the attending physician in the emergency department. Participants underwent routine care and had BNP measured in a blinded fashion. The reference standard for CHF was adjudicated by 2 independent cardiologists, also blinded to BNP results. The final diagnosis was CHF in 722 (47%) participants. At an 80% cutoff level of certainty of CHF, clinical judgment had a sensitivity of 49% and specificity of 96%. At 100 pg/mL, BNP had a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 73%. In determining the correct diagnosis (CHF versus no CHF), adding BNP to clinical judgment would have enhanced diagnostic accuracy from 74% to 81%. In those participants with an intermediate (21% to 79%) probability of CHF, BNP at a cutoff of 100 pg/mL correctly classified 74% of the cases. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.86 (95% CI 0.84 to 0.88), 0.90 (95% CI 0.88 to 0.91), and 0.93 (95% CI 0.92 to 0.94) for clinical judgment, for BNP at a cutoff of 100 pg/mL, and for the 2 in combination, respectively (P<0.0001 for all pairwise comparisons). CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation of acute dyspnea would be improved with the addition of BNP testing to clinical judgment in the emergency department.

Bedside B-Type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction. Results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study.

OBJECTIVES: This study examines B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in patients with systolic versus non-systolic dysfunction presenting with shortness of breath. BACKGROUND: Preserved systolic function is increasingly common in patients presenting with symptoms of congestive heart failure (CHF) but is still difficult to diagnose. METHODS: The Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study was a seven-center, prospective study of 1,586 patients who presented with acute dyspnea and had BNP measured upon arrival. A subset of 452 patients with a final adjudicated diagnosis of CHF who underwent echocardiography within 30 days of their visit to the emergency department (ED) were evaluated. An ejection fraction of greater than 45% was defined as non-systolic CHF. RESULTS: Of the 452 patients with a final diagnosis of CHF, 165 (36.5%) had preserved left ventricular function on echocardiography, whereas 287 (63.5%) had systolic dysfunction. Patients with non-systolic heart failure (NS-CHF) had significantly lower BNP levels than those with systolic heart failure (S-CHF) (413 pg/ml vs. 821 pg/ml, p < 0.001). As the severity of heart failure worsened by New York Heart Association class, the percentage of S-CHF increased, whereas the percentage of NS-CHF decreased. When patients with NS-CHF were compared with patients without CHF (n = 770), a BNP value of 100 pg/ml had a sensitivity of 86%, a negative predictive value of 96%, and an accuracy of 75% for detecting abnormal diastolic dysfunction. Using Logistic regression to differentiate S-CHF from NS-CHF, BNP entered first as the strongest predictor followed by oxygen saturation, history of myocardial infarction, and heart rate. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that NS-CHF is common in the setting of the ED and that differentiating NS-CHF from S-CHF is difficult in this setting using traditional parameters. Whereas BNP add modest discriminatory value in differentiating NS-CHF from S-CHF, its major role is still the separation of patients with CHF from those without CHF.

B-type natriuretic peptide levels in patients in the emergency department with possible heart failure and previous stable angina pectoris and/or healed myocardial infarction.

We examined the relation between B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels and a history of stable angina pectoris and/or healed myocardial infarction in 1,240 patients who were evaluated in the emergency department for possible heart failure. In patients who had heart failure, there was no relation between BNP levels and previous stable angina pectoris and/or healed myocardial infarction. However, in patients who did not have heart failure, there was a relation between BNP levels and previous stable angina pectoris and/or healed myocardial infarction but no significant independent relation in multiple regression analysis.

Predictors of elevated B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations in dyspneic patients without heart failure: an analysis from the breathing not properly multinational study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is an established tool for the diagnosis of acute congestive heart failure in patients presenting with dyspnea. Some patients have moderately elevated BNP levels (ie, 100 to 500 pg/mL) in the absence of acute congestive heart failure. The objective of the current study was to identify independent predictors of elevated BNP concentrations in the absence of congestive heart failure. METHODS: We studied 781 patients without acute congestive heart failure and BNP levels 0 to 500 pg/mL drawn from a cohort of 1,586 patients with acute dyspnea who had BNP levels measured on emergency department arrival. Two cardiologists blinded to BNP results reviewed all clinical data and categorized patients according to whether they had acute congestive heart failure or not. RESULTS: Independent predictors of elevated BNP levels (ie, >100 pg/mL) were a medical history of atrial fibrillation, radiographic cardiomegaly, decreased blood hemoglobin concentration, decreased body mass index, and increased age. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of these commonly obtained variables should aid clinicians in the interpretation of moderately elevated BNP results in patients presenting with acute dyspnea in the emergency department.

The effect of diabetes on B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations in patients with acute dyspnea: an analysis from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study.

OBJECTIVE: Diabetes has been implicated in reduced myocardial compliance and changes in the intercellular matrix of the myocardium. We determined the effect of diabetes on B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentrations in patients presenting to the emergency department with dyspnea. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study was a prospective evaluation of 1,586 patients. A subset of 922 patients was obtained and subdivided into the following groups: group 1 (n = 324), neither diabetes nor heart failure; group 2 (n = 107), diabetes and no heart failure; group 3 (n = 247), no diabetes and heart failure; group 4 (n = 183), both diabetes and heart failure; group 5 (n = 41), heart failure history with no diabetes; and group 6 (n = 20), heart failure history with diabetes. Patients from groups 1, 3, and 5 were matched to groups 2, 4, and 6, respectively, to have the same mean age, sex distribution, BMI, renal function, and New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification (for heart failure). RESULTS: There was no significant difference in median BNP levels between diabetes and no diabetes among no heart failure patients (32.4 vs.32.9 pg/ml), heart failure patients (587 vs. 494 pg/ml), and those with a heart failure history (180 vs. 120 pg/ml). Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis of the area under the curve for BNP was not different in diabetic versus nondiabetic patients (0.888 vs. 0.878, respectively). However, in a multivariate model, diabetes was an independent predictor of a final diagnosis of heart failure (odds ratio 1.51, 95% CI 1.03-2.02; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: History of diabetes does not impact BNP levels measured in patients with acute dyspnea in the emergency department. Despite the impact of diabetes on the cardiovascular system, diabetes does not appear to confound BNP levels in the emergency department diagnosis of heart failure.

Diagnostic value of B-Type natriuretic peptide and chest radiographic findings in patients with acute dyspnea.

PURPOSE: To compare chest radiographic findings and circulating B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels as an adjunct to clinical findings in the diagnosis of heart failure in patients presenting with acute dyspnea. METHODS: The diagnostic performance of radiographic evidence of cardiomegaly/redistribution and BNP levels > or =100 pg/mL as indicators of heart failure were assessed in 880 patients presenting with acute dyspnea to the emergency departments of five U.S. and two European teaching hospitals. BNP levels were determined by a rapid, point-of-care device. Two blinded cardiologists reviewed all clinical data and categorized patients as to whether they had acute heart failure (n = 447) or not (n = 433). RESULTS: Three-factor analyses showed that BNP levels > or =100 pg/mL contributed significantly to the prediction of heart failure over each of the radiographic indicators. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, both BNP levels > or =100 pg/mL (odds ratio [OR] = 12.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.4 to 20.4) and radiographic findings of cardiomegaly (OR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.4 to 3.7), cephalization (OR = 6.4; 95% CI: 3.3 to 12.5), and interstitial edema (OR = 7.0; 95% CI: 2.9 to 17.0) added significant, predictive information above historical and clinical predictors of heart failure. CONCLUSION: In patients presenting to the emergency department with acute dyspnea, BNP levels and chest radiographs provide complementary diagnostic information that may be useful in the early evaluation of heart failure.

Impact of age, race, and sex on the ability of B-type natriuretic peptide to aid in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure: results from the Breathing Not Properly (BNP) multinational study.

BACKGROUND: B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is secreted from the cardiac ventricles in response to increased wall tension. METHODS: The Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study was a 7-center, prospective study of 1586 patients who presented to the Emergency Department with acute dyspnea and had BNP measured with a point-of-care assay upon arrival. The gold standard for congestive heart failure (CHF) was adjudicated by two independent cardiologists, blinded to BNP results, who reviewed all clinical data and standardized scores. The current study explores the effect of these variables on BNP decision statistics as well as the impact that changing cutoffs might have on the cost-effectiveness of diagnostic decisions that use BNP information. RESULTS: Significant differences in CHF rates were found on the basis of age (P <.001) and racial group (P =.020) but not sex (P =.424). BNP levels increased with increasing age (P <.001). To evaluate potential differences in the diagnostic utility of BNP levels as a function of demographic variables, separate receiver operating characteristic curves were performed. BNP was a stronger predictor in younger subjects than in older subjects and slightly weaker for female patients than for male patients (area under the curve = 0.918 and 0.870, respectively). An even smaller difference was noted between the white and black racial groups (area under the curve = 0.888 and 0.903, respectively). The differences in specificity as a function of age are larger than other differences in specificity or sensitivity. When logistic regression was used in a multivariate approach to combine the demographic variables with BNP information in the prediction of CHF, only BNP contributed significantly to the prediction of acute CHF. When the model was expanded to include terms for the interaction of each of the demographic variables with log(10) BNP, a significant interaction was found for sex. Since the relative consequences of false-positives and false-negatives are unlikely to be equivalent, the BNP cut-points that would be selected based on the current data as a function of relative costs are presented. Sharply rising consequences are seen for BNP cut-points >100 pg/mL. CONCLUSIONS: If one assumes that failing to treat cases of CHF is worse than treating negative cases, then relatively low BNP cut-points (eg, not >100 pg/mL) should be used in patients presenting to the Emergency Department with a chief complaint of dyspnea, regardless of age, sex, or ethnicity.

B-type natriuretic peptide and renal function in the diagnosis of heart failure: an analysis from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study.

BACKGROUND: Both B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and renal function are prognostic indicators of survival in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). However, relationships between BNP, renal function, and heart failure as an emergency diagnosis are unknown. METHODS: The Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study was a prospectively designed diagnostic test evaluation study conducted in seven centers. Of 1,586 participants who presented with acute dyspnea, 1,452 patients (91.6%) had both BNP level and baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) available. Patients with an eGFR less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 and those on dialysis therapy were excluded. The final diagnosis was adjudicated by two independent cardiologists who were blinded to BNP results. RESULTS: The final diagnosis was CHF in 715 patients (49.2%). Raw and log-log transformed correlations between BNP and eGFR values were r = -0.19 and r = -0.17 for those with CHF and r = -0.20 and r = -0.31 for those without CHF (both P < 0.0001 for r not equal 0). Mean BNP levels were 561.6 pg/mL (162.3 fmol/mL), 647.5 pg/mL (187.1 fmol/mL), 745.6 pg/mL (215.5 fmol/mL), and 850.7 pg/mL (245.8 fmol/mL) for those with CHF and 85.4 pg/mL (24.7 fmol/mL), 131.7 pg/mL (38.1 fmol/mL), 297.2 pg/mL (85.9 fmol/mL), and 285.0 pg/mL (82.3 fmol/mL) for those without CHF in eGFR categories of 90 or greater, 89 to 60, 59 to 30, and less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and optimum cut points for BNP were 0.91 and 70.7 pg/mL (20.4 fmol/mL), 0.90 and 104.3 pg/mL (30.1 fmol/mL), 0.81 and 201.2 pg/mL (58.1 fmol/mL), and 0.86 and 225.0 pg/mL (65.0 fmol/mL) for the eGFR categories of 90 or greater, 89 to 60, 59 to 30, and less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. CONCLUSION: Renal function correlates weakly with BNP and influences the optimal cut point for BNP, particularly in those with an eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2.

Uncovering heart failure in patients with a history of pulmonary disease: rationale for the early use of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency department.

UNLABELLED: Plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) can reliably identify acute congestive heart failure (CHF) in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with acute dyspnea. Heart failure, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are syndromes where dyspnea and wheezing are overlapping signs, and hence, these syndromes are often difficult to differentiate. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether BNP can distinguish new-onset heart failure in patients with COPD or asthma presenting with dyspnea to the ED. METHODS: The BNP Multinational Study was a seven-center prospective study of 1,586 adult patients presenting to the ED with acute dyspnea who had blinded BNP levels measured on arrival with a rapid, point-of-care device. This study evaluated the 417 patients with no previous history of heart failure and a history of asthma or COPD as a subgroup from the 1,586 adult patients in the BNP Multinational Study. The reference standard for CHF was adjudicated by two independent cardiologists, also blinded to BNP results, who reviewed all clinical data and standardized CHF scores. RESULTS: A total of 417 subjects (mean age 62.2 years, 64.4% male) had a history of asthma or COPD without a history of CHF. Of these, 87/417 (20.9%, 95% CI = 17.1% to 25.1%) were found to have CHF as the final adjudicated diagnosis. The emergency physicians identified a minority, 32/87 (36.8%), of these patients with CHF. The mean BNP values (+/- SD) were 587.0 +/- 426.4 and 108.8 +/- 221.3 pg/mL for those with and without CHF (p < 0.0001). At a cutpoint of 100 pg/mL, BNP had the following decision statistics: sensitivity 93.1%, specificity 77.3%, positive predictive value 51.9%, negative predictive value 97.7%, accuracy 80.6%, positive likelihood ratio 4.10, and negative likelihood ratio 0.09. If BNP would have been added to clinical judgment (high > or = 80% probability of CHF), at a cutpoint of 100 pg/mL, 83/87 (95.4%) of the CHF subjects would have been correctly diagnosed. Multivariate analysis found BNP to be the most important predictor of CHF (OR = 12.1, 95% CI = 5.4 to 27.0, p < 0.0001). In the 87 subjects found to have CHF, 39.0%, 22.2%, and 54.8% were taking angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), beta-blockers (BBs), and diuretics on a chronic basis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The yield of adding routine BNP testing in patients with a history of asthma or COPD in picking up newly diagnosed CHF is approximately 20%. This group of patients presents a substantial therapeutic opportunity for the initiation and chronic administration of ACEI and BB therapy, as well as other CHF management strategies.

Antithrombin and protein C in systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

Coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass can induce systemic inflammatory response syndrome. To assess the prevalence of preoperative antithrombin and protein C deficiencies in relation to the incidence of this syndrome, antithrombin and protein C levels were measured in 130 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome developed in 36 (27.7%) patients who were predominantly male, had a lower EuroSCORE, longer cardiopulmonary bypass time, higher pre-bypass temperature, and shorter activated coagulation time. Logistic regression showed that predictive factors included bypass duration and pre-bypass temperature; however, low antithrombin levels appeared to be a negative predictive factor. Antithrombin levels were < 80% in 33.8% of patients, and 11.6% had protein C levels < 80%. Postoperative antithrombin and protein C deficiencies are not uncommon in adults undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, but detection of these deficits did not identify patients at increased risk of systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

Impact of the history of congestive heart failure on the utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure: results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study.

PURPOSE: B-type natriuretic peptide is known to correlate with hemodynamic state, presence and severity of congestive heart failure, and prognosis. Although low-range B-type natriuretic peptide less than 100 pg/mL has a high negative predictive value (90%), and high-range B-type natriuretic peptide greater than 500 pg/mL has a high positive predictive value (87%), there remains some ambiguity in the interpretation of results in the medium range (100-500 pg/mL). We hypothesized that taking into account the history of congestive heart failure along with other clinical variables would be helpful in this range of B-type natriuretic peptide levels. METHOD: The Breathing Not Properly Multicenter Study was an international, 7-center, prospective study including 1475 patients with a mean age of 63 years (57% were male, and 54% were female); 35% of patients with a history of congestive heart failure were enrolled, and a final diagnosis of congestive heart failure was made in 46%. The index criteria was defined as positive if any 2 index findings (ie, history of coronary artery disease, lower extremity edema, pulmonary edema, cephalization of the pulmonary arteries, and cardiomegaly) were present. RESULTS: The interval likelihood ratios (LR) for low, medium, and high B-type natriuretic peptide ranges are 0.13, 1.85, and 8.1, respectively. For medium B-type natriuretic peptide levels a positive history of congestive heart failure makes the diagnosis of congestive heart failure more probable with a cumulative LR of 4.3. Also in this range a positive index criterion was strongly indicative of congestive heart failure even in the absence of a history of congestive heart failure (LR 3.3). Where there are both a positive history of congestive heart failure and a positive index criteria for the medium B-type natriuretic peptide group, the cumulative LR (10.2) is similar to that of a high B-type natriuretic peptide level (8.1). CONCLUSION: Even in the medium range (100-500 pg/mL), when using the history of congestive heart failure and index criteria, B-type natriuretic peptide can be a powerful diagnostic tool in the hands of clinicians in the emergency department.

Relationship of B-type natriuretic peptide and anemia in patients with and without heart failure: a substudy from the Breathing Not Properly (BNP) Multinational Study.

While anemia is a significant risk factor for poor outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF), it is not in defined guidelines for HF assessment. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a marker for diagnosis and management of patients with HF. We determined the incidence of anemia in patients with HF and the relationship between BNP and hemoglobin (Hgb) levels in patients with and without HF. Results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Trial consisted of 1,586 patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with dyspnea. Because renal insufficiency is a confounding variable for BNP, patients with a creatinine of >or=2.0 mg/dL were excluded. The remaining data were evaluated from 620 non-HF patients (337 M, 283 F) and 547 HF patients (299 M, 248 F). The New York Heart Association (NYHA) HF classification and ejection fraction by echocardiography were assessed for HF patients. Blood was tested for Hgb, BNP, and creatinine. Using World Health Organization criteria for anemia, we observed that HF patients in NYHA class III or IV had lower mean Hgb levels (12.5 g/dL, P < 0.05) and a higher incidence of anemia (48.2%, P < 0.05) than did HF patients in class I or II (13.4 g/dL and 33.9%, respectively). There was no correlation between Hgb and log BNP for females without HF or the aggregate of all HF patients. In contrast, a significant inverse correlation was observed for males without HF (P < 0.001). Although there were differences in the BMI, age, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) versus Hgb observed in this group, the log BNP correlation remained significant after multivariate analysis. A significant inverse correlation for log BNP and Hgb were also observed for diastolic (EF >or= 50) HF (P < 0.05) that was also not accounted for by the BMI, age, or eGFR. The presence of anemia is associated with worsening HF at ED presentation. For males without HF and diastolic HF patients of both genders, a low Hgb may be a confounding variable toward increasing BNP. Among systolic HF patients, the presence of a low hemoglobin concentration is not a factor in the interpretation of BNP results.