Perioperative management of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs for patients undergoing elective spine surgery: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: In preparation for surgery, patients being treated with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are recommended to either continue or withhold therapy perioperatively. Some of these drugs have known effects against bone healing, hence the importance of adequately managing them before and after surgery. OBJECTIVE: We aim to assess the current evidence for managing conventional synthetic and/or biologic DMARDs in the perioperative period for elective spine surgery. METHODS: A systematic review of four databases was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The included manuscripts were methodically scrutinized for quality, postoperative infections, wound healing characteristics, bone fusion rates, and clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Six studies were identified describing the management of conventional synthetic and/or biologic DMARDs. There were 294 DMARD-treated patients described undergoing various spine surgeries such as craniovertebral junction fusions. Three of the studies involved exclusive continuation of DMARDs in the perioperative window; one study involved exclusive discontinuation of DMARDs in the perioperative window; and two studies involved continuation or discontinuation of DMARDs perioperatively. Of patients that continued DMARDs in the perioperative period, 13/50 patients (26.0%) had postoperative surgical site infections or wound dehiscence, 2/19 patients (10.5%) had delayed wound healing, and 32/213 patients (15.0%) had secondary revision surgeries. A fusion rate of 14/19 (73.6%) was described in only one study for patients continuing DMARDs perioperatively. CONCLUSIONS: The available published data may suggest a higher risk of wound healing concerns and lower than average bone fusion, although this may be under-reported given the current state of the literature.

Impact of Balloon Guide Catheter Use on Clinical and Angiographic Outcomes in the STRATIS Stroke Thrombectomy Registry.

Background and Purpose- Mechanical thrombectomy has been shown to improve clinical outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke. However, the impact of balloon guide catheter (BGC) use is not well established. Methods- STRATIS (Systematic Evaluation of Patients Treated With Neurothrombectomy Devices for Acute Ischemic Stroke) was a prospective, multicenter study of patients with large vessel occlusion treated with the Solitaire stent retriever as first-line therapy. In this study, an independent core laboratory, blinded to the clinical outcomes, reviewed all procedures and angiographic data to classify procedural technique, target clot location, recanalization after each pass, and determine the number of stent retriever passes. The primary clinical end point was functional independence (modified Rankin Scale, 0-2) at 3 months as determined on-site, and the angiographic end point was first-pass effect (FPE) success rate from a single device attempt (modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction, ≥2c) as determined by a core laboratory. Achieving modified FPE (modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction, ≥2b) was also assessed. Comparisons of clinical outcomes were made between groups and adjusted for baseline and procedural characteristics. All participating centers received institutional review board approval from their respective institutions. Results- Adjunctive technique groups included BGC (n=445), distal access catheter (n=238), and conventional guide catheter (n=62). The BGC group had a higher rate of FPE following first pass (212/443 [48%]) versus conventional guide catheter (16/62 [26%]; P=0.001) and distal access catheter (83/235 [35%]; P=0.002). Similarly, the BGC group had a higher rate of modified FPE (294/443 [66%]) versus conventional guide catheter (26/62 [42%]; P<0.001) and distal access catheter (129/234 [55%]; P=0.003). The BGC group achieved the highest rate of functional independence (253/415 [61%]) versus conventional guide catheter (23/55 [42%]; P=0.007) and distal access catheter (113/218 [52%]; P=0.027). Final revascularization and mortality rates did not differ across the groups. Conclusions- BGC use was an independent predictor of FPE, modified FPE, and functional independence, suggesting that its routine use may improve the rates of early revascularization success and good clinical outcomes. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT02239640.

Interhospital Transfer Before Thrombectomy Is Associated With Delayed Treatment and Worse Outcome in the STRATIS Registry (Systematic Evaluation of Patients Treated With Neurothrombectomy Devices for Acute Ischemic Stroke).

BACKGROUND: Endovascular treatment with mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is beneficial for patients with acute stroke suffering a large-vessel occlusion, although treatment efficacy is highly time-dependent. We hypothesized that interhospital transfer to endovascular-capable centers would result in treatment delays and worse clinical outcomes compared with direct presentation. METHODS: STRATIS (Systematic Evaluation of Patients Treated With Neurothrombectomy Devices for Acute Ischemic Stroke) was a prospective, multicenter, observational, single-arm study of real-world MT for acute stroke because of anterior-circulation large-vessel occlusion performed at 55 sites over 2 years, including 1000 patients with severe stroke and treated within 8 hours. Patients underwent MT with or without intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and were admitted to endovascular-capable centers via either interhospital transfer or direct presentation. The primary clinical outcome was functional independence (modified Rankin Score 0-2) at 90 days. We assessed (1) real-world time metrics of stroke care delivery, (2) outcome differences between direct and transfer patients undergoing MT, and (3) the potential impact of local hospital bypass. RESULTS: A total of 984 patients were analyzed. Median onset-to-revascularization time was 202.0 minutes for direct versus 311.5 minutes for transfer patients (P<0.001). Clinical outcomes were better in the direct group, with 60.0% (299/498) achieving functional independence compared with 52.2% (213/408) in the transfer group (odds ratio, 1.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.79; P=0.02). Likewise, excellent outcome (modified Rankin Score 0-1) was achieved in 47.4% (236/498) of direct patients versus 38.0% (155/408) of transfer patients (odds ratio, 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-1.92; P=0.005). Mortality did not differ between the 2 groups (15.1% for direct, 13.7% for transfer; P=0.55). Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator did not impact outcomes. Hypothetical bypass modeling for all transferred patients suggested that intravenous tissue plasminogen activator would be delayed by 12 minutes, but MT would be performed 91 minutes sooner if patients were routed directly to endovascular-capable centers. If bypass is limited to a 20-mile radius from onset, then intravenous tissue plasminogen activator would be delayed by 7 minutes and MT performed 94 minutes earlier. CONCLUSIONS: In this large, real-world study, interhospital transfer was associated with significant treatment delays and lower chance of good outcome. Strategies to facilitate more rapid identification of large-vessel occlusion and direct routing to endovascular-capable centers for patients with severe stroke may improve outcomes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02239640.

Systematic Evaluation of Patients Treated With Neurothrombectomy Devices for Acute Ischemic Stroke: Primary Results of the STRATIS Registry.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Mechanical thrombectomy with stent retrievers has become standard of care for treatment of acute ischemic stroke patients because of large vessel occlusion. The STRATIS registry (Systematic Evaluation of Patients Treated With Neurothrombectomy Devices for Acute Ischemic Stroke) aimed to assess whether similar process timelines, technical, and functional outcomes could be achieved in a large real world cohort as in the randomized trials. METHODS: STRATIS was designed to prospectively enroll patients treated in the United States with a Solitaire Revascularization Device and Mindframe Capture Low Profile Revascularization Device within 8 hours from symptom onset. The STRATIS cohort was compared with the interventional cohort of a previously published SEER patient-level meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 984 patients treated at 55 sites were analyzed. The mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 17.3. Intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator was administered in 64.0%. The median time from onset to arrival in the enrolling hospital, door to puncture, and puncture to reperfusion were 138, 72, and 36 minutes, respectively. The Core lab-adjudicated modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction ≥2b was achieved in 87.9% of patients. At 90 days, 56.5% achieved a modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 2, all-cause mortality was 14.4%, and 1.4% suffered a symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. The median time from emergency medical services scene arrival to puncture was 152 minutes, and each hour delay in this interval was associated with a 5.5% absolute decline in the likelihood of achieving modified Rankin Scale score 0 to 2. CONCLUSIONS: This largest-to-date Solitaire registry documents that the results of the randomized trials can be reproduced in the community. The decrease of clinical benefit over time warrants optimization of the system of care. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02239640.

A socioeconomic analysis of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring during spine surgery: national use, regional variation, and patient outcomes.

OBJECT: In the United States in recent years, a dramatic increase in the use of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) during spine surgeries has been suspected. Myriad reasons have been proposed, but no clear evidence confirming this trend has been available. In this study, the authors investigated the use of IONM during spine surgery, identified patterns of geographic variation, and analyzed the value of IONM for spine surgery cases. METHODS: In this retrospective analysis, the Nationwide Inpatient Sample was queried for all spine surgeries performed during 2007-2011. Use of IONM (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, code 00.94) was compared over time and between geographic regions, and its effect on patient independence at discharge and iatrogenic nerve injury was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 443,194 spine procedures were identified, of which 85% were elective and 15% were not elective. Use of IONM was recorded for 31,680 cases and increased each calendar year from 1% of all cases in 2007 to 12% of all cases in 2011. Regional use of IONM ranged widely, from 8% of cases in the Northeast to 21% of cases in the West in 2011. Iatrogenic nerve and spinal cord injury were rare; they occurred in less than 1% of patients and did not significantly decrease when IONM was used. CONCLUSIONS: As costs of spine surgeries continue to rise, it becomes necessary to examine and justify use of different medical technologies, including IONM, during spine surgery.

Endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke: the end or just the beginning?

Various endovascular intraarterial approaches are available for treating patients with acute ischemic stroke who present with severe neurological deficits. Three recent randomized trials-Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS) III, Mechanical Retrieval and Recanalization of Stroke Clots Using Embolectomy (MR RESCUE), and Synthesis Expansion: A Randomized Controlled Trial on Intra-Arterial Versus Intravenous Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke (SYNTHESIS Expansion)-evaluated the efficacy of endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke and, after failing to demonstrate any significant clinical benefit of endovascular therapies, raised concerns and questions in the medical community regarding the future of endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke. In this paper, the authors review the evolution of endovascular treatment strategies for the treatment of acute stroke and provide their interpretation of findings and potential limitations of the three recently published randomized trials. The authors discuss the advantage of stent-retriever technology over earlier endovascular approaches and review the current status and future directions of endovascular acute stroke studies based on lessons learned from previous trials.

Utility of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Ligamentous Injury in Cervical Spine Trauma: A 2-Year Consecutive Case Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly used as an adjunct to spinal soft tissue evaluation in cervical spine (C-spine) trauma; however, the utility of this information remains controversial. In this consecutive observational study, we reviewed the utility of MRI in patients with C-spine trauma. METHODS: We identified patients in real time over a 2-year period as they presented to our level 1 trauma center for C-spine computed tomography (CT) scan followed by MRI. MRI was obtained by the trauma team prior to the spine service consultation if (1) they were unable to clear the C-spine according to protocol or (2) if the on-call radiologist reported a concern for ligamentous integrity from the CT findings. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients, including 19 males (58%) and 14 females, with a mean age of 54 years, were referred to the spine service for concerns of ligamentous instability. The most common mechanisms of injury were motor vehicle accidents (n = 13) and falls (n = 11). MRI demonstrated ligamentous signal change identified by the radiologist as potentially unstable in all patients. Fifteen patients (45%) had multiple C-spine ligaments affected. The interspinous ligament was involved most frequently (28%), followed by the ligamentum flavum (21%) and supraspinous ligament (15%). All patients underwent dynamic upright C-spine X-rays that were interpreted by both the ordering surgeon and radiologist. There was no evidence of instability in any patient; concurrence between X-ray interpretation was 100%. The cervical collar was successfully removed in all cases. No patients required late surgical intervention, and there were no return visits to the emergency department of a spinal nature. CONCLUSIONS: MRI signal change within the ligaments of the C-spine should be interpreted with caution in the setting of trauma. To physicians less familiar with spinal biomechanics, MRI findings may be perceived in an inadvertently alarming manner. Bony alignment and, when indicated, dynamic upright X-rays remain the gold standard for evaluating the ligamentous integrity of the C-spine.

Managing Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) for Patients Undergoing Elective Spine Surgery: A Pilot Survey.

Introduction: Patients affected by autoimmune pathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis require surgery for various reasons. However, the systemic inflammatory nature of these disease processes often necessitates therapy with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Alteration of these agents in the perioperative period for surgery requires a careful risk-benefit analysis to limit disease flares, infection rates, and secondary revisions. We therefore queried North and South American practices for perioperative management of DMARDs in patients undergoing elective spine surgery. Methods: An institutional review board-approved pilot survey was disseminated to spine surgeons regarding how they managed DMARDs before, during, and after spine surgery. Results: A total of 47 spine surgeons responded to the survey, 37 of whom were neurosurgeons (78.7%) and 10 orthopedic surgeons (21.3%). Of the respondents, 80.9% were from North America, 72.3% were board-certified, 51.1% practiced in academic institutions, and 66.0% performed 50-150 spine surgeries per year. Most respondents consulted a rheumatologist before continuing or withholding a DMARD in the perioperative period (70.2%). As such, a majority of the spine surgeons in this survey withheld DMARDs at an average of 13.8 days before and 19.6 days after spine surgery. Of the spine surgeons who withheld DMARDs before and after spine surgery, the responses were variable with a trend toward no increased risk of postoperative complications. Conclusions: Based on the results of this pilot survey, we found a consensus among spine surgeons to withhold DMARDs before and after elective spine surgery.

Comparison between transradial and transfemoral mechanical thrombectomy for ICA and M1 occlusions: insights from the Stroke Thrombectomy and Aneurysm Registry (STAR).

BACKGROUND: The role for the transradial approach for mechanical thrombectomy is controversial. We sought to compare transradial and transfemoral mechanical thrombectomy in a large multicenter database of acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: The prospectively maintained Stroke Thrombectomy and Aneurysm Registry (STAR) was reviewed for patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy for an internal carotid artery (ICA) or middle cerebral artery M1 occlusion. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to assess outcomes including reperfusion time, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), distal embolization, and functional outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 2258 cases, 1976 via the transfemoral approach and 282 via the transradial approach, were included. Radial access was associated with shorter reperfusion time (34.1 min vs 43.6 min, P=0.001) with similar rates of Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) 2B or greater reperfusion (87.9% vs 88.1%, P=0.246). Patients treated via a transradial approach were more likely to achieve at least TICI 2C (59.6% vs 54.7%, P=0.001) and TICI 3 reperfusion (50.0% vs 46.2%, P=0.001), and had shorter lengths of stay (mean 9.2 days vs 10.2, P<0.001). Patients treated transradially had a lower rate of symptomatic ICH (8.0% vs 9.4%, P=0.047) but a higher rate of distal embolization (23.0% vs 7.1%, P<0.001). There were no significant differences in functional outcome at 90 days between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Radial and femoral thrombectomy resulted in similar clinical outcomes. In multivariate analysis, the radial approach had improved revascularization rates, fewer cases of symptomatic ICH, and faster reperfusion times, but higher rates of distal emboli. Further studies on the optimal approach are necessary based on patient and disease characteristics.

Results of endovascular treatment of middle cerebral artery aneurysms after first giving consideration to clipping.

BACKGROUND: Middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms are among the more challenging aneurysms for endovascular treatment. We report a contemporary 5-year experience with endovascular therapy for MCA aneurysms at a high-volume neurovascular center. METHODS: Review of prospectively maintained intracranial aneurysm database. RESULTS: Between 2005 and 2009, 148 patients underwent treatment of 149 MCA aneurysms at our hospital, of which 33 patients with 34 aneurysms underwent endovascular therapy. Among these 33 patients, 14 presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Eleven patients were treated with stent-assisted coiling, 1 with balloon-assisted coiling, and the remainder with coiling alone. Three patients required repeat endovascular treatment. There were 7 periprocedural complications, including intraprocedural aneurysm rupture resulting in death in 2 patients. Two patients died at later dates from remote aneurysm rehemorrhage. Average follow-up of remaining patients was 17.1 months radiographically, and 20.3 months clinically. Average modified Rankin scale (mRS) score at last follow up was 2.09, with 17 patients with mRS 0/1 and 5 patients with mRS 2. Fifteen patients showed evidence of radiographic residual at last follow up: 13 were simple neck residuals. Unruptured status and saccular aneurysms were associated with mRS 0/1 outcome (each p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: At our hospital, MCA aneurysms are being treated with endovascular techniques, but in a minority of patients. Despite the rate of residual neck remnants, few retreatments were necessary and few rehemorrhages occurred. The periprocedural complication rate was not insignificant; therefore, in more recent years and at present, most MCA aneurysms are considered for clipping first at our center.

Outcomes following therapeutic intervention of post-traumatic vasospasm: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Vasospasm occurrence following traumatic brain injury may impact neurologic and functional recovery of patients, yet treatment of post-traumatic vasospasm (PTV) has not been well documented. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to assess the current evidence regarding favorable outcome as measured by Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores following treatment of PTV. METHODS: A systematic review of PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Ovid EMBASE was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Included manuscripts were methodically scrutinized for quality; occurrence of PTV; rate of favorable outcome following each treatment modality; and follow-up duration. Treatments evaluated were calcium channel blockers (CCBs), endovascular intervention, and dopamine-induced hypertension. Outcomes were compared via the random-effects analysis. RESULTS: Fourteen studies with 1885 PTV patients were quantitatively analyzed: 982 patients who received tailored therapeutic intervention and 903 patients who did not receive tailored therapy. For patients undergoing treatment, the rate of favorable outcome was 57.3 % (500/872 patients; 95 % CI 54.1 - 60.6 %) following administration of CCBs, 94.1 % (16/17 patients; 95 % CI 82.9 - 100.0 %) following endovascular intervention, and 54.8 % (51/93 patients; 95 % CI 44.7 - 65.0 %) following dopamine-induced hypertension. Of note, the endovascular group had the highest rate of favorable outcome but was also the smallest sample size (n = 17). Patients who received tailored therapeutic intervention for PTV had a higher rate of favorable outcome than patients who did not receive tailored therapy: 57.7 % (567/982 patients; 95 % CI 54.1 - 60.8 %) versus 52.0 % (470/903 patients; 95 % CI 48.8 - 55.3 %), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The available data suggests that tailored therapeutic intervention of PTV results in a favorable outcome. While endovascular intervention of PTV had the highest rate of favorable outcome, both CCB administration and dopamine-induced hypertension had similar lower rates of favorable outcome.

Evolution of open surgery for unruptured intracranial aneurysms over a fifteen year period-increased difficulty and morbidity.

OBJECTIVE: The approach to intervention for unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) remains controversial. Utilization of endovascular techniques for aneurysm repair increased dramatically during the last decade. We sought to analyze recent national trends for electively treated (open and endovascular) UIAs focusing on pre-existing patient disease burden and intervention modality selection. METHODS: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) national database was used to identify patients with primary diagnosis codes of unruptured intracranial aneurysm between 1999 and 2014. Patients were dichotomized by intervention into endovascular or open surgical treatment. Analysis of pre-existing disease severity were calculated using the Elixhauser comorbidity index. Complications of combined peri-procedural stroke or death during admission and hospital length of stay were used as primary endpoints for comparison. RESULTS: The percent of total UIAs treated electively with open approach decreased from more than 95 % of cases in 1999 to less than 25 % in 2014. Patients undergoing clipping were 3 years younger than those in the endovascular group (p < 0.001). The rate of primary endpoint complications (stroke and death) and length of stay for open cases saw a decrease throughout the study but remained statistically higher when compared to the endovascular group over the study period (p < 0.001). Additionally, non-neurologic complications increased over the time period for open cases. The average preoperative co-morbid disease severity for all groups treated increased over this interval. Conversely, the relative volume of endovascular cases increased but the rate of complications and average group disease remained statistically lower than the surgical clipping group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The percent of UIAs treated electively with open approach has decreased since 1999 with a concomitant increase in complication rate in particular compared to endovascular cases. However, the health characteristics of patients treated with surgical clipping show an increase in severity of pre-existing co-morbidities. Further research into factors contributing to this finding, including potential socioeconomic differences and changes in surgeon experience are needed.

Predictors of revision surgery after bedside subdural drain placement for chronic subdural hematomas.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: For chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH), bedside subdural drains (SDD) provide a useful alternative to more invasive neurosurgical techniques, including evacuation through multiple burr holes or formal craniotomy. However, no scale currently exists adequately predicting SDD candidacy or treatment response. The present study sought to characterize predictors of revision surgery after initial treatment with bedside SDD for cSDH. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective case control study of cSDH patients treated with bedside SDD at a level one trauma center between 2018 and 2022. Binomial regression was used to compare SDD patients and generate odds ratios associated with revision surgery, which were compared using a binary random effects model. RESULTS: Ninety six cSDH patients were included, of whom 13 (13.5%) required a revision surgery after initial treatment failure with bedside SDD. Patients requiring revision surgery demonstrated an increased male predominance (84.6% vs. 69.9% of SDD patients not requiring revision surgery), tended to be younger (67.8 vs. 70.5 years) with a greater body mass index (28.7 vs. 25.6 kg/m2), and have a lower Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score on presentation of 12.5 (versus 14). Patients with an initial GCS score less than 13 (OR 11.0 95% CI 2.8 - 43.3), midline shift greater than 10 mm on CT (OR 6.5 95% CI 1.7 - 25.7), or duration of SDD placement longer than 3 days (OR 10.5 95% CI 2.6 - 41.9) demonstrated a greater likelihood of needing a revision surgery after initial treatment with bedside SDD. CONCLUSION: Among patients treated with SDD, we identified 3 independent factors predicting the need for revision surgery: GCS score, midline shift, and duration of drain placement. Craniotomy may be favored over bedside SDD in patients presenting with a GCS score less than 13 or midline shift greater than 10 mm and for SDD patients demonstrating inadequate clinical response after 3 days.

Risk factors and predictors of intracranial hemorrhage after mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke: insights from the Stroke Thrombectomy and Aneurysm Registry (STAR).

BACKGROUND: Reducing intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) can improve patient outcome in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) intervention. We sought to identify ICH risk factors after AIS thrombectomy. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of the Stroke Thrombectomy and Aneurysm Registry (STAR) database. All patients who underwent AIS thrombectomy with available ICH data were included. Multivariable regression models were developed to identify predictors of ICH after thrombectomy. Subgroup analyses were performed stratified by symptom status and European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS) grade. RESULTS: The study cohort comprised 6860 patients. Any ICH and symptomatic ICH (sICH) occurred in 25% and 7% of patients, respectively. Hemorrhagic infarction 1 (HI1) occurred in 36%, HI2 in 24%, parenchymal hemorrhage 1 (PH1) in 22%, and PH2 in 17% of patients classified by ECASS grade. Intraprocedural complications independently predicted any ICH (OR 3.8083, P<0.0001), PH1 (OR 1.9053, P=0.0195), and PH2 (OR 2.7347, P=0.0004). Race also independently predicted any ICH (black: OR 0.5180, P=0.0017; Hispanic: OR 0.4615, P=0.0148), sICH (non-white: OR 0.4349, P=0.0107), PH1 (non-white: OR 3.1668, P<0.0001), and PH2 (non-white: OR 1.8689, P=0.0176), with white as the reference. Primary mechanical thrombectomy technique also independently predicted ICH. ADAPT (A Direct Aspiration First Pass Technique) was a negative predictor of sICH (OR 0.2501, P<0.0001), with stent retriever as the reference. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified ICH risk factors after AIS thrombectomy using real-world data. There was a propensity towards a reduced sICH risk with direct aspiration. Procedural complications and ethnicity were predictors congruent between categories of any ICH, sICH, PH1, and PH2. Further investigation of technique and ethnicity effects on ICH and outcomes after AIS thrombectomy is warranted.

Technical and clinical outcomes in concurrent multivessel occlusions treated with mechanical thrombectomy: insights from the STAR collaboration.

BACKGROUND: Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) has become the mainstay treatment for large vessel occlusion, with favorable safety and efficacy profile. However, the safety and efficacy of EVT in concurrent multi-territory occlusions (MTVOs) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence, clinical and technical outcomes of concurrent EVT for MTVOs. METHODS: Data were included from the Stroke Thrombectomy and Aneurysm Registry (STAR) with 32 stroke centers for EVT performed to treat bilateral anterior or concurrent anterior and posterior circulation occlusions between 2017 and 2021. Patients with MTVO were identified, and propensity score matching was used to compare this group with patients with occlusion in a single arterial territory. RESULTS: Of a total of 7723 patients who underwent EVT for acute ischemic stroke, 54 (0.7%) underwent EVT for MTVOs (mean age 69±12.5; female 50%). 28% had bilateral and 72% had anterior and posterior circulations occlusions. The rate of successful recanalization (Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction 2b/3), complications, modified Rankin score at 90 days, and mortality was not significantly different between the matched cohorts. Multivariate analysis confirmed that MTVOs were not associated with poor functional outcome, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, or longer procedure time. CONCLUSION: Compared with EVT for single vessel occlusions, EVT in appropriately selected patients with MTVOs has a similar efficacy and safety profile.

Mechanical thrombectomy for large vessel occlusion strokes beyond 24 hours.

BACKGROUND: Recent clinical trials have shown that mechanical thrombectomy is superior to medical management for large vessel occlusion for up to 24 hours from onset. Our objective is to examine the safety and efficacy of thrombectomy beyond the standard of care window. METHODS: A retrospective review was undertaken of the multicenter Stroke Thrombectomy and Aneurysm Registry (STAR). We identified patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy for large vessel occlusion beyond 24 hours. We selected a matched control group from patients who underwent thrombectomy in the 6-24-hour window. We used functional independence at 3 months as our primary outcome measure. RESULTS: We identified 121 patients who underwent thrombectomy beyond 24 hours and 1824 in the 6-24-hour window. We selected a 2:1 matched group of patients with thrombectomy 6-24 hours as a comparison group. Patients undergoing thrombectomy beyond 24 hours were less likely to be independent at 90 days (18 (18.8%) vs 73 (34.9%), P=0.005). They had higher odds of mortality at 90 days in the adjusted analysis (OR 2.34, P=0.023). Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage and other complications were similar in the two groups. In a multivariate analysis only lower number of attempts was associated with good outcomes (OR 0.27, P=0.022). CONCLUSIONS: Mechanical thrombectomy beyond 24 hours appears to be safe and tolerable with no more hemorrhages or complications compared with standard of care thrombectomy. Outcomes and mortality in this time window are worse compared with an earlier time window, but the rates of good outcomes may justify this therapy in selected patients.

Multicenter investigation of technical and clinical outcomes after thrombectomy for distal vessel occlusion by frontline technique.

BACKGROUND: Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) is the standard-of-care for proximal large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke. Data on technical and clinical outcomes in distal vessel occlusions (DVOs) remain limited. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of patients undergoing EVT for stroke at 32 international centers. Patients were divided into LVOs (internal carotid artery/M1/vertebrobasilar), medium vessel occlusions (M2/A1/P1) and isolated DVOs (M3/M4/A2/A3/P2/P3) and categorized by thrombectomy technique. Primary outcome was a good functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale ≤2) at 90 days. Secondary outcomes included recanalization, procedure-time, thrombectomy attempts, hemorrhage, and mortality. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to evaluate the impact of technical variables. Propensity score matching was used to compare outcome in patients with DVO treated with aspiration versus stent retriever RESULTS: We included 7477 patients including 213 DVOs. Distal location did not independently predict good functional outcome at 90 days compared with proximal (p=0.467). In distal occlusions, successful recanalization was an independent predictor of good outcome (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 5.11, p<0.05) irrespective of technique. Younger age, bridging therapy, and lower admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) were also predictors of good outcome. Procedure time ≤1 hour or ≤3 thrombectomy attempts were independent predictors of good outcomes in DVOs irrespective of technique (aOR 4.5 and 2.3, respectively, p<0.05). There were no differences in outcomes in a DVO matched cohort of aspiration versus stent retriever. Rates of hemorrhage and good outcome showed an exponential relationship to procedural metrics, and were more dependent on time in the aspiration group and attempts in the stent retriever group. CONCLUSIONS: Outcomes following EVT for DVO are comparable to LVO with similar results between techniques. Techniques may exhibit different futility metrics; stent retriever thrombectomy was influenced by attempts whereas aspiration was more dependent on procedure time.

Effect of intravenous thrombolysis before endovascular therapy on outcomes in patients with large core infarct.

BACKGROUND: The safety and efficacy of bridging therapy with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in patients with large core infarct has not been sufficiently studied. In this study, we compared the efficacy and safety outcomes between patients who received IVT+MT and those treated with MT alone. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of the Stroke Thrombectomy Aneurysm Registry (STAR). Patients with Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) ≤5 treated with MT were included in this study. Patients were divided into two groups based on pre-treatment IVT (IVT, no IVT). Propensity score matched analysis were used to compare outcomes between groups. RESULTS: A total of 398 patients were included; 113 pairs were generated using propensity score matching analyses. Baseline characteristics were well balanced in the matched cohort. The rate of any intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) was similar between groups in both the full cohort (41.4% vs 42.3%, P=0.85) and matched cohort (38.55% vs 42.1%, P=0.593). Similarly, the rate of significant ICH was similar between the groups (full cohort: 13.1% vs 16.9%, P=0.306; matched cohort: 15.6% vs 18.95, P=0.52). There was no difference in favorable outcome (90-day modified Rankin Scale 0-2) or successful reperfusion between groups. In an adjusted analysis, IVT was not associated with any of the outcomes. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment IVT was not associated with an increased risk of hemorrhage in patients with large core infarct treated with MT. Future studies are needed to assess the safety and efficacy of bridging therapy in patients with large core infarct.

Comprehensive analysis of the impact of procedure time and the 'golden hour' in subpopulations of stroke thrombectomy patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of procedure time on thrombectomy outcomes in different subpopulations of patients undergoing endovascular thrombectomy (EVT), given the recently expanded indications for EVT. METHODS: This multicenter study included patients undergoing EVT for acute ischemic stroke at 35 centers globally. Procedure time was defined as time from groin puncture to successful recanalization (Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction score ≥2b) or abortion of procedure. Patients were stratified based on stroke location, use of IV tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score, age group, and onset-to-groin time. Primary outcome was the 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score, with scores 0-2 designating good outcome. Secondary outcome was postprocedural symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH). Multivariate analyses were performed using generalized linear models to study the impact of procedure time on outcomes in each subpopulation. RESULTS: Among 8961 patients included in the study, a longer procedure time was associated with higher odds of poor outcome (mRS score 3-6), with 10% increase in odds for each 10 min increment. When procedure time exceeded the 'golden hour', poor outcome was twice as likely. The golden hour effect was consistent in patients with anterior and posterior circulation strokes, proximal or distal occlusions, in patients with large core infarcts, with or without IV tPA treatment, and across age groups. Procedures exceeding 1 hour were associated with a 40% higher sICH rate. Posterior circulation strokes, delayed presentation, and old age were the variables most sensitive to procedure time. CONCLUSIONS: In this work we demonstrate the universality of the golden hour effect, in which procedures lasting more than 1 hour are associated with worse clinical outcomes and higher rates of sICH across different subpopulations of patients undergoing EVT.

Mechanical thrombectomy for the treatment of primary and secondary anterior cerebral artery occlusions: insights from STAR.

BACKGROUND: The safety and efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for the treatment of acute anterior cerebral artery (ACA) occlusions have not clearly been delineated. Outcomes may be impacted based on whether the occlusion is isolated to the ACA (primary ACA occlusion) or occurs in conjunction with other cerebral arteries (secondary). METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of the multicenter Stroke Thrombectomy and Aneurysm (STAR) database. All patients with MT-treated primary or secondary ACA occlusions were included. Baseline characteristics, procedural outcomes, complications, and clinical outcomes were collected. Primary and secondary ACA occlusions were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Willis test for continuous variables and the χ2 test for categorical variables. RESULTS: The study cohort comprised 238 patients with ACA occlusions (49.2% female, median (SD) age 65.6 (16.7) years). The overall rate of successful recanalization was 75%, 90-day good functional outcome was 23%, and 90-day mortality was 35%. There were 44 patients with a primary ACA occlusion and 194 patients with a secondary ACA occlusion. When adjusted for baseline variables, the rates of successful recanalization (68% vs 76%, P=0.27), 90-day good functional outcome (41% vs 19%, P=0.38), and mortality at 90 days (25% vs 38%, P=0.12) did not differ between primary and secondary ACA occlusion groups. CONCLUSION: Clinical and procedural outcomes are similar between MT-treated primary and secondary ACA occlusions for select patients. Our findings demonstrate the need for established criteria to determine ideal patient and ACA stroke characteristics amenable to MT treatment.