A Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Simultaneous Estimation of the Dopamine Receptor Antagonist LE300 and Its N-methyl Metabolite in Plasma: Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study.

LE300 is a novel dopamine receptor antagonist used to treat cocaine addiction. In the current study, a sensitive and fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been established and validated for the simultaneous analysis of LE300 and its N-methyl metabolite, MLE300, in rat plasma with an application in a pharmacokinetic study. The chromatographic elution of LE300, MLE300, and Ponatinib (IS, internal standard), was carried out on a 50 mm C18 analytical column (ID: 2.1 mm and particle size: 1.8 µm) maintained at 22 ± 2 °C. The run time was 5 min at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The mobile phase consisted of 42% aqueous solvent (10 mM ammonium formate, pH: 4.2 with formic acid) and 58% organic solvent (acetonitrile). Plasma samples were pretreated using protein precipitation with acetonitrile. The electrospray ionization (ESI) source was used to generate an ion-utilizing positive mode. A multiple reaction monitoring mass analyzer mode was utilized for the quantification of analytes. The linearity of the calibration curves in rat plasma ranged from 1 to 200 ng/mL (r2 = 0.9997) and from 2 to 200 ng/mL (r2 = 0.9984) for LE300 and MLE300, respectively. The lower limits of detection (LLOD) were 0.3 ng/mL and 0.7 ng/mL in rat plasma for LE300 and MLE300, respectively. Accuracy (RE%) ranged from -1.71% to -0.07% and -4.18% to -1.48% (inter-day), and from -3.3% to -1.47% and -4.89% to -2.15% (intra-day) for LE300 and MLE300, respectively. The precision (RSD%) was less than 2.43% and 1.77% for the inter-day, and 2.77% and 1.73% for intra-day of LE300 and MLE300, respectively. These results are in agreement with FDA guidelines. The developed LC-MS/MS method was applied in a pharmacokinetic study in Wistar rats. Tmax and Cmax were 2 h and 151.12 ± 12.5 ng/mL for LE300, and 3 h and 170.4 ± 23.3 ng/mL for MLE300.

Synthesis of novel spirochromane incorporating Schiff's bases, potential antiproliferative activity, and dual EGFR/HER2 inhibition: Cell cycle analysis and in silico study.

Spirochromanes incorporating Schiff's bases and semicarbazones 4a-e and 5a-j were synthesizedand analyzed for their potential antiproliferative activity using four human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HCT-116, PC3, and A549). Compounds 5a, 5b and 5g possessed the highest antiproliferative activity among the tested compounds,with an IC50 range of 1.154-9.09 µM. Compound 5j selectively inhibited the PC3 cell proliferation (IC50 = 5.47 µM). Spirochromanes 5a, 5b and 5g exhibited high inhibitory activity against EGFR (IC50 = 0.116, 0.132, and 0.077 µM, respectively) and HER2 (IC50 = 0.055, 0.210 and 0.085 µM, respectively) compared with the references, erlotinib (IC50 = 0.090 and 0.038 µM, respectively) and gefitinib (IC50 = 0.052 and 0.072 µM, respectively). Cell cycle analysis and apoptosis results showed that compounds 5a, 5b and 5g arrested growth inthe S phase, and the programmed cell death induced by these compounds was an apoptotic mechanism rather than a necrotic pathway. Molecular docking studies of spirochromanes 5a, 5b and 5g to EGFR and HER2 binding sites were performed to explore the orientation mode and interaction.

Design, synthesis, and carbonic anhydrase inhibition activities of Schiff bases incorporating benzenesulfonamide scaffold: Molecular docking application.

In this study, The inhibitory actions of human carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) (hCA) isoforms I, II, IX, and XII are being examined using recently synthesized substituted hydroxyl Schiff derivatives based on the quinazoline scaffold 4-22. Quinazolines 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15, and 18 reduce the activity of hCA I isoform effectively to a Ki of 87.6-692.3 nM, which is nearly equivalent to or more potent than that of the standard drug AAZ (Ki, 250.0 nM). Similarly, quinazolines 2, 3, and 5 and quinazoline 14 effectively decrease the inhibitory activity of the hCA II isoform to a KI of 16.9-29.7 nM, comparable to that of AAZ (Ki, 12.0 nM). The hCA IX isoform activity is substantially diminished by quinazolines 2-12 and 14-21 (Ki, 8.9-88.3 nM against AAZ (Ki, 25.0 nM). Further, the activity of the hCA XII isoform is markedly inhibited by the quinazolines 3, 5, 7, 14, and 16 (Ki, 5.4-19.5 nM). Significant selectivity levels are demonstrated for inhibiting tumour-associated isoforms hCA IX over hCAI, for sulfonamide derivatives 6-15 (SI; 10.68-186.29), and 17-22 (SI; 12.52-57.65) compared to AAZ (SI; 10.0). Sulfonamide derivatives 4-22 (SI; 0.50-20.77) demonstrated a unique selectivity in the concurrent inhibition of hCA IX over hCA II compared to AAZ (SI; 0.48). Simultaneously, benzenesulfonamide derivative 14 revealed excellent selectivity for inhibiting hCA XII over hCA I (SI; 60.35), whereas compounds 5-8, 12-14, 16, and 18-22 demonstrated remarkable selectivity for hCA XII inhibitory activity over hCA II (SI; 2.09-7.27) compared to AAZ (SI; 43.86 and 2.10, respectively). Molecular docking studies additionally support 8 to hCA IX and XII binding, thus indicating its potential as a lead compound for inhibitor development.

LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of decitabine and venetoclax in rat plasma after SPE: Application to pharmacokinetic study.

This study developed a novel, sensitive and selective LC-MS/MS method for the concurrent determination of DCB and VTX in rat plasma using encorafenib as internal standard (IS). To identify DCB, VTX, and IS, the positive multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used. Chromatographic separation was carried out using a reversed-phase Agilent Eclipse plus C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 3.5 µm) and an isocratic mobile phase made up of water with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile (50:50, v/v, pH 3.2) at a flow rate of 0.30 mL/min for 3.0 min. Prior to analysis, the DCB and VTX with the IS were extracted from plasma using the solid-phase extraction (SPE) method. High recovery rates for DCB, VTX and IS were achieved using the C18 cartridge without interference from plasma endogenous. The developed method was validated as per the FDA guidelines over a linear concentration range in rat plasma from 5-3000 and 5-1000 ng/mL for DCB and VTX, respectively with r2 ≥ 0.998. For both drugs, the lower limits of detection (LLOD) were 2.0 ng/mL. After the HLOQ sample was injected, less than 20% of the LLOQ of DCB, VTX, and less than 5% of the IS carry-over in the blank sample was attained. The overall recoveries of DCB and VTX from rat plasma were in the range of 90.68-97.56%, and the mean RSD of accuracy and precision results was ≤6.84%. For the first time, the newly developed approach was effectively used in a pharmacokinetic study on the simultaneous oral administration of DCB and VTX in rats that received 15.0 mg/kg of DCB and 100.0 mg/kg of VTX.

Design, synthesis, antitumor, and VEGFR-2 inhibition activities of novel 4-anilino-2-vinyl-quinazolines: Molecular modeling studies.

The antitumor activity of newly synthesized 4-anilino-2-vinylquinazolines 8a-r was measured comparable to sorafenib as a standard drug. The 2-vinylquinazolines 8a-r were evaluated for their in vitro antitumor activity. The most active antitumor agents were subjected to in vitro VEGFR-2 inhibition and apoptotic inducing assay. Compounds 8 h, 8 l, and 8r showed potential antitumor activities with IC50 values of 4.92-14.37 µM relative to the reference drug, sorafenib (IC50 values of 5.47-9.18 µM). Compound 8 h possessed potential VEGFR-2 inhibitory activity (IC50 = 60.27 nM) compared to standard drug sorafenib (IC50 = 55.43 nM), whereas compound 8 l showed moderate inhibitory activity (IC50 = 93.50 nM). The most active compound, 8 h, exhibited total apoptosis with 36.24% on MCF-7 cells, more than the apoptotic effect provoked by sorafenib (32.46%) and the cell cycle arrested at a G1/S phase. Compound 8 h, a potent VEGFR-2 inhibitor, was docked into the VEGFR-2 binding pocket, where this compound showed binding interaction similar to co-crystallized inhibitor sorafenib.

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition Activities of Schiff's Bases Based on Quinazoline-Linked Benzenesulfonamide.

Human carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) (hCA) isoforms I, II, IX, and XII were investigated for their inhibitory activity with a series of new Schiff's bases based on quinazoline scaffold 4-27. The hCA I isoform was efficiently inhibited by Schiff's bases 4-6, 10-19, 22-27 and had an inhibition constant (Ki) value of 52.8-991.7 nM compared with AAZ (Ki, 250 nM). Amongst the quinazoline derivatives, the compounds 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 16, 18, 24, 26, and 27 were proven to be effective hCA II inhibitors, with Ki values of 10.8-52.6 nM, measuring up to AAZ (Ki, 12 nM). Compounds 2-27 revealed compelling hCA IX inhibitory interest with Ki values of 10.5-99.6 nM, rivaling AAZ (Ki, 25.0 nM). Quinazoline derivatives 3, 10, 11, 13, 15-19, and 24 possessed potent hCA XII inhibitory activities with KI values of 5.4-25.5 nM vs. 5.7 nM of AAZ. Schiff's bases 7, 8, 9, and 21 represented attractive antitumor hCA IX carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) with KI rates (22.0, 34.8, 49.2, and 45.3 nM, respectively). Compounds 5, 7, 8, 9, 14, 18, 19, and 21 showed hCA I inhibitors on hCA IX with a selectivity index of 22.46-107, while derivatives 12, 14, and 18 showed selective hCA I inhibitors on hCA XII with a selectivity profile of 45.04-58.58, in contrast to AAZ (SI, 10.0 and 43.86). Compounds 2, 5, 7-14, 19-23, and 25 showed a selectivity profile for hCA II inhibitors over hCA IX with a selectivity index of 2.02-19.67, whereas derivatives 5, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, and 22 showed selective hCA II inhibitors on hCA XII with a selectivity profile of 4.84-26.60 balanced to AAZ (SI, 0.48 and 2.10).

A Rapid and Sensitive Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Bioanalytical Method for the Quantification of Encorafenib and Binimetinib as a First-Line Treatment for Advanced (Unresectable or Metastatic) Melanoma-Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study.

The combination regimen targeting BRAF and MEK inhibition, for instance, encorafenib (Braftovi™, ENF) plus binimetinib (Mektovi®, BNB), are now recommended as first-line treatment in patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600-activating mutation. Patients treated with combination therapy of ENF and BNB demonstrated a delay in resistance development, increases in antitumor activity, and attenuation of toxicities compared with the activity of either agent alone. However, the pharmacokinetic profile of the FDA-approved ENF and BNB is still unclear. In this study, a rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS bioanalytical method for simultaneous quantification of ENF and BNB in rat plasma was developed and validated. Chromatography was performed on an Agilent Eclipse plus C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm), with an isocratic mobile phase composed of 0.1% formic acid in water/acetonitrile (67:33, v/v, pH 3.2) at a flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. A positive multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was chosen for detection and the process of analysis was run for 2 min. Plasma samples were pre-treated using protein precipitation with acetonitrile containing spebrutinib as the internal standard (IS). Method validation was assessed as per the FDA guidelines for the determination of ENF and BNB over concentration ranges of 0.5-3000 ng/mL (r2 ≥ 0.997) for each drug (plasma). The lower limits of detection (LLOD) for both drugs were 0.2 ng/mL. The mean relative standard deviation (RSD) of the results for accuracy and precision was ≤ 7.52%, and the overall recoveries of ENF and BNB from rat plasma were in the range of 92.88-102.28%. The newly developed approach is the first LC-MS/MS bioanalytical method that can perform simultaneous quantification of ENF and BNB in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. The mean result for Cmax for BNB and ENF was found to be 3.43 ± 0.46 and 16.42 ± 1.47 µg/mL achieved at 1.0 h for both drugs, respectively. The AUC0-∞ for BNB and ENF was found to be 18.16 ± 1.31 and 36.52 ± 3.92 µg/mL.h, respectively. On the other hand, the elimination half-life (t1/2kel) parameters for BNB and ENF in the rat plasma were found to be 3.39 ± 0.43 h and 2.48 ± 0.24 h, and these results are consistent with previously reported values.

Synthesis, Cytotoxic Evaluation, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Substituted Quinazolinones as Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9 Inhibitors.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) plays a critical role in transcriptional elongation, through which short-lived antiapoptotic proteins are overexpressed and make cancer cells resistant to apoptosis. Therefore, CDK9 inhibition depletes antiapoptotic proteins, which in turn leads to the reinstatement of apoptosis in cancer cells. Twenty-seven compounds were synthesized, and their CDK9 inhibitory and cytotoxic activities were evaluated. Compounds 7, 9, and 25 were the most potent CDK9 inhibitors, with IC50 values of 0.115, 0.131, and 0.142 µM, respectively. The binding modes of these molecules were studied via molecular docking, which shows that they occupy the adenosine triphosphate binding site of CDK9. Of these three molecules, compound 25 shows good drug-like properties, as it does not violate Lipinski's rule of five. In addition, this molecule shows promising ligand and lipophilic efficiency values and is an ideal candidate for further optimization.

Synthesis, potential antitumor activity, cell cycle analysis, and multitarget mechanisms of novel hydrazones incorporating a 4-methylsulfonylbenzene scaffold: a molecular docking study.

Hydrazone is a bioactive pharmacophore that can be used to design antitumor agents. We synthesised a series of hydrazones (compounds 4-24) incorporating a 4-methylsulfonylbenzene scaffold and analysed their potential antitumor activity. Compounds 6, 9, 16, and 20 had the most antitumor activity with a positive cytotoxic effect (PCE) of 52/59, 27/59, 59/59, and 59/59, respectively, while compounds 5, 10, 14, 15, 18, and 19 had a moderate antitumor activity with a PCE of 11/59-14/59. Compound 20 was the most active and had a mean 50% cell growth inhibition (GI50) of 0.26 µM. Compounds 9 and 20 showed the highest inhibitory activity against COX-2, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 2.97 and 6.94 µM, respectively. Compounds 16 and 20 significantly inhibited EGFR (IC50 = 0.2 and 0.19 µM, respectively) and HER2 (IC50 = 0.13 and 0.07 µM, respectively). Molecular docking studies of derivatives 9, 16, and 20 into the binding sites of COX-2, EGFR, and HER2 were carried out to explore the interaction mode and the structural requirements for antitumor activity.

Design, synthesis, and analysis of antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing activities of nitrile derivatives containing a benzofuran scaffold: EGFR inhibition assay and molecular modelling study.

New cyanobenzofurans derivatives 2-12 were synthesised, and their antiproliferative activity was examined compared to doxorubicin and Afatinib (IC50 = 4.17-8.87 and 5.5-11.2 µM, respectively). Compounds 2 and 8 exhibited broad-spectrum activity against HePG2 (IC50 = 16.08-23.67 µM), HCT-116 (IC50 = 8.81-13.85 µM), and MCF-7 (IC50 = 8.36-17.28 µM) cell lines. Compounds 2, 3, 8, 10, and 11 were tested as EGFR-TK inhibitors to demonstrate their possible anti-tumour mechanism compared to gefitinib (IC50 = 0.90 µM). Compounds 2, 3, 10, and 11 displayed significant EGFR TK inhibitory activity with IC50 of 0.81-1.12 µM. Compounds 3 and 11 induced apoptosis at the Pre-G phase and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. They also increased the level of caspase-3 by 5.7- and 7.3-fold, respectively. The molecular docking analysis of compounds 2, 3, 10, and 11 indicated that they could bind to the active site of EGFR TK.

Synthesis, Anticancer Screening of Some Novel Trimethoxy Quinazolines and VEGFR2, EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Assay; Molecular Docking Studies.

A new series of 8-methoxy-2-trimethoxyphenyl-3-substituted quinazoline-4(3)-one compounds were designed, synthesized, and screened for antitumor activity against three cell lines, namely, Hela, A549, and MDA compared to docetaxel as reference drug. The molecular docking was performed using Autodock Vina program and 20 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was performed using GROMACS 2018.1 software. Compound 6 was the most potent antitumor of the new synthesized compounds and was evaluated as a VEGFR2 and EGFR inhibitor with (IC50, 98.1 and 106 nM respectively) compared to docetaxel (IC50, 89.3 and 56.1 nM respectively). Compounds 2, 6, 10, and 8 showed strong cytotoxic activities against the Hela cell line with IC50 of, 2.13, 2.8, 3.98, and 4.94 µM, respectively, relative to docetaxel (IC50, 9.65 µM). Compound 11 showed strong cytotoxic activity against A549 cell line (IC50, 4.03 µM) relative to docetaxel (IC50, 10.8 µM). Whereas compounds 6 and 9 showed strong cytotoxic activity against MDA cell line (IC50, 0.79, 3.42 µM, respectively) as compared to docetaxel (IC50, 3.98 µM).

Co-Inhibition of P-gp and Hsp90 by an Isatin-Derived Compound Contributes to the Increase of the Chemosensitivity of MCF7/ADR-Resistant Cells to Doxorubicin.

Breast cancer is a complex and multi-drug resistant (MDR) disease, which could result in the failure of many chemotherapeutic clinical agents. Discovering effective molecules from natural products or by derivatization from known compounds is the interest of many research studies. The first objective of the present study is to investigate the cytotoxic combinatorial, chemosensitizing, and apoptotic effects of an isatin derived compound (5,5-diphenylimidazolidine-2,4-dione conjugated with 5-substituted isatin, named HAA2021 in the present study) against breast cancer cells (MCF7) and breast cancer cells resistant to doxorubicin (MCF7/ADR) when combined with doxorubicin. The second objective is to investigate the binding mode of HAA2021 withP-glycoprotein (P-gp) and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), and to determine whether their co-inhibition by HAA2021 contribute to the increase of the chemosensitization of MCF7/ADR cells to doxorubicin. The combination of HAA2021, at non-toxic doses, with doxorubicin synergistically inhibited the proliferation while inducing significant apoptosis in MCF7 cells. Moreover, HAA2021 increased the chemosensitization of MCF7/ADR cells to doxorubicin, resulting in increased cytotoxicity/selectivity and apoptosis-inducing efficiency compared with the effect of doxorubicin or HAA2021 alone against MCF7/ADR cells. Molecular modeling showed that two molecules of HAA2021 bind to P-gp at the same time, causing P-gp inhibitory effect of the MDR efflux pump, and accumulation of Rhodamine-123 (Rho123) in MCF7/ADR cells. Furthermore, HAA2021 stably interacted with Hsp90α more efficiently compared with 17-N-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), which was confirmed with the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and molecular modeling studies. Additionally, HAA2021 showed multi-target effects via the inhibition of Hsp90 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-𝜅B) proteins in MCF7 and MCF7/ADR cells. Results of real time-PCR also confirmed the synergistic co-inhibition of P-gp/Hsp90α genes in MCF7/ADR cells. Further pharmacokinetic and in vivo studies are warranted for HAA2021 to confirm its anticancer capabilities.

Design, synthesis, and antitumor activity of novel compounds based on 1,2,4-triazolophthalazine scaffold: Apoptosis-inductive and PCAF-inhibitory effects.

The antitumor activity of newly synthesised triazolophthalazines (L-45 analogues) 10-32 was evaluated in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HePG-2), breast cancer (MCF-7), prostate cancer (PC3), and colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116) cells. Compounds 17, 18, 25, and 32 showed potent antitumor activity (IC50, 2.83-13.97 µM), similar to doxorubicin (IC50, 4.17-8.87 µM) and afatinib (IC50, 5.4-11.4 µM). HePG2 was inhibited by compounds 10, 17, 18, 25, 26, and 32 (IC50, 3.06-10.5 µM), similar to doxorubicin (IC50, 4.50 µM) and afatinib (IC50, 5.4 µM). HCT-116 and MCF-7 were susceptible to compounds 10, 17, 18, 25, and 32 (IC50, 2.83-10.36 and 5.69-11.36 µM, respectively), similar to doxorubicin and afatinib (IC50 = 5.23 and 4.17, and 11.4 and 7.1 µM, respectively). Compounds 17, 25, and 32 exerted potent activities against PC3 (IC50, 7.56-12.28 µM) compared with doxorubicin (IC50, 8.87 µM) and afatinib (IC50 7.7 µM). Compounds 17 and 32 were the strongest PCAF inhibitors (IC50, 5.31 and 10.30 µM, respectively) and compounds 18 and 25 exhibited modest IC50 values (17.09 and 32.96 µM, respectively) compared with bromosporine (IC50, 5.00 µM). Compound 17 was cytotoxic to HePG2 cells (IC50, 3.06 µM), inducing apoptosis in the pre-G phase and arresting the cell cycle in the G2/M phase. Molecular docking for the most active PCAF inhibitors (17 and 32) was performed.

Antitumor activity, multitarget mechanisms, and molecular docking studies of quinazoline derivatives based on a benzenesulfonamide scaffold: Cell cycle analysis.

The in vitro cytotoxicity of some substituted quinazolinones, 1-15, was evaluated using NCI (10 µM) in a full NCI 59-cell line panel assay. Relative to the reference drug, imatinib (PCE = 20/59), compounds 3, 4, 7, 9, and 10 exhibited remarkable antitumor activity against the tested cell lines, with positive cytotoxic effects (PCE) of 29/59, 18/59, 17/59, 44/59, and 24/59 respectively. Enzymatic inhibitory assay conducted on 3, 4, 9, and 10 as the most potent antitumor agents against EGFR, HER2 and CDK9 kinases, and COX-2 enzyme. Compound 3 possessed good COX-2 inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.775 µM) compared to the reference drug, celecoxib (IC50 = 0.153 µM). Compounds 4 and 9 were closely potent to the reference compounds against EGFR and (HER2) tyrosine kinases, with IC50 values of 90.17 (and 131.39 for HER2) for 4 and 145.35 (and 129.07 for HER2) nM for 9; the reference drugs in this case, namely, gefitinib and erlotinib, exhibited IC50 values of 55.58 (90) and 110 (79.28) nM against the EGFR and (HER2) tyrosine kinases, respectively. Compound 4 was approximately similar potent against CDK9 kinase (IC50 = 67.04 nM) like the reference compound, dinaciclib (IC50 = 53.12 nM). Compound 9 induced cytotoxicity in the MCF-7 cell line (GI % at 10.0 µM = 47%) through pre-G1 apoptosis, thereby inhibiting cell growth at the G2/M phase. Molecular docking models of 3 and 4 with COX-2, EGFR, and CDK9 were conducted to determine their binding mode within the putative binding pockets.

Synthesis, cytotoxic evaluation, and molecular docking studies of novel quinazoline derivatives with benzenesulfonamide and anilide tails: Dual inhibitors of EGFR/HER2.

We synthesized a new series of 2-[(3-(4-sulfamoylphenethyl)-4(3H)-quinazolinon-2-yl)thio]anilide derivatives (2-16) and evaluated their cytotoxic activity against breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29), and acute myeloid leukemia (HL-60 and K562) cells. To reveal their selectivity toward cancer cells, the compounds were also tested against the human fibroblast cell line, MRC-5. Compounds 1-5 exhibited potent cytotoxic activity against the tested cell lines with IC50 values of 0.65-3.86, 0.68-4.60, 0.41-1.45, 0.42-4.07, and 3.77-25.55 µM, respectively compared to sorafenib, the standard drug (IC50 2.50, 2.50, and 3.14 µM against MCF-7, HT-29, and HL60 cells, respectively). Interestingly, compounds 1-5 displayed selectivity toward the cancer cell lines over MRC-5 (IC50 3.77-25.55 µM). These compounds also displayed potent inhibitory activity against EGFR and HER2 kinases (IC50 0.09-0.43 and 0.15-0.33 µM, respectively) compared to the standard drug, sorafenib (IC50 0.11 and 0.13 µM, respectively). Likewise, compounds 1, 4, and 5 showed strong inhibitory activity against VEGFR2 (IC50 0.34, 0.28 and 0.39 µM, respectively) compared to sorafenib (IC50 0.17 µM). We also employed molecular docking to identify the structural features required for the EGFR/HER2 inhibitory activity of the new series. Ultimately, compounds 1, 4, and 5 were demonstrated to be candidates for further preclinical investigations.

Synthesis, antitumor activity, and molecular docking study of 2-cyclopentyloxyanisole derivatives: mechanistic study of enzyme inhibition.

A series of 24 compounds was synthesised based on a 2-cyclopentyloxyanisole scaffold 3-14 and their in vitro antitumor activity was evaluated. Compounds 4a, 4b, 6b, 7b, 13, and 14 had the most potent antitumor activity (IC50 range: 5.13-17.95 µM), compared to those of the reference drugs celecoxib, afatinib, and doxorubicin. The most active derivatives 4a, 4b, 7b, and 13 were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against COX-2, PDE4B, and TNF-α. Compounds 4a and 13 potently inhibited TNF-α (IC50 values: 2.01 and 6.72 µM, respectively) compared with celecoxib (IC50=6.44 µM). Compounds 4b and 13 potently inhibited COX-2 (IC50 values: 1.08 and 1.88 µM, respectively) comparable to that of celecoxib (IC50=0.68 µM). Compounds 4a, 7b, and 13 inhibited PDE4B (IC50 values: 5.62, 5.65, and 3.98 µM, respectively) compared with the reference drug roflumilast (IC50=1.55 µM). The molecular docking of compounds 4b and 13 with the COX-2 and PDE4B binding pockets was studied.HighlightsAntitumor activity of new synthesized cyclopentyloxyanisole scaffold was evaluated.The powerful antitumor 4a, 4b, 6b, 7b & 13 were assessed as COX-2, PDE4B & TNF-α inhibitors.Compounds 4a, 7b, and 13 exhibited COX-2, PDE4B, and TNF-α inhibition.Compounds 4b and 13 showed strong interactions at the COX-2 and PDE4B binding pockets.

Exploring structure-activity relationship of S-substituted 2-mercaptoquinazolin-4(3H)-one including 4-ethylbenzenesulfonamides as human carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.

Inhibitory action of newly synthesised 4-(2-(2-substituted-thio-4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)ethyl)benzenesulfonamides compounds 2-13 against human carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) (hCA) isoforms I, II, IX, and XII, was evaluated. hCA I was efficiently inhibited by compounds 2-13 with inhibition constants (KIs) ranging from 57.8-740.2 nM. Compounds 2, 3, 4, and 12 showed inhibitory action against hCA II with KIs between 6.4 and 14.2 nM. CA IX exhibited significant sensitivity to inhibition by derivatives 2-13 with KI values ranging from 7.1 to 93.6 nM. Compounds 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, and 12 also exerted potent inhibitory action against hCA XII (KIs ranging from 3.1 to 20.2 nM). Molecular docking studies for the most potent compounds 2 and 3 were conducted to exhibit the binding mode towards hCA isoforms as a promising step for SAR analyses which showed similar interaction with co-crystallized ligands. As such, a subset of these mercaptoquinazolin-4(3H)-one compounds represented interesting leads for developing new efficient and selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) for the management of a variety of diseases including glaucoma, epilepsy, arthritis and cancer.

S-substituted 2-mercaptoquinazolin-4(3H)-one and 4-ethylbenzensulfonamides act as potent and selective human carbonic anhydrase IX and XII inhibitors.

We evaluated the hCA (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitory activity of novel 4-(2-(2-substituted-thio-4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)ethyl)benzenesulfonamides (compounds 2-20) towards the isoforms I, II, IX, and XII. hCA Isoforms were effectively inhibited by most of new compounds comparable to those of AAZ. Compounds 2 and 4 showed interestingly efficient and selective antitumor (hCA IX and hCA XII) inhibitor activities (KIs; 40.7, 13.0, and 8.0, 10.8 nM, respectively). Compounds 4 and 5 showed selective hCA IX inhibitory activity over hCA I (SI; 95 and 24), hCA IX/hCA II (SI; 23 and 5.8) and selective hCA XII inhibitory activity over hCA I (SI; 70 and 44), hCA XII/hCA II, (SI; 17 and 10) respectively compared to AAZ. Compounds 12-17, and 19-20 showed selective inhibitory activity towards hCA IX over hCA I and hCA II, with selectivity ranges of 27-195 and 3.2-19, respectively, while compounds 12, 14-17, and 19 exhibited selective inhibition towards hCA XII over hCA I and hCA II, with selectivity ratios of 48-158 and 5.4-31 respectively, compared to AAZ. Molecular docking analysis was carried out to investigate the selective interactions among the most active derivatives, 17 and 20 and hCAs isoenzymes. Compounds 17 and 20, which are highly selective CA IX and XII inhibitors, exhibited excellent interaction within the putative binding site of both enzymes, comparable to the co-crystallized inhibitors.HighlightsQuinazoline-linked ethylbenzenesulfonamides inhibiting CA were synthesised.The new molecules potently inhibited the hCA isoforms I, II, IV, and IX.Compounds 4 and 5 were found to be selective hCA IX/hCA I and hCA IX/hCA II inhibitors.Compounds 4 and 5 were found to be selective hCA XII/hCA I and hCA XII/hCA II inhibitors.Compounds 12-17, 19, and 20 were found to be selective hCA IX/hCA I and hCA IX/hCA II inhibitors.Compounds 12, 14-17, 19 were found to be selective hCA XII/hCA I and hCA XII/hCA II inhibitors.Compounds 4 and 5 are selective hCA IX and XII inhibitors over hCA I (selectivity ratios of 95, 23, and 24, 5.8, respectively) and hCA II (selectivity ratios of 70, 17, and 44, 10 respectively). Compounds 12-17, and 19-20 are selective hCA IX inhibitors over hCA I (selectivity ratios of 27-195) and hCA II (selectivity ratios of 3.2-19). Compounds 12, 14-17 and 19 are also selective hCA XII inhibitors over hCA I (selectivity ratios of 48-158) and hCA II (selectivity ratios of 5.4-31).

Synthesis, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and COX-1/2 inhibitory activities of cyclic imides bearing 3-benzenesulfonamide, oxime, and ß-phenylalanine scaffolds: a molecular docking study.

Cyclic imides containing 3-benzenesulfonamide, oxime, and ß-phenylalanine derivatives were synthesised and evaluated to elucidate their in vivo anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic activity and in vitro cytotoxic effects. Most active anti-inflammatory agents were subjected to in vitro COX-1/2 inhibition assay. 3-Benzenesulfonamides (2-4, and 9), oximes (11-13), and ß-phenylalanine derivative (18) showed potential anti-inflammatory activities with 71.2-82.9% oedema inhibition relative to celecoxib and diclofenac (85.6 and 83.4%, respectively). Most active cyclic imides 4, 9, 12, 13, and 18 possessed ED50 of 35.4-45.3 mg kg-1 relative to that of celecoxib (34.1 mg kg-1). For the cytotoxic evaluation, the selected derivatives 2-6 and 8 exhibited weak positive cytotoxic effects (PCE = 2/59-5/59) at 10 µM compared to the standard drug, imatinib (PCE = 20/59). Cyclic imides bearing 3-benzenesulfonamide (2-5, and 9), acetophenone oxime (11-14, 18, and 19) exhibited high selectivity against COX-2 with SI > 55.6-333.3 relative to that for celecoxib [SI > 387.6]. ß-Phenylalanine derivatives 21-24 and 28 were non-selective towards COX-1/2 isozymes as indicated by their SI of 0.46-0.68.

Synergistic Anti Leukemia Effect of a Novel Hsp90 and a Pan Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitors.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is among the top four malignancies in Saudi nationals, and it is the top leukemia subtype worldwide. Resistance to available AML drugs requires the identification of new targets and agents. Hsp90 is one of the emerging important targets in AML, which has a central role in the regulation of apoptosis and cell proliferation through client proteins including the growth factor receptors and cyclin dependent kinases. The objective of the first part of this study is to investigate the putative Hsp90 inhibition activity of three novel previously synthesized quinazolines, which showed HL60 cytotoxicity and VEGFR2 and EGFR kinases inhibition activities. Using surface plasmon resonance, compound 1 (HAA2020) showed better Hsp90 inhibition compared to 17-AAG, and a docking study revealed that it fits nicely into the ATPase site. The objective of the second part is to maximize the anti-leukemic activity of HAA2020, which was combined with each of the eleven standard inhibitors. The best resulting synergistic effect in HL60 cells was with the pan cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) inhibitor dinaciclib, using an MTT assay. Furthermore, the inhibiting effect of the Hsp90α gene by the combination of HAA2020 and dinaciclib was associated with increased caspase-7 and TNF-α, leading to apoptosis in HL60 cells. In addition, the combination upregulated p27 simultaneously with the inhibition of cyclinD3 and CDK2, leading to abolished HL60 proliferation and survival. The actions of HAA2020 propagated the apoptotic and cell cycle control properties of dinaciclib, showing the importance of co-targeting Hsp90 and CDK, which could lead to the better management of leukemia.