Cost-effectiveness analysis of sensor-augmented pump therapy with low glucose-suspend in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and high risk of hypoglycemia in Spain.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the cost-effectiveness of sensor-augmented pump therapy (SAP) [continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) plus real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM)] with low glucose suspend (MiniMed™ Veo™) and CSII alone in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) at high risk of hypoglycemia in Spain. METHODS: The IQVIA CORE Diabetes Model was used to estimate healthcare outcomes as life-years gained (LYGs) and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and to project lifetime costs. Information about efficacy, resource utilization, and unit costs (€2016) was taken from published sources and validated by an expert panel. Analyses were performed from both the Spanish National Health System (NHS) perspective and the societal perspective. RESULTS: From the NHS perspective, SAP with low glucose suspend was associated to a €47,665 increase in direct healthcare costs and to increases of 0.19 LYGs and 1.88 QALYs, both discounted, which resulted in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of €25,394/QALY. From the societal perspective, SAP with low glucose suspend increased total costs (including direct and indirect healthcare costs) by €41,036, with a resultant ICER of €21,862/QALY. Considering the willingness-to-pay threshold of €30,000/QALY in Spain, SAP with low glucose suspend represents a cost-effective option from both the NHS and societal perspectives. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the model. CONCLUSIONS: From both the Spanish NHS perspective and the societal perspective, SAP with low glucose suspend is a cost-effective option for the treatment of T1DM patients at high risk of hypoglycemia.

Budget impact of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes who experience severe recurrent hypoglycemic episodes in Spain. / Impacto presupuestario de la infusión subcutánea continua de insulina en el tratamiento de pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 que presentan episodios de hipoglucemia grave recurrente en España.

OBJECTIVE: Hypoglycemia is one of the most common complications to achieve a good metabolic control, and has been listed by several scientific associations as a common indication to start treatment with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). Use of CSII is still residual in Spain as compared to neighbouring countries, and cost of acquisition cost is one of the main reasons. This study estimates the budget impact of treatment with CSII, as compared to multiple daily insulin injections, of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus who experience recurrent severe hypoglycemia episodes from the National Healthcare System perspective. METHODS: Budget impact was based on a retrospective, observational study evaluating the efficacy of CSII in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus conducted at Hospital Clínic i Universitari in Barcelona, where one of the main indications for switching to CSII were recurrent severe hypoglycemia episodes. The mean number of annual episodes was 1.33 in the two years prior to CSII start and 0.08 in the last two years of follow up (p=0.003). Costs of treatment and major hypoglycemic events over a four-year period were considered. Costs were taken from different Spanish data sources and expressed in € of 2016. RESULTS: Treatment with CSII increased costs by €9,509 per patient as compared to multiple daily insulin injections (€11,902-€2,393). Cost associated to severe hypoglycemic events decreased by €19,330 per patient treated with CSIII (€1,371-€20,701). Results suggest mean total savings of €9,821 per patient during the four-year study period. CONCLUSION: The higher costs associated to CSII therapy may be totally offset by the severe hypoglycemic events prevented.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of apixaban compared to low-molecularweight heparins and vitamin k antagonists for treatment and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism.

OBJECTIVE: Cost-effectiveness analysis of a 6-month treatment of apixaban (10 mg/12h, first 7 days; 5 mg/12h afterwards) for the treatment of the first event of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and prevention of recurrences, versus low-molecular-weight heparins/vitamin K antagonists treatment (LMWH/VKA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A lifetime Markov model with 13 health states was used for describing the course of the disease. Efficacy and safety data were obtained from AMPLIFY and AMPLIFY-EXT clinical trials; health outcomes were measured as life years gained (LYG) and quality-adjusted life years (QALY). The chosen perspective of this analysis has been the Spanish National Health System (NHS). Drugs, management of VTE and complications costs were obtained from several Spanish data sources (€, 2014). A 3% discount rate was applied to health outcomes and costs. Univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (SA) were performed in order to assess the robustness of the results. RESULTS: Apixaban was the most effective therapy with 7.182 LYG and 5.865 QALY, versus 7.160 LYG and 5.838 QALYs with LMWH/VKA. Furthermore, apixaban had a lower total cost (€13,374.70 vs €13,738.30). Probabilistic SA confirmed dominance of apixaban (led to better health outcomes with less associated costs) in 89% of the simulations. CONCLUSIONS: Apixaban 5 mg/12h versus LMWH/VKA was an efficient therapeutic strategy for the treatment and prevention of recurrences of VTE from the NHS perspective.

Objetivo: Analizar la relación coste-efectividad de 6 meses de tratamiento con apixaban (10 mg/12 h, 7 primeros días; 5 mg/12 h después) para el primer evento de tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) y prevención de recurrencias, frente a heparinas de bajo peso molecular/antagonistas de vitamina K (HBPM/ AVK). Material y métodos: Se ha empleado un modelo de Markov con 13 estados de salud que describen la evolución de la enfermedad a lo largo de la vida de los pacientes. Los datos de eficacia y seguridad se han obtenido de los ensayos clínicos AMPLIFY y AMPLIFY- EXT, calculándose los años de vida ganados (AVG) y los años de vida ajustados por calidad (AVAC) de las opciones terapéuticas evaluadas. En este análisis se adoptó la perspectiva del Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS). El coste de la medicación, de las complicaciones y del manejo del TEV se obtuvo de distintas fuentes españolas (€, 2014). Se aplicó una tasa de descuento anual del 3% a costes y beneficios en salud. Se realizaron análisis de sensibilidad univariante y probabilístico (ASP) para evaluar la robustez de los resultados. Resultados: Apixaban generó mejores resultados en salud con 7,182 AVG y 5,865 AVAC, frente a 7,160 AVG y 5,838 AVAC para HBPM/AVK, y con menor coste total (13.374,70 € versus 13.738,30 €). El ASP confirmó la dominancia de apixaban (produce mejores resultados con menores costes asociados) en el 89% de las simulaciones. Conclusiones: Apixaban 5 mg/12 h versus HBPM/AVK fue una estrategia eficiente para el SNS en el tratamiento y prevención de recurrencias de TEV.